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Wood AA, McCloskey DJ, Dontschuk N, Lozovoi A, Goldblatt RM, Delord T, Broadway DA, Tetienne JP, Johnson BC, Mitchell KT, Lew CTK, Meriles CA, Martin AM. 3D-Mapping and Manipulation of Photocurrent in an Optoelectronic Diamond Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405338. [PMID: 39177116 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Establishing connections between material impurities and charge transport properties in emerging electronic and quantum materials, such as wide-bandgap semiconductors, demands new diagnostic methods tailored to these unique systems. Many such materials host optically-active defect centers which offer a powerful in situ characterization system, but one that typically relies on the weak spin-electric field coupling to measure electronic phenomena. In this work, charge-state sensitive optical microscopy is combined with photoelectric detection of an array of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers to directly image the flow of charge carriers inside a diamond optoelectronic device, in 3D and with temporal resolution. Optical control is used to change the charge state of background impurities inside the diamond on-demand, resulting in drastically different current flow such as filamentary channels nucleating from specific, defective regions of the device. Conducting channels that control carrier flow, key steps toward optically reconfigurable, wide-bandgap optoelectronics are then engineered using light. This work might be extended to probe other wide-bandgap semiconductors (SiC, GaN) relevant to present and emerging electronic and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Wood
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J McCloskey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nikolai Dontschuk
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- CUNY-The City College of New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Russell M Goldblatt
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Delord
- CUNY-The City College of New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - David A Broadway
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | | | - Brett C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Kaih T Mitchell
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher T-K Lew
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- CUNY-The City College of New York, New York, 10031, USA
- CUNY - The Graduate Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andy M Martin
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Jin H, Xin J, Xiang W, Jiang Z, Han X, Chen M, Du P, Yao YR, Yang S. Bandgap Engineering of Erbium-Metallofullerenes toward Switchable Photoluminescence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304121. [PMID: 37805835 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating photoluminescent lanthanide ions like erbium (Er) into fullerene cages affords photoluminescent endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). Few reported photoluminescent Er-EMFs are all based on encapsulation of multiple (two to three) metal atoms, whereas mono-Er-EMFs exemplified by Er@C82 are not photoluminescent due to its narrow optical bandgap. Herein, by entrapping an Er-cyanide cluster into various C82 cages to form novel Er-monometallic cyanide clusterfullerenes (CYCFs), ErCN@C82 (C2 (5), Cs (6), and C2 v (9)), the photoluminescent properties of CYCFs are investigated, and obvious near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence only is observed for ErCN@C2 (5)-C82 . Combined with a comparative photoluminescence study of three medium-bandgap di-Er-EMFs, including Er2 @Cs (6)-C82 , Er2 O@Cs (6)-C82 , and Er2 C2 @Cs (6)-C82 , this study proposes that the optical bandgap can be used as a simple criterion for switching the photoluminescence of Er-EMFs, and the bandgap threshold is determined to be between 0.83 and 0.74 eV. Furthermore, the photoluminescent patterns of these three di-Er-EMFs differ dramatically. It is found that the location of the Er atom within the same Cs (6)-C82 cage is almost fixed and independent on the endo-unit; thus the previous statement on the key role of metal position in photoluminescence of di-Er-EMFs seems erroneous, and the geometric configuration of the endo-unit, especially the bridging mode of two Er ions, is decisive instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaimin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wenhao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhanxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinyi Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Liang J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Qiu L, Li W, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang T. Visible and near-infrared photoluminescence of a supramolecular complex constructed from a cycloparaphenylene nanoring and an erbium metallofullerene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10227-10233. [PMID: 35748358 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00983h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Erbium metallofullerenes exhibit near-infrared photoluminescence from the Er3+ ions, which has potential applications in telecommunications, optical devices and bioscience. In this manuscript, we report the construction of a supramolecular complex of metallofullerene Er3N@C80 and cycloparaphenylene [12]CPP to adjust the near-infrared photoluminescence of Er3N@C80 through host-guest interactions. Moreover, this supramolecular complex shows a multiwavelength luminescence property. Mass spectrometry, electrochemical measurements and proton NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP. The electrochemical results of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP show the negatively shifted redox potentials compared to pristine Er3N@C80 and the 1H NMR signals of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP shift upfield compared to pristine [12]CPP. More importantly, the photoluminescence spectra show that the [12]CPP nanoring can affect the near-infrared emission of encapsulated Er3+ ions in Er3N@C80, with the characteristic emission peak of Er3+ at 1.5 μm being broadened and enhanced in the Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP complex, while the fluorescence lifetime of Er3+ also becomes longer after assembly formation. Furthermore, the Er3N@C80 guest also can influence the photoluminescence property of [12]CPP, whose emission peaks exhibit a slight blue-shift in the Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP complex. This study illustrates that the outer nanoring can be employed to adjust the photoluminescence of the encapsulated Er3+ ion in Er3N@C80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuxi Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
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Hu G, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Yin C, Rogge S. Time-Resolved Photoionization Detection of a Single Er 3+ Ion in Silicon. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:396-401. [PMID: 34978822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of charge trap ionization induced by resonant excitation enables spectroscopy on single Er3+ ions in silicon nanotransistors. In this work, a time-resolved detection method is developed to investigate the resonant excitation and relaxation of a single Er3+ ion in silicon. The time-resolved detection is based on a long-lived current signal with a tunable reset and allows the measurement under stronger and shorter resonant excitation in comparison to time-averaged detection. Specifically, the short-pulse study gives an upper bound of 23.7 μs on the decay time of the 4I13/2 state of the Er3+ ion. The fast decay and the tunable reset allow faster repetition of the single-ion detection, which is attractive for implementing this method in large-scale quantum systems of single optical centers. The findings on the detection mechanism and dynamics also provide an important basis for applying this technique to detect other single optical centers in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchong Hu
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Brett Cameron Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Colin McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Central Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, School of Physical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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High-fidelity single-shot readout of single electron spin in diamond with spin-to-charge conversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1529. [PMID: 33750779 PMCID: PMC7943573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High fidelity single-shot readout of qubits is a crucial component for fault-tolerant quantum computing and scalable quantum networks. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has risen as a leading platform for the above applications. The current single-shot readout of the NV electron spin relies on resonance fluorescence method at cryogenic temperature. However, the spin-flip process interrupts the optical cycling transition, therefore, limits the readout fidelity. Here, we introduce a spin-to-charge conversion method assisted by near-infrared (NIR) light to suppress the spin-flip error. This method leverages high spin-selectivity of cryogenic resonance excitation and flexibility of photoionization. We achieve an overall fidelity > 95% for the single-shot readout of an NV center electron spin in the presence of high strain and fast spin-flip process. With further improvements, this technique has the potential to achieve spin readout fidelity exceeding the fault-tolerant threshold, and may also find applications on integrated optoelectronic devices. The NV centre in diamond has been used extensively in quantum information processing; however fault-tolerant readout of its spin remains challenging. Here, Zhang et al demonstrate a robust scheme that achieves high-fidelity readout via spin to charge conversion.
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Li R, Kong F, Zhao P, Cheng Z, Qin Z, Wang M, Zhang Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Nanoscale Electrometry Based on a Magnetic-Field-Resistant Spin Sensor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:247701. [PMID: 32639833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.247701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a potential atomic-scale spin sensor for electric field sensing. However, its natural susceptibility to the magnetic field hinders effective detection of the electric field. Here we propose a robust electrometric method utilizing continuous dynamic decoupling (CDD) technique. During the CDD period, the NV center evolves in a dressed frame, where the sensor is resistant to magnetic fields but remains sensitive to electric fields. As an example, we use this method to isolate the electric noise from a complex electromagnetic environment near diamond surface via measuring the dephasing rate between dressed states. By reducing the surface electric noise with different covered liquids, we observe an unambiguous relation between the dephasing rate and the relative dielectric permittivity of the liquid, which enables a quantitative investigation of electric noise model near the diamond surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhuoyang Qin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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