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McCloskey DJ, Dontschuk N, Broadway DA, Nadarajah A, Stacey A, Tetienne JP, Hollenberg LCL, Prawer S, Simpson DA. Enhanced Widefield Quantum Sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles Using Diamond Nanopillar Arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:13421-13427. [PMID: 32100531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface micro- and nano-patterning techniques are often employed to enhance the optical interface to single photoluminescent emitters in diamond, but the utility of such surface structuring in applications requiring ensembles of emitters is still open to investigation. Here, we demonstrate scalable and fault-tolerant fabrication of closely packed arrays of fluorescent diamond nanopillars, each hosting its own dense, uniformly bright ensemble of near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers. We explore the optimal sizes for these structures and realize enhanced spin and photoluminescence properties resulting in a 4.5 times increase in optically detected magnetic resonance sensitivity when compared to unpatterned surfaces. Utilizing the increased measurement sensitivity, we image the mechanical stress tensor in each diamond pillar across the arrays and show that the fabrication process has a negligible impact on in-built stress compared to the unpatterned surface. Our results represent a valuable pathway toward future multimodal and vector-resolved imaging studies, for instance in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J McCloskey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nikolai Dontschuk
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David A Broadway
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Athavan Nadarajah
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alastair Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Objectives To study the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms II, ID, and DD on erythropoietin (EPO) requirement in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting CAPD Unit, Royal London/St. Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK. Patients 46 patients on the transplant waiting list (age 20 – 70 years), on CAPD therapy for an average of 28 months, seen consecutively over a period of 3 months in the outpatients department. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point: EPO dose requirement in different ACE genotypes. Secondary end points: C-reactive protein, ferritin, parathyroid hormone, Kt/V, duration of dialysis, folate, cause of renal failure, and whether or not patients were on ACE inhibitor therapy. Results There was a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05) in EPO requirement in the II/ID group compared to the DD group. The mean ± standard error of EPO for the II/ID group was 144 ± 15 U/kg/week, and for the DD group, 87 ± 9 U/kg/ week. The difference in EPO requirement could not be explained by age, C-reactive protein, ferritin, parathyroid hormone, Kt/V, duration of dialysis, folate, cause of renal failure, or whether or not patients were on ACE inhibitor therapy. Conclusion In CAPD patients, ACE genotype has predictive value when determining the EPO dosage, as the II/ID genotype may be associated with a suboptimal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Varagunam
- Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St. Bartholomews and the Royal London Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. McCloskey
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Sinnott
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St. Bartholomews and the Royal London Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammed M. Yaqoob
- Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St. Bartholomews and the Royal London Medical School, United Kingdom
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Sharples EJ, Varagunam M, Sinnott PJ, McCloskey DJ, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. The Effect of Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Polymorphisms on Erythropoietin Requirements in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080602600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe correction of anemia by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) improves quality of life and prolongs life in end-stage renal failure. rHuEPO requirements for an individual are determined by a range of factors, including iron deficiency and inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter sequence of several proinflammatory cytokines have been shown, in different fields of medicine, to influence the cytokine response to different stimuli, with effects on clinical outcome.MethodsThe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the genes for tumor necrosis factor alpha (-308 A/G), interleukin-6 (-174 G/C), and interferon gamma were examined for their association with rHuEPO requirements in 112 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genotyping performed with ARMS-PCR methodology, with sequence-specific primers. We examined rHuEPO requirements and C-reactive protein at baseline and during a 6-month study period.ResultsWe found no significant effect of proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on rHuEPO responsiveness. However, throughout the study, we observed that there was a significantly higher rHuEPO requirement in the II and ID ACE genotypes compared with the DD group, which remained an independent association following multivariate analysis.ConclusionsACE insertion/deletion polymorphism may determine rHuEPO responsiveness in CAPD patients and should be considered in relative rHuEPO resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Sharples
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal London and St Bartholomew's Hospital
| | - Mira Varagunam
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Sinnott
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. McCloskey
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Raftery
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal London and St Bartholomew's Hospital
| | - Mohammad M. Yaqoob
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal London and St Bartholomew's Hospital
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Hickey KT, Bakken S, Byrne MW, Bailey DCE, Demiris G, Docherty SL, Dorsey SG, Guthrie BJ, Heitkemper MM, Jacelon CS, Kelechi TJ, Moore SM, Redeker NS, Renn CL, Resnick B, Starkweather A, Thompson H, Ward TM, McCloskey DJ, Austin JK, Grady PA. Corrigendum to Precision health: Advancing symptom and self-management science. Nurs Outlook 2020; 68:139-140. [PMID: 32046859 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Hickey
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, Columbia University School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - S Bakken
- School of Nursing and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - M W Byrne
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University School of Nursing, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Center for Children and Families, Columbia University School of Nursing, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | | | - G Demiris
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - S G Dorsey
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - B J Guthrie
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University School of Nursing, Boston, MA
| | - M M Heitkemper
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - C S Jacelon
- University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Nursing, Amherst, MA
| | - T J Kelechi
- Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, Charleston, SC
| | - S M Moore
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - N S Redeker
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - C L Renn
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - B Resnick
- Organizational Systems and Adult Health Nursing Department, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - H Thompson
- University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - T M Ward
- University of Washington School of Nursing, Seattle, WA
| | - D J McCloskey
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD
| | - J K Austin
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD; Indiana University School of Nursing, Bloomington, IN
| | - P A Grady
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD
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Broadway DA, Johnson BC, Barson MSJ, Lillie SE, Dontschuk N, McCloskey DJ, Tsai A, Teraji T, Simpson DA, Stacey A, McCallum JC, Bradby JE, Doherty MW, Hollenberg LCL, Tetienne JP. Microscopic Imaging of the Stress Tensor in Diamond Using in Situ Quantum Sensors. Nano Lett 2019; 19:4543-4550. [PMID: 31150580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The precise measurement of mechanical stress at the nanoscale is of fundamental and technological importance. In principle, all six independent variables of the stress tensor, which describe the direction and magnitude of compression/tension and shear stress in a solid, can be exploited to tune or enhance the properties of materials and devices. However, existing techniques to probe the local stress are generally incapable of measuring the entire stress tensor. Here, we make use of an ensemble of atomic-sized in situ strain sensors in diamond (nitrogen-vacancy defects) to achieve spatial mapping of the full stress tensor, with a submicrometer spatial resolution and a sensitivity of the order of 1 MPa (10 MPa) for the shear (axial) stress components. To illustrate the effectiveness and versatility of the technique, we apply it to a broad range of experimental situations, including mapping the stress induced by localized implantation damage, nanoindents, and scratches. In addition, we observe surprisingly large stress contributions from functional electronic devices fabricated on the diamond and also demonstrate sensitivity to deformations of materials in contact with the diamond. Our technique could enable in situ measurements of the mechanical response of diamond nanostructures under various stimuli, with potential applications in strain engineering for diamond-based quantum technologies and in nanomechanical sensing for on-chip mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Broadway
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - B C Johnson
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - M S J Barson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - S E Lillie
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - N Dontschuk
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - D J McCloskey
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - A Tsai
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - T Teraji
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - D A Simpson
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - A Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - J C McCallum
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - J E Bradby
- Department Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - M W Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - L C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
| | - J-P Tetienne
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC 3010 , Australia
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Leedahl B, McCloskey DJ, Boukhvalov DW, Zhidkov IS, Kukharenko AI, Kurmaev EZ, Cholakh SO, Gavrilov NV, Brinzari VI, Moewes A. Fundamental crystal field excitations in magnetic semiconductor SnO 2: Mn, Fe, Co, Ni. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11992-11998. [PMID: 31134978 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01516g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Directly measuring elementary electronic excitations in dopant 3d metals is essential to understanding how they function as part of their host material. Through calculated crystal field splittings of the 3d electron band it is shown how transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni are incorporated into SnO2. The crystal field splittings are compared to resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments, which measure precisely these elementary dd excitations. The origin of spectral features can be determined and identified via this comparison, leading to an increased understanding of how such dopant metals situate themselves in, and modify the host's electronic and magnetic properties; and also how each element differs when incorporated into other semiconducting materials. We found that oxygen vacancy formation must not occur at nearest neighbour sites to metal atoms, but instead must reside at least two coordination spheres beyond. The coordination of the dopants within the host can then be explicitly related to the d-electron configurations and energies. This approach facilitates an understanding of the essential link between local crystal coordination and electronic/magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leedahl
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada.
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Dafalla AM, McCloskey DJ, Alemam AA, Ibrahim AA, Babikir AM, Gasmelseed N, El Imam M, Mohamedani AA, Magzoub MM. HLA polymorphism in Sudanese renal donors. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2011; 22:834-840. [PMID: 21743245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to provide a database for renal transplantation in Sudan and to determine the HLA antigens and haplotype frequencies (HFs) in the study subjects. HLA typing was performed using the complement-dependant lymphocytotoxicity test in 250 unrelated healthy individuals selected as donors in the Sudanese Renal Transplantation Program. Considerable polymorphism was observed at each locus; A2 (0.28), A30 (0.12), A3 (0.09), A24 (0.09), A1 (0.09), and A68 (0.06) were the most frequent antigens in the A locus, while B51 (0.092), B41 (0.081), B39 (0.078), B57 (0.060), B35 (0.068), B 50 (0.053) and B 52 (0.051) were the most common B locus antigens. DR13 (0.444) and DR15 (0.160) showed the highest antigen frequencies (AFs) in the DR locus. In the DQ locus, DQ1 showed the highest gene frequency (0.498), while DQ2 and DQ3 AFs were (0.185) and (0.238), respectively. The most common HLA-A and -B haplotypes in positive linkage disequilibrium were A24, B38; A1, B7; and A3, B52. The common HLA-A and -B HFs in positive linkage disequilibrium in the main three tribe-stocks of the study subjects (Gaalia, Nile Nubian and Johyna) were A24, B38 for Gaalia; A24, B38 and A2, B7 for Johyna; and A2, B64 and A3, B53 for Nile Nubian. These results suggest that both class I and class II polymorphisms of the study subjects depict considerable heterogeneity, which reflects recent admixture of this group with neighboring Arabs and African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer M Dafalla
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan
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Cohen JM, Rogers V, Gaspar HB, Jones A, Davies EG, Rao K, McCloskey DJ, Gilmour K, Wynn R, Amrolia PJ, Veys P. Serial transplantation of mismatched donor hematopoietic cells between HLA-identical sibling pairs with congenital immunodeficiency: in vivo tolerance permits rapid immune reconstitution following T-replete transplantation without GVHD in the secondary recipient. Blood 2006; 108:2124-6. [PMID: 16728699 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-009712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We report serial transplantation procedures in 2 sets of brothers with X-linked primary immunodeficiency. The first boy in each family received a T-cell–depleted transplant from a mismatched donor. The recipients then acted as donors for T-replete transplantation of the “tolerized” graft into their HLA-identical brothers with the same disorder. Immune reconstitution was noted to occur at a significantly faster rate in the secondary recipients, and without the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), despite the presence of donor cells mismatched for 1 to 3 HLA antigens. This serial transplantation technique allows the primary recipient of HLA-mismatched donor cells to act as a functionally “HLA-matched” donor for subsequent affected siblings, and should be considered as a therapeutic option in families with congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cohen
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
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Sharples EJ, Varagunam M, Sinnott PJ, McCloskey DJ, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. The effect of proinflammatory cytokine gene and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms on erythropoietin requirements in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2006; 26:64-8. [PMID: 16538877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correction of anemia by recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) improves quality of life and prolongs life in end-stage renal failure. rHuEPO requirements for an individual are determined by a range of factors, including iron deficiency and inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter sequence of several proinflammatory cytokines have been shown, in different fields of medicine, to influence the cytokine response to different stimuli, with effects on clinical outcome. METHODS The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism and polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the genes for tumor necrosis factor alpha (-308 A/G), interleukin-6 (-174 G/C), and interferon gamma were examined for their association with rHuEPO requirements in 112 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genotyping performed with ARMS-PCR methodology, with sequence-specific primers. We examined rHuEPO requirements and C-reactive protein at baseline and during a 6-month study period. RESULTS We found no significant effect of proinflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on rHuEPO responsiveness. However, throughout the study, we observed that there was a significantly higher rHuEPO requirement in the II and ID ACE genotypes compared with the DD group, which remained an independent association following multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism may determine rHuEPO responsiveness in CAPD patients and should be considered in relative rHuEPO resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Sharples
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal London and St Bartholomew's Hospital, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.
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Varagunam M, Finney H, Trevitt R, Sharples E, McCloskey DJ, Sinnott PJ, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Pretransplantation levels of C-reactive protein predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but not graft outcome, in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43:502-7. [PMID: 14981609 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation, the common pathway that leads to cardiovascular disease and chronic allograft nephropathy after transplantation, is prevalent in patients with end-stage renal failure. We set out to investigate the hypothesis that enhanced pretransplantation C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and Chlamydia seropositivity, both markers of an altered immune response, would predict graft failure and mortality in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. METHODS A retrospective study of 115 patients, based on CRP levels in pretransplantation serum (group 1, 0 to 5 mg/L; group 2, 5 to 10 mg/L; group 3, >10 mg/L), were investigated for the following end points: transplant rejection, graft failure, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS There were no correlations between CRP levels or Chlamydia seropositivity with respect to rejection rates or graft failure. Furthermore, there was no relationship between Chlamydia seropositivity and survival. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality were significantly greater in patients with CRP levels greater than 10 mg/L and 5 to 10 mg/L compared with those with CRP levels less than 5 mg/L. All-cause mortality rates were 5% in the 0-to-5-mg/L group, 20% in the 5-to-10-mg/L group, and 44% in the greater-than-10-mg/L group. With regard to cardiovascular mortality, death rates were 0% in the 0-to-5-mg/L group, 10% in the 5-to-10-mg/L group, and 22% in the greater-than-10-mg/L group. Univariate analysis of cardiovascular mortality and covariates showed a significant relationship with age (relative risk [RR], 1.07; P < 0.05), diabetes (RR, 5.6; P < 0.05), aspirin intake (RR, 0.2; P < 0.05), antihypertensive therapy (RR, 0.02; P < 0.05), and CRP level (RR, 11; P < 0.05), but CRP level remained the only significant predictor (RR, 1.19; P < 0.05) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Pretransplantation CRP level is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in our cohort of transplant recipients and may be a useful predictive marker in the follow-up of posttransplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Varagunam
- Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St Bartholomews and the Royal London Medical School, London, UK.
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Varagunam M, McCloskey DJ, Sinnott PJ, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and erythropoietin requirement. Perit Dial Int 2003; 23:111-5. [PMID: 12713075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms II, ID, and DD on erythropoietin (EPO) requirement in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING CAPD Unit, Royal London/St. Bartholomews Hospital, London, UK. PATIENTS 46 patients on the transplant waiting list (age 20-70 years), on CAPD therapy for an average of 28 months, seen consecutively over a period of 3 months in the outpatients department. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary end point: EPO dose requirement in different ACE genotypes. Secondary end points: C-reactive protein, ferritin, parathyroid hormone, Kt/V, duration of dialysis, folate, cause of renal failure, and whether or not patients were on ACE inhibitor therapy. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in EPO requirement in the II/ID group compared to the DD group. The mean +/- standard error of EPO for the II/ID group was 144 +/- 15 U/kg/week, and for the DD group, 87 +/- 9 U/kg/week. The difference in EPO requirement could not be explained by age, C-reactive protein, ferritin, parathyroid hormone, Kt/V, duration of dialysis, folate, cause of renal failure, or whether or not patients were on ACE inhibitor therapy. CONCLUSION In CAPD patients, ACE genotype has predictive value when determining the EPO dosage, as the III/ID genotype may be associated with a suboptimal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Varagunam
- Experimental Medicine and Nephrology, St. Bartholomews and the Royal London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
High levels of sHLA-I (soluble HLA--class I) have been correlated with rejection episodes in solid organ transplant recipients and with graft versus host disease in bone marrow recipients. Studies of human infection with parasitic worms of the gut have suggested that certain individuals may be genetically predisposed to intense infection. In this study, the influence of parasitic helminth infection on levels of sHLA-I in plasma was investigated in 155 HLA typed individuals from St. Lucia, exposed to the gut parasite Trichuris trichiura. The results confirmed previous findings showing increased levels of sHLA-I in HLA-A9, and in this case HLA-A23 positive individuals. However, HLA-A9 positive individuals with high worm burden had significantly lower levels of sHLA-I in their plasma compared with HLA-A9 positive subjects with low worm burden. These results suggest that the intensity of T. trichiura infection influences the ability of HLA-A9 positive subjects to maintain high levels of sHLA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brown
- Department of Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics, National Blood Service--North London Centre, UK.
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Rasheed FN, Locniskar M, McCloskey DJ, Hasan RS, Chiang TJ, Rose P, de Soldenhoff R, Festenstein H, McAdam KP. Specificity of lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies (LCAbs) found in the serum of leprosy patients: class I MHC antigens. LEPROSY REV 1991; 62:13-20. [PMID: 2034020 DOI: 10.5935/0305-7518.19910002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies (LCAbs) of the IgM class have been identified in patients with borderline tuberculoid (BT) and borderline lepromatous (BL) leprosy with Type I reactions (I) as well as lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients with erythema nodosum leprosum reactions (ENL). The observation that lymphocytotoxic activity (LCA) was reduced in the presence of platelets led us to determine whether LCAbs had specificities for Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) determinants. Absorption of LCA positive sera with platelets, classically used to deplete Class I specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies, reduced LCA towards autologous as well as allogeneic target cells. This was true for LCA positive sera from all patient classifications (group BT in the autologous system, p less than 0.01; in all other patient groups, p less than 0.001). Introducing B-2m to cytotoxicity assays only marginally reduced LCA when added at high concentrations (5 mg/ml). An anti-Class I MHC antiserum which blocked the lytic activity. The data indicate that LCAbs while absorbed by platelets, are not specific for the Class I MHC antigens. The autoantigen recognized by these autoantibodies therefore remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Rasheed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England
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Abstract
Sperm density measurement by means of the Makler chamber was performed on a single semen specimen from 2 groups: 104 proven fertile men and 53 infertile men; 11.5% of the fertile population had a sperm density less than 20 million/ml (median 84, mean 91.3, SD 60.5) and 33% of the infertile population had a sperm density greater than 20 million/ml (median 10, mean 26.9, SD 34.8). There was a statistically significant difference in median between the 2 groups, but when a discriminant analysis was applied, sperm density could predict fertile status with only 68% accuracy at optimum cut-off. Sperm density is valueless in distinguishing fertile from infertile men and is neither useful in diagnosis nor in monitoring the progress of treatment for male infertility. It should be abandoned as a quotable measurement of male fertility.
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Rasheed FN, Locniskar M, McCloskey DJ, Hasan RS, Chiang TJ, Rose P, de Soldenhoff R, Festenstein H, McAdam KP. Serum lymphocytotoxic activity in leprosy. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 76:391-7. [PMID: 2752595 PMCID: PMC1541899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera from 167 patients across the spectrum of leprosy and 46 endemic controls were screened for lymphocytotoxic activity (LCA). The Terasaki microdroplet lymphocytotoxicity assay was performed at 37 degrees C and 15 degrees C to test sera for LCA against a panel of lymphocytes from 50 donors which represented most known HLA-ABC antigens. Raised complement-dependent LCA at 15 degrees C was seen in leprosy patients with histories of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) or reversal/Type I (I) reactions. Eighty-six per cent of lepromatous (LL) patients with a history of ENL (n = 21, P less than 0.001), 83% of borderline lepromatous (BL) and 88% of borderline tuberculoid patients (BT) with a history of Type I reactions (n = 12, P less than 0.01 and n = 24, P less than 0.001 respectively) had LCA compared to 39% of endemic controls (n = 46). LCA was attributed to IgM on the basis of reduced activity when serum was treated with both dithiothreitol or absorbed with antiserum for IgM. Removal of immune complexes and rheumatoid factor did not influence LCA. LCA-positive sera reacted similarly with allogeneic lymphocytes from either healthy donors or leprosy patients. Moreover LCA-positive sera reacted with autologous lymphocytes. Specificities for HLA-ABC antigens were not identified. The potential role of these autoantibodies, manifested in leprosy patients with hypersensitivity reactions remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Rasheed
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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