1
|
Liu X, Zhang W, Gu J, Wang J, Wang Y, Xu Z. Single-cell SERS imaging of dual cell membrane receptors expression influenced by extracellular matrix stiffness. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 668:335-342. [PMID: 38678888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Membrane receptors perform a diverse range of cellular functions, accounting for more than half of all drug targets. The mechanical microenvironment regulates cell behaviors and phenotype. However, conventional analysis methods of membrane receptors often ignore the effects of the extracellular matrix stiffness, failing to reveal the heterogeneity of cell membrane receptors expression. Herein, we developed an in-situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging method to visualize single-cell membrane receptors on substrates with different stiffness. Two SERS substrates, Au@4-mercaptobenzonitrile@Ag@Sgc8c and Au@4-pethynylaniline@Ag@SYL3c, were employed to specifically target protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), respectively. The polyacrylamide (PA) gels with tunable stiffness (2.5-25 kPa) were constructed to mimic extracellular matrix. The simultaneous SERS imaging of dual membrane receptors on single cancer cells on substrates with different stiffness was achieved. Our findings reveal decreased expression of PTK7 and EpCAM on cells cultured on stiffer substrates and higher migration ability of the cells. The results elucidate the heterogeneity of membrane receptors expression of cells cultured on the substrates with different stiffness. This single-cell analysis method offers an in-situ platform for investigating the impacts of extracellular matrix stiffness on the expression of membrane receptors, providing insights into the role of cell membrane receptors in cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Wenshu Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Zhangrun Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng D, Zheng Y, Tan J, Zhang Z, Huang H, Chen Y. Co-immobilization of whole cells and enzymes by covalent organic framework for biocatalysis process intensification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5510. [PMID: 38951487 PMCID: PMC11217415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-immobilization of cells and enzymes is often essential for the cascade biocatalytic processes of industrial-scale feasibility but remains a vast challenge. Herein, we create a facile co-immobilization platform integrating enzymes and cells in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to realize the highly efficient cascade of inulinase and E. coli for bioconversion of natural products. Enzymes can be uniformly immobilized in the COF armor, which coats on the cell surface to produce cascade biocatalysts with high efficiency, stability and recyclability. Furthermore, this one-pot in situ synthesis process facilitates a gram-scale fabrication of enzyme-cell biocatalysts, which can generate a continuous-flow device conversing inulin to D-allulose, achieving space-time yield of 161.28 g L-1 d-1 and high stability (remaining >90% initial catalytic efficiency after 7 days of continuous reaction). The created platform is applied for various cells (e.g., E. coli, Yeast) and enzymes, demonstrating excellent universality. This study paves a pathway to break the bottleneck of extra- and intracellular catalysis, creates a high-performance and customizable platform for enzyme-cell cascade biomanufacturing, and expands the scope of biocatalysis process intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uttam I, Sudarsan S, Ray R, Chinnappan R, Yaqinuddin A, Al-Kattan K, Mani NK. A Hypothetical Approach to Concentrate Microorganisms from Human Urine Samples Using Paper-Based Adsorbents for Point-of-Care Molecular Assays. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:38. [PMID: 38255653 PMCID: PMC10820215 DOI: 10.3390/life14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis demonstrates that the efficiency of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for nucleic acid detection can be positively influenced by the preconcentration of microbial cells onto hydrophobic paper surfaces. The mechanism of this model is based on the high affinity of microbes towards hydrophobic surfaces. Extensive studies have demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces exhibit enhanced bacterial and fungal adhesion. By exploiting this inherent affinity of hydrophobic paper substrates, the preconcentration approach enables the adherence of a greater number of target cells, resulting in a higher concentration of target templates for amplification directly from urine samples. In contrast to conventional methods, which often involve complex procedures, this approach offers a simpler, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternative. Moreover, the integration of cell adhesion, LAMP amplification, and signal readout within paper origami-based devices can provide a portable, robust, and highly efficient platform for rapid nucleic acid detection. This innovative hypothesis holds significant potential for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and field surveillance applications. Further research and development in this field will advance the implementation of this technology, contributing to improved healthcare systems and public health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Uttam
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Sujesh Sudarsan
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Rohitraj Ray
- Department of BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India;
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research & Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Khaled Al-Kattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The interaction between nanocellulose and microorganisms for new degradable packaging: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
5
|
Kuyukina MS, Makarova MV, Pistsova ON, Glebov GG, Osipenko MA, Ivshina IB. Exposure to metal nanoparticles changes zeta potentials of Rhodococcus cells. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11632. [PMID: 36419660 PMCID: PMC9676555 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) of transition metals and their oxides are widely used in industries and exhibit diverse biological activities – from antimicrobial to growth promoting and regulating biofilms. In this study, the concentration-dependent effects of negatively charged metal and metal oxide NPs on the viability and net surface charge of Rhodococcus cells were revealed. Our hypothesis that zeta potential values of bacterial cells approach the zeta potential of NPs with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles was statistically validated, thus suggesting the accumulation of nanoparticles on the cell surface. Thus, based on the dynamics of zeta potential, it would be possible to predict the accumulation of metal NPs on the cell surface of particular Rhodococcus species. It seemed that more toxic nanometals (e.g. CuO) accumulate more intensively on the bacterial cell wall than less toxic nanometals (Bi, Ni and Co). Physical properties of NPs, such as shape, size, dispersity and zeta potential, were characterized at different nanoparticle concentrations, in order to explain their diverse effects on bacterial viability, cellular charge and adhesion to hydrocarbons. Interestingly, an increase in Rhodococcus adhesion to n-hexadecane was observed in the presence of Cu and CuO NPs, while treatment with Fe3O4 NPs resulted in a decrease in the adhesive activity. The obtained data help to clarify the mechanisms of nano-bio interaction and make it possible to select metal and metal oxide nanoparticles to modify the surface of bacterial cells without toxic effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) of transition metals affect Rhodococcus viability and zeta potentials. Cellular zeta potentials approach the NPs values, suggesting their accumulation on the cell surface. More toxic nanometals accumulate stronger on bacterial cell surfaces. Cu and CuO NPs increase Rhodococcus adhesion to hydrocarbon, but Fe3O4 NPs reduced the adhesive activity. Targeted modification of bacterial cell surface with metal NPs is possible.
Collapse
|
6
|
Park J, Lee S, Lee H, Han S, Kang TH, Kim D, Kang T, Choi I. Colloidal Multiscale Assembly via Photothermally Driven Convective Flow for Sensitive In-Solution Plasmonic Detections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201075. [PMID: 35570749 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of metal nanoparticles and targets to be detected in a small light probe volume is essential for achieving sensitive in-solution surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Such assemblies generally require either chemical linkers or templates to overcome the random diffusion of the colloids unless the aqueous sample is dried. Here, a facile method is reported to produce 3D multiscale assemblies of various colloids ranging from molecules and nanoparticles to microparticles for sensitive in-solution SERS detection without chemical linkers and templates by exploiting photothermally driven convective flow. The simulations suggest that colloids sub 100 nm in diameter can be assembled by photothermally driven convective flow regardless of density; the assembly of larger colloids up to several micrometers by convective flow is significant only if their density is close to that of water. Consistent with the simulation results, the authors confirm that the photothermally driven convective flow is mainly responsible for the observed coassembly of plasmonic gold nanorods with either smaller molecules or larger microparticles. It is further found that the coassembly with the plasmonic nanoantennae leads to dramatic Raman enhancements of molecules, microplastics, and microbes by up to fivefold of magnitude compared to those measured in solution without the coassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeon Han
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchoul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim S, Kim WY, Nam SH, Shin S, Choi SH, Kim DH, Lee H, Choi HJ, Lee E, Park JH, Jo I, Fang NX, Cho YT. Microstructured Surfaces for Reducing Chances of Fomite Transmission via Virus-Containing Respiratory Droplets. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14049-14060. [PMID: 34339604 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced particle aggregation in drying droplets is of significant importance in the prevention of pathogen transfer due to the possibility of indirect fomite transmission of the infectious virus particles. In this study, particle aggregation was directionally controlled using contact line dynamics (pinned or slipping) and geometrical gradients on microstructured surfaces by the systematic investigation of the evaporation process on sessile droplets and sprayed microdroplets laden with virus-simulant nanoparticles. Using this mechanism, we designed robust particle capture surfaces by significantly inhibiting the contact transfer of particles from fomite surfaces. For the proof-of-concept, interconnected hexagonal and inverted pyramidal microwall were fabricated using ultraviolet-based nanoimprint lithography, which is considered to be a promising scalable manufacturing process. We demonstrated the potentials of an engineered microcavity surface to limit the contact transfer of particle aggregates deposited with the evaporation of microdroplets by 93% for hexagonal microwall and by 96% for inverted pyramidal microwall. The particle capture potential of the interconnected microstructures was also investigated using biological particles, including adenoviruses and lung-derived extracellular vesicles. The findings indicate that the proposed microstructured surfaces can reduce the indirect fomite transmission of highly infectious agents, including norovirus, rotavirus, or SARS-CoV-2, via respiratory droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Woo Young Kim
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Seunghang Shin
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Su Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Do Hyeog Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Hyeok Jae Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| | - Eungman Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, South Korea
- Ewha Education & Research Center for Infection, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Young Tae Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
- Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang S, Wang L, Wu L, Li Z, Yang B, Hou Y, Lei L, Cheng S, He Q. Deciphering Single-Bacterium Adhesion Behavior Modulated by Extracellular Electron Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5105-5115. [PMID: 34086465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, a thorough understanding of the mechanism and effective modulating is lacking due to the complex extracellular electron transfer (EET) at bacteria-surface interfaces. Here, we explore the adhesion behavior of a model electroactive bacteria under various metabolic conditions by an integrated electrochemical single-cell force microscopy system. A nonlinear model between bacterial adhesion force and electric field intensity is established, which provides a theoretical foundation for precise tuning of bacterial adhesion strength by the surface potential and the direction and flux of electron flow. In particular, based on quantitative analyses with equivalent charge distribution modeling and wormlike chain numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the chain conformation and unfolding events of outer membrane appendages are dominantly impacted by the dynamic bacterial EET processes. This reveals how the anisotropy of bacterial conductive structure can translate into the desired adhesion behavior in different scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuomeng Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongjian Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University, Quzhou, Quzhou 32400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University, Quzhou, Quzhou 32400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University, Quzhou, Quzhou 32400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lecheng Lei
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University, Quzhou, Quzhou 32400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shaoan Cheng
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Qinggang He
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma J, Wang X, Feng J, Huang C, Fan Z. Individual Plasmonic Nanoprobes for Biosensing and Bioimaging: Recent Advances and Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004287. [PMID: 33522074 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of nanofabrication techniques, plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) have been widely applied in various research fields ranging from photocatalysis to chemical and bio-sensing. PNPs efficiently convert chemical or physical stimuli in their local environment into optical signals. PNPs also have excellent properties, including good biocompatibility, large surfaces for the attachment of biomolecules, tunable optical properties, strong and stable scattering light, and good conductivity. Thus, single optical biosensors with plasmonic properties enable a broad range of uses of optical imaging techniques in biological sensing and imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution. This work provides a comprehensive overview on the optical properties of single PNPs, the description of five types of commonly used optical imaging techniques, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, total internal reflection scattering (TIRS) microscopy, and dark-field microscopy (DFM) technique, with an emphasis on their single plasmonic nanoprobes and mechanisms for applications in biological imaging and sensing, as well as the challenges and future trends of these fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhongcai Fan
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| |
Collapse
|