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Kývala L, Angeletti A, Franchini C, Dellago C. Diffusion and Coalescence of Phosphorene Monovacancies Studied Using High-Dimensional Neural Network Potentials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:23743-23751. [PMID: 38115818 PMCID: PMC10726346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The properties of two-dimensional materials are strongly affected by defects that are often present in considerable numbers. In this study, we investigate the diffusion and coalescence of monovacancies in phosphorene using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations accelerated by high-dimensional neural network potentials. Trained and validated with reference data obtained with density functional theory (DFT), such surrogate models provide the accuracy of DFT at a much lower cost, enabling simulations on time scales that far exceed those of first-principles MD. Our microsecond long simulations reveal that monovacancies are highly mobile and move predominantly in the zigzag rather than armchair direction, consistent with the energy barriers of the underlying hopping mechanisms. In further simulations, we find that monovacancies merge into energetically more stable and less mobile divacancies following different routes that may involve metastable intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kývala
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Physics, University of
Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Physics, University of
Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cesare Franchini
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Università
di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Yar A, Sultana R. Nonlinear Hall effect in monolayer phosphorene with broken inversion symmetry. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:165701. [PMID: 36825779 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear Hall effect (NLHE), a new member of the family of Hall effects, in monolayer phosphorene is investigated. We find that phosphorene exhibits pronounced NLHE, arising from the dipole moment of the Berry curvature induced by the proximity effect that breaks the inversion symmetry of the system. Remarkably, the nonlinear Hall response exhibits central minimum with a width on the order of the band gap, followed by two resonance-like peaks. Interestingly, each resonance peak of the Hall response shifts in the negative region of the chemical potential which is consistent with the shift of valence and conduction bands in the energy spectrum of monolayer phosphorene. It is observed that the two peaks are asymmetric, originated from anisotropy in the band structure of phosphorene. It is shown that the NLHE is very sensitive to the band gap and temperature of the system. Moreover, we find that a phase transition occurs in the nonlinear Hall response and nonlinear spin Hall conductivity of the system under the influence of spin-orbit interaction, tuned by the strength of interaction and band gap induced in the energy spectrum of monolayer phosphorene with broken inversion symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Yar
- Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rifat Sultana
- Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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3
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Pantis-Simut CA, Preda AT, Filipoiu N, Allosh A, Nemnes GA. Electric-Field Control in Phosphorene-Based Heterostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3650. [PMID: 36296840 PMCID: PMC9609458 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorene is a graphene-like material with an intermediate band gap, in contrast to zero-gap graphene and large-gap dichalcogenides or hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which makes it more suitable for nanoelectronic devices. However, inducing band-gap modulation in freestanding phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs) is problematic, as high in-plane electric fields are necessary to close the gap. We perform here a detailed investigation concerning the substrate influence on the electric-field control exerted by an external gate, using the density functional theory-non-equilibrium Green's functions (DFT-NEGF) framework. It is established that the interaction with a hexagonal boron nitride supporting layer significantly enhances the gap modulation. Furthermore, we address the issue of contacting the PNRs, by using conducting graphene nanoribbons embedded in the support hBN layer. Within this setup, a measurable spin polarization is achieved owing to the anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the edges of the graphene nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin-Andrei Pantis-Simut
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077126 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Mihail Kogalniceanu Blvd 36-46, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amanda Teodora Preda
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077126 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Mihail Kogalniceanu Blvd 36-46, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Filipoiu
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077126 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Alaa Allosh
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - George Alexandru Nemnes
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077126 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Mihail Kogalniceanu Blvd 36-46, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
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Li J, Yi S, Wang K, Liu Y, Li J. Alkene-Catalyzed Rapid Layer-by-Layer Thinning of Black Phosphorus for Precise Nanomanufacturing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13111-13122. [PMID: 35943043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, it is still challenging to obtain geometrically well-defined BP with desirable thickness. The method involving rapid BP surface reaction via alkene-catalyzed oxidation and easy removal of reactants by a mechanical effect was proposed to achieve the precise layer-by-layer thinning and real-time thickness monitoring of BP for nanopatterning with high spatial resolution based on mechanical scanning probe nanolithography. The enhanced electron affinity of oxygen with the assistance of a carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) in the alkene was demonstrated by density functional theory calculations, shortening the BP surface oxidation period by 99%, which provides access for the rapid thinning. The few-layer BP nanoflake with nested structure and arbitrary thickness on various substrates and the nanopatterned heterojunctions (BP/graphene and BP/hexagonal boron nitride) can be precisely fabricated by the adjustment of scanning number under a small load. This thinning technology was efficient and universal, which could be used to fabricate a BP field-effect transistor with a thinned channel to enhance the capability for current modulation, showing great potential applications for designing high-performance nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Lee S, Lee Y, Ding LP, Lee K, Ding F, Kim K. Atomically Sharp, Closed Bilayer Phosphorene Edges by Self-Passivation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12822-12830. [PMID: 35904253 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional crystals' edge structures not only influence their overall properties but also dictate their formation due to edge-mediated synthesis and etching processes. Edges must be carefully examined because they often display complex, unexpected features at the atomic scale, such as reconstruction, functionalization, and uncontrolled contamination. Here, we examine atomic-scale edge structures and uncover reconstruction behavior in bilayer phosphorene. We use in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phosphorene/graphene specimens at elevated temperatures to minimize surface contamination and reduce e-beam damage, allowing us to observe intrinsic edge configurations. The bilayer zigzag (ZZ) edge was found to be the most stable edge configuration under e-beam irradiation. Through first-principles calculations and TEM image analysis under various tilting and defocus conditions, we find that bilayer ZZ edges undergo edge reconstruction and so acquire closed, self-passivated edge configurations. The extremely low formation energy of the closed bilayer ZZ edge and its high stability against e-beam irradiation are confirmed by first-principles calculations. Moreover, we fabricate bilayer phosphorene nanoribbons with atomically sharp closed ZZ edges. The identified bilayer ZZ edges will aid in the fundamental understanding of the synthesis, degradation, reconstruction, and applications of phosphorene and related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Li Ping Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Optoelectronic Science & Technology, School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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Yun TK, Lee Y, Kim MJ, Park J, Kang D, Kim S, Choi YJ, Yi Y, Shong B, Cho JH, Kim K. Commensurate Assembly of C 60 on Black Phosphorus for Mixed-Dimensional van der Waals Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105916. [PMID: 35018707 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2D crystals can serve as templates for the realization of new van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures via controlled assembly of low-dimensional functional components. Among available 2D crystals, black phosphorus (BP) is unique due to its puckered atomic surface topography, which may lead to strong epitaxial phenomena through guided vdW assembly. Here, it is demonstrated that a BP template can induce highly oriented assembly of C60 molecular crystals. Transmission electron microscopy and theoretical analysis of the C60 /BP vdW heterostructure clearly confirm that the BP template results in oriented C60 assembly with higher-order commensurism. Lateral and vertical devices with C60 /BP junctions are fabricated via a lithography-free clean process, which allows one to investigate the ideal electrical properties of pristine C60 /BP junctions. Effective tuning of the C60 /BP junction barrier from 0.2 to 0.5 eV and maximum on-current density higher than 104 mA cm-2 are achieved with graphite/C60 /BP vertical vdW transistors. Due to the formation of high-quality C60 film and the semitransparent graphite top-electrode, the vertical transistors show high photoresponsivities up to ≈100 A W-1 as well as a fast response time under visible light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Keun Yun
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Min Je Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Korea
| | - Donghee Kang
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yeonjin Yi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Bonggeun Shong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Ta HQ, Mendes RG, Liu Y, Yang X, Luo J, Bachmatiuk A, Gemming T, Zeng M, Fu L, Liu L, Rümmeli MH. In Situ Fabrication of Freestanding Single-Atom-Thick 2D Metal/Metallene and 2D Metal/ Metallene Oxide Membranes: Recent Developments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100619. [PMID: 34459155 PMCID: PMC8529443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted a lot of research interest as they exhibit several fascinating properties. However, outside of 2D materials derived from van der Waals layered bulk materials only a few other such materials are realized, and it remains difficult to confirm their 2D freestanding structure. Despite that, many metals are predicted to exist as 2D systems. In this review, the authors summarize the recent progress made in the synthesis and characterization of these 2D metals, so called metallenes, and their oxide forms, metallene oxides as free standing 2D structures formed in situ through the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM) to synthesize these materials. Two primary approaches for forming freestanding monoatomic metallic membranes are identified. In the first, graphene pores as a means to suspend the metallene or metallene oxide and in the second, electron-beam sputtering for the selective etching of metal alloys or thick complex initial materials is employed to obtain freestanding single-atom-thick 2D metal. The data show a growing number of 2D metals/metallenes and 2D metal/ metallene oxides having been confirmed and point to a bright future for further discoveries of these 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Q. Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Rafael G. Mendes
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Yu Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Jingping Luo
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Material Science & Engineering CenterŁukasiewicz Research Network – PORT Polish Center for Technology DevelopmentUl. Stabłowicka 147Wrocław54‐066Poland
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityNo. 28, Xianning West RoadXi'anShaanxi710049China
| | - Mark H. Rümmeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationsCollege of EnergyCollaborative Innovation Center of SuzhouNano Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of Advanced Carbon MaterialsWearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
- Institute for Complex MaterialsIFW DresdenP.O. Box D‐01171DresdenGermany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon MaterialsPolish Academy of SciencesM. Curie‐Sklodowskiej 34Zabrze41‐819Poland
- Center for Energy and Environmental TechnologiesVSB‐Technical University of Ostrava17. Listopadu 15Ostrava708 33Czech Republic
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Yao F, Xiao Z, Qiao J, Ji W, Xie RJ, Jin C. In situ TEM study of edge reconstruction and evolution in monolayer black phosphorus. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4133-4139. [PMID: 33575688 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As symmetry-breaking interfaces, edges inevitably influence material properties, particularly for low-dimensional materials such as two-dimensional (2D) graphene and black phosphorus (BP). Hence, exploiting pristine edge structures and the associated edge reconstruction is important. In this study, we revealed edge reconstruction and evolution in monolayer BP (ML-BP) via in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Under our typical experimental conditions, spontaneous edge reconstruction occurred in all types of as-prepared edges that include zigzag, Klein zigzag, diagonal, and Klein diagonal edges. Reconstruction induces a periodic variation of the bond length and bond angles of edge atoms: an out-of-plane bending for zigzag and diagonal edge atoms and a dimerization for two neighboring edge atoms on the Klein edge, respectively. Surface atom diffusion can also induce edge structural evolution as evidenced by the atomic scale dynamics captured for the zigzag edge. Experimentally resolved edge configurations and reconstruction were further corroborated by ab initio first-principles calculations. This study explores the understanding of the edge stability in 2D BP materials and may provide routes for precisely controlled edge structure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfa Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China. and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
| | - Zhangru Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
| | - Jingsi Qiao
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China. and Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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Kim YJ, Lee Y, Kim K, Kwon OH. Light-Induced Anisotropic Morphological Dynamics of Black Phosphorus Membranes Visualized by Dark-Field Ultrafast Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11383-11393. [PMID: 32790334 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is an elemental layered material with a strong in-plane anisotropic structure. This structure is accompanied by anisotropic optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Despite interest in BP from both fundamental and technical aspects, investigation into the structural dynamics of BP caused by strain fields, which are prevalent for two-dimensional (2D) materials and tune the material physical properties, has been overlooked. Here, we report the morphological dynamics of photoexcited BP membranes observed using time-resolved diffractograms and dark-field images obtained via ultrafast electron microscopy. Aided by 4D reconstruction, we visualize the nonequilibrium bulging of thin BP membranes and reveal that the buckling transition is driven by impulsive thermal stress upon photoexcitation in real time. The bulging, buckling, and flattening (on strain release) showed anisotropic spatiotemporal behavior. Our observations offer insights into the fleeting morphology of anisotropic 2D matter and provide a glimpse into the mapping of transient, modulated physical properties upon impulsive excitation, as well as strain engineering at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yangjin Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kwanpyo Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
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