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Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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2
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Walsh MP, Barclay JA, Begg CS, Xuan J, Kitching MO. Conglomerate Crystallization in the Cambridge Structural Database (2020-2021). CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2837-2844. [PMID: 37038395 PMCID: PMC10080650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Conglomerate crystals are materials capable of undergoing spontaneous resolution and were responsible for the discovery of molecular chirality. Their relevance to modern chemical and crystallographic sciences has been hindered by the difficulty in identifying and searching materials with this characteristic ability to spontaneously bias their own enantioenrichment. With the release of the November 2021 distribution of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) (version 5.43), a fresh quantity of chiral conglomerate crystals is expected to have been published in the CSD without identification. Indeed, no crystals in the CSD have been identified as a spontaneously resolving conglomerate crystal in their crystallographic information file since the 2019 release, despite the deposition of over 108,000 new crystal structures into the database over the same time period. A manual inspection of crystals deposited between 2020 and 2021 was conducted to identify 343 new chiral materials which exhibit conglomerate crystallization behavior. It is hoped that the continued manual curation of this list will aid those in the crystallographic and synthetic communities to study and exploit this spontaneous enantioenrichment behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Walsh
- Process
Research and Development, Carbogen Amcis
Ltd., 303 Clayton Lane, Manchester, M11 4SX, U.K.
| | - James A. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Callum S. Begg
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Jinyi Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
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3
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Putman JI, Armstrong DW. Recent advances in the field of chiral crystallization. Chirality 2022; 34:1338-1354. [PMID: 35904758 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization is one of the largest and most economical bulk purification techniques used in industry today. There has been an increase in demand for enantiomerically pure compound production for research, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical drug production, and other applications. Even after asymmetric synthesis, chiral purification will always be necessary. The focus of this review is on recent advances in chiral crystallization for the purification of enantiomers. A comprehensive discussion of three techniques and their mechanisms is provided, namely: attrition-enhanced deracemization, cocrystallization, and inorganic ionic cocrystallization. Several examples of attrition-enhanced deracemization are discussed. The key advantage of this technique is that it eliminates enantiomeric waste and can be used to produce enantiomeric excesses of greater than 99% from racemic mixtures. Chiral cocrystallization is examined, with over 60 cocrystallizing compounds, as an excellent means for enantiomeric enrichment. Selective chiral inclusion complexation was shown to be a novel approach for the formation of cocrystals. Chiral inorganic ionic cocrystallization is a new technique involving the formation of cocrystals between chiral ligands and certain metal salts in order to produce conglomerate crystal behavior in otherwise racemic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Putman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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4
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Čierna M, Berkeš D, Baran P, Šoral M, Kolarovič A, Jakubec P. Stereochemical switch driven by crystallization: Interplay between stoichiometry and configuration of the products. Chirality 2022; 34:948-954. [PMID: 35470504 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An intriguing example of a crystallization-induced stereochemical switch in the configuration of aza-Michael reaction products is described. Depending on both the stereochemical purity and stoichiometric ratio of the chiral amine used, the reaction delivers crystalline diastereomers of a different stereochemistry. The optically pure diastereomer smoothly converts to its racemic epimer salt upon the addition of a complementary chiral amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Čierna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Baran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Juniata College, Huntington, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michal Šoral
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kolarovič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Kukor AJ, Depner N, Cai I, Tucker JL, Culhane JC, Hein JE. Enantioselective synthesis of (−)-tetrabenazine via continuous crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10765-10772. [PMID: 36320713 PMCID: PMC9491067 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-well continuous CIDT approach with inline racemization of the solution phase is presented. Using two in-house built PATs and a flow reactor, we were able to successfully crystallize an enantiopure salt of TBZ, the active metabolite of the tardive dyskinesia drug valbenazine. Despite discovering an undesired racemic solid phase, inline racemization combined with careful control of crystallization conditions allowed for multigram quantities of enantiopure material to be harvested using our setup. Critically, this control was made possible by the use of PATs to observe and quantify the composition of both the solid and solution phases. A novel enantioselective route to tetrabenazine has been developed using continuous CIDT in a multiwell crystallization/racemization device outfitted with real-time HPLC to visualize and control the dynamic process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kukor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Noah Depner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - John L. Tucker
- Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, California, 92130, USA
| | | | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Losev EA, Pishchur DP, Boldyreva EV. A new monohydrated molecular salt of GABA with l-tartaric acid: the structure-forming role of water. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel monohydrated molecular salt of GABA with l-tartaric acid was crystallized and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Losev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - D. P. Pishchur
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - E. V. Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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