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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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Alcalde S, Porcar R, De La Puente ML, Cumming GR, Mateos C, García-Losada P, Anta C, Rincón JA, García-Verdugo E. Continuous-Flow Supercritical CO 2 Platform for In-Situ Synthesis and Purification of Small Molecules for Drug Discovery. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alcalde
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Porcar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, E-28040 Avda. Esparta s/n, Las Rozas, 28232 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luz De La Puente
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Graham R. Cumming
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Cristina Anta
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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4
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Brown EE. Minireview: recent efforts toward upgrading lignin-derived phenols in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Carson MC, Orzolek BJ, Kozlowski MC. Photocatalytic Synthesis of para-Peroxyquinols: Total Synthesis of (±)-Stemenone B and (±)-Parvistilbine B. Org Lett 2022; 24:7250-7254. [PMID: 36094351 PMCID: PMC9673030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalytic method to selectively synthesize 4-hydroperoxy-2,5-cyclohexadienones from para-alkyl phenols is disclosed. This photosensitized singlet oxygen approach functionalized a variety of electronically diverse para-alkyl phenols in 27-99% isolated yields. Utilizing this dearomative oxidation, (±)-stemenone B and (±)-parvistilbine B were synthesized in 9 and 11 steps, respectively, from commercially available starting materials. Additional experiments revealed the dramatic influence of base and solvent on the selectivity while providing insight into the mechanism of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brandon J. Orzolek
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Lee DS, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical
Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor
vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day–1 (based on 32.2 mmol h–1), using a modified version
of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev.2021, 25, 7, 1619–1627], consisting
of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner
electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial
outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode.
We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum
anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying
the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for
either
the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day–1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration
of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture
investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration
time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We
show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source
(dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency.
We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been
used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology
produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity
and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected
productivity of >100 g day–1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - David C. Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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Afanasenko A, Kavun A, Thomas D, Li CJ. A One-Pot Approach for Bio-Based Arylamines via a Combined Photooxidative Dearomatization-Rearomatization Strategy. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200309. [PMID: 35393648 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of arylamines from renewable resources under mild reaction conditions is highly desired for the sustainability of the chemical industry, where the production of hazardous waste is a prime concern. However, to date, there are very few tools in chemists' toolboxes that are able to produce arylamines in a sustainable manner. Herein, a robust one-pot approach for constructing bio-based arylamines via a combined photooxidative dearomatization-rearomatization strategy is presented. The developed methodology enables the synthesis of structurally complex amines in moderate-to-good isolated yields using biomass-derived phenols, natural α-amino acids, and naphthols under remarkably mild reaction conditions. For the photooxygenation of phenols, a novel chrysazine-based catalyst system was introduced, demonstrating its efficiency for the synthesis of natural products - hallerone, rengyolone, and the pharmaceutically relevant prodrug DHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Afanasenko
- Department of Chemistry and, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Aleksei Kavun
- Department of Chemistry and, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dylan Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
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George MW, Abreu BL, Boufroura H, Moore JC, Poliakoff M. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2-Substituted 1,4-Benzoquinones via Oxidative Dearomatisation of para-Substituted Phenols Using Singlet Oxygen in Supercritical CO2. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper describes a continuous multi-step synthesis in supercritical CO2. A continuous flow synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones is reported, and details of the high-pressure reactors are given. This proceeds via the telescoped dearomatisation of p-substituted phenols using singlet oxygen in supercritical CO2 and an acid-mediated C–C migration. The process has a short residence time of 30 minutes, with overall yields and projected productivities of up to 83% and 9 g/day, respectively. This methodology enables a safe and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones from photo-generated singlet oxygen, and cheap and readily available p-substituted phenols. The procedure has high atom efficiency, low photocatalyst loading, and substitutes potentially hazardous and corrosive reagents and solvents for molecular oxygen, CO2, and the less hazardous solid-supported acid Amberlyst-15.
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Torregrosa-Chinillach A, Chinchilla R. Visible Light-Induced Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of C-N/C-O to C=N/C=O Bonds Using Metal-Free Photocatalysts: Recent Developments. Molecules 2022; 27:497. [PMID: 35056812 PMCID: PMC8780101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing synthetic transformation using visible light as energy source, in the presence of a photocatalyst as a promoter, is currently of high interest, and oxidation reactions carried out under these conditions using oxygen as the final oxidant are particularly convenient from an environmental point of view. This review summarizes the recent developments achieved in the oxidative dehydrogenation of C-N and C-O bonds, leading to C=N and C=O bonds, respectively, using air or pure oxygen as oxidant and metal-free homogeneous or recyclable heterogeneous photocatalysts under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Chinchilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
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