1
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Purwani NN, Rozeboom HJ, Willers VP, Wijma HJ, Fraaije MW. Discovery of a new class of bacterial heme-containing CC cleaving oxygenases. N Biotechnol 2024; 83:82-90. [PMID: 39053683 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Previously, some bacteria were shown to harbour enzymes capable of catalysing the oxidative cleavage of the double bond of t-anethole and related compounds. The cofactor dependence of these enzymes remained enigmatic due to a lack of biochemical information. We report on catalytic and structural details of a representative of this group of oxidative enzymes: t-anethole oxygenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (TAOSm). The bacterial enzyme could be recombinantly expressed and purified, enabling a detailed biochemical study that has settled the dispute on its cofactor dependence. We have established that TAOSm contains a tightly bound b-type heme and merely depends on dioxygen for catalysis. It was found to accept t-anethole, isoeugenol and O-methyl isoeugenol as substrates, all being converted into the corresponding aromatic aldehydes without the need of any cofactor regeneration. The elucidated crystal structure of TAOSm has revealed that it contains a unique active site architecture that is conserved for this distinct class of heme-containing bacterial oxygenases. Similar to other hemoproteins, TAOSm has a histidine (His121) as proximal ligand. Yet, unique for TAOs, an arginine (Arg89) is located at the distal axial position. Site directed mutagenesis confirmed crucial roles for these heme-liganding residues and other residues that form the substrate binding pocket. In conclusion, the results reported here reveal a new class of bacterial heme-containing oxygenases that can be used for the cleavage of alkene double bonds, analogous to ozonolysis in organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Nyoman Purwani
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands; Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Kampus B Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60286, Indonesia
| | - Henriette J Rozeboom
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Vivian P Willers
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Hein J Wijma
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands.
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2
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Chen W, Lynch JNC, Bustamante C, Zhang Y, Wong LL. Selective Oxidation of Vitamin D 3 Enhanced by Long-Range Effects of a Substrate Channel Mutation in Cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1). Chemistry 2024:e202401487. [PMID: 38963680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency affects nearly half the population, with many requiring or opting for supplements with vitamin D3 (VD3), the precursor of vitamin D (1α,25-dihydroxyVD3). 25-HydroxyVD3, the circulating form of vitamin D, is a more effective supplement than VD3 but its synthesis is complex. We report here the engineering of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) for the selective oxidation of VD3 to 25-hydroxyVD3. Long-range effects of the substrate-channel mutation Glu435Ile promoted binding of the VD3 side chain close to the heme, enhancing VD3 oxidation activity that reached 6.62 g of 25-hydroxyVD3 isolated from a 1-litre scale reaction (69.1 % yield; space-time-yield 331 mg/L/h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jamie N C Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Claudia Bustamante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Luet L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
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3
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Swoboda A, Zwölfer S, Duhović Z, Bürgler M, Ebner K, Glieder A, Kroutil W. Multistep Biooxidation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid with H 2O 2 by Unspecific Peroxygenases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400156. [PMID: 38568785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is a key platform chemical derived from renewable biomass sources, holding great potential as starting material for the synthesis of valuable compounds, thereby replacing petrochemical-derived counterparts. Among these valorised compounds, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has emerged as a versatile building block. Here we demonstrate the biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA from HMF via a one-pot three-step oxidative cascade performed via two operative steps under mild reaction conditions employing two unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) using hydrogen peroxide as the only oxidant. The challenge of HMF oxidation by UPOs is the chemoselectivity of the first step, as one of the two possible oxidation products is only a poor substrate for further oxidation. The unspecific peroxygenase from Marasmius oreades (MorUPO) was found to oxidize 100 mM of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA) with 95 % chemoselectivity. In the sequential one-pot cascade employing MorUPO (TON up to 13535) and the UPO from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO, TON up to 7079), 100 mM of HMF were oxidized to FDCA reaching up to 99 % conversion and yielding 861 mg isolated pure crystalline FDCA, presenting the first example of a gram scale biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA involving UPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Swoboda
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvie Zwölfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zerina Duhović
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz Bürgler
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
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4
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Li H, Shen Q, Zhou X, Duan P, Hollmann F, Huang Y, Zhang W. Peroxygenase-Catalysed Sulfoxidations in Non-Aqueous Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301321. [PMID: 37948039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral sulfoxides are valuable building blocks in asymmetric synthesis. However, the biocatalytic synthesis of chiral sulfoxides is still challenged by low product titres. Herein, we report the use of peroxygenase as a catalyst for asymmetric sulfoxidation under non-aqueous conditions. Upon covalent immobilisation, the peroxygenase showed stability and activity under neat reaction conditions. A large variety of sulfides was converted into chiral sulfoxides in very high product concentration with moderate to satisfactory optical purity (e. g. 626 mM of (R)-methyl phenyl sulfoxide in approx. 89 % ee in 48 h). Further polishing of the ee value via cascading methionine reductase A (MsrA) gave>99 % ee of the sulfoxide. The robustness of the enzymes and high product titer is superior to the state-of-the-art methodologies. Gram-scale synthesis has been demonstrated. Overall, we demonstrated a practical and facile catalytic method to synthesize chiral sulfoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Peigao Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yawen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, P. R. China
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5
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Heckmann C, Bürgler M, Paul CE. Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Allylic Oxidation Unlocks Telescoped Synthesis of (1 S,3 R)-3-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile. ACS Catal 2024; 14:2985-2991. [PMID: 38449536 PMCID: PMC10913032 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The unmatched chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of enzymes renders them powerful catalysts in the synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Inspired by the discovery route toward the LPA1-antagonist BMS-986278, access to the API building block (1S,3R)-3-hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile was envisaged using an ene reductase (ER) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to set both stereocenters. Starting from the commercially available cyclohexene-1-nitrile, a C-H oxyfunctionalization step was required to introduce the ketone functional group, yet several chemical allylic oxidation strategies proved unsuccessful. Enzymatic strategies for allylic oxidation are underdeveloped, with few examples on selected substrates with cytochrome P450s and unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs). In this case, UPOs were found to catalyze the desired allylic oxidation with high chemo- and regioselectivity, at substrate loadings of up to 200 mM, without the addition of organic cosolvents, thus enabling the subsequent ER and ADH steps in a three-step one-pot cascade. UPOs even displayed unreported enantioselective oxyfunctionalization and overoxidation of the substituted cyclohexene. After screening of enzyme panels, the final product was obtained at titers of 85% with 97% ee and 99% de, with a substrate loading of 50 mM, the ER being the limiting step. This synthetic approach provides the first example of a three-step, one-pot UPO-ER-ADH cascade and highlights the potential for UPOs to catalyze diverse enantioselective allylic hydroxylations and oxidations that are otherwise difficult to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
M. Heckmann
- Biocatalysis
section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft
University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Bürgler
- Bisy
GmbH, Wünschendorf
292, 8200 Hofstätten
an der Raab, Austria
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis
section, Department of Biotechnology, Delft
University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Hoang MD, Polte I, Frantzmann L, von den Eichen N, Heins AL, Weuster-Botz D. Impact of mixing insufficiencies on L-phenylalanine production with an Escherichia coli reporter strain in a novel two-compartment bioreactor. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:153. [PMID: 37574555 PMCID: PMC10424407 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omnipresence of population heterogeneity in industrial bioprocesses originates from prevailing dynamic bioprocess conditions, which promote differences in the expression of cellular characteristics. Despite the awareness, the concrete consequences of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. RESULTS Therefore, for the first time, a L-phenylalanine overproducing Escherichia coli quadruple reporter strain was established for monitoring of general stress response, growth behavior, oxygen limitation and product formation of single cells based on mTagBFP2, mEmerald, CyOFP1, and mCardinal2 expression measured by flow cytometry. This strain was applied for the fed-batch production of L-phenylalanine from glycerol and ammonia in a stirred-tank bioreactor at homogeneous conditions compared to the same process in a novel two-compartment bioreactor. This two-compartment bioreactor consists of a stirred-tank bioreactor with an initial volume of 0.9 L (homogeneous zone) with a coiled flow inverter with a fixed working volume of 0.45 L as a bypass (limitation zone) operated at a mean hydraulic residence time of 102 s. The product formation was similar in both bioreactor setups with maximum L-phenylalanine concentrations of 21.1 ± 0.6 g L-1 demonstrating the consistency of this study's microbial L-phenylalanine production. However, cell growth was vulnerable to repetitive exposure to the dynamically changing conditions in the two-compartment bioreactor with maximum biomass yields reduced by 21%. The functionality of reporter molecules was approved in the stirred-tank bioreactor cultivation, in which expressed fluorescence levels of all four markers were in accordance with respective process state variables. Additional evaluation of the distributions on single-cell level revealed the presence of population heterogeneity in both bioprocesses. Especially for the marker of the general stress response and the product formation, the corresponding histograms were characterized by bimodal shapes and broad distributions. These phenomena were pronounced particularly at the beginning and the end of the fed-batch process. CONCLUSIONS The here shown findings confirm multiple reporter strains to be a noninvasive tool for monitoring cellular characteristics and identifying potential subpopulations in bioprocesses. In combination with experiments in scale-down setups, these can be utilized for a better physiological understanding of bioprocesses and support future scale-up procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Dat Hoang
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ingmar Polte
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Frantzmann
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nikolas von den Eichen
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Heins
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Chair of Biochemical Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
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7
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Hilberath T, van Oosten R, Victoria J, Brasselet H, Alcalde M, Woodley JM, Hollmann F. Toward Kilogram-Scale Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Oxyfunctionalization of Cyclohexane. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1384-1389. [PMID: 37496955 PMCID: PMC10367066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mol-scale oxyfunctionalization of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone (KA-oil) using an unspecific peroxygenase is reported. Using AaeUPO from Agrocybe aegerita and simple H2O2 as an oxidant, cyclohexanol concentrations of more than 300 mM (>60% yield) at attractive productivities (157 mM h-1, approx. 15 g L-1 h-1) were achieved. Current limitations of the proposed biooxidation system have been identified paving the way for future improvements and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hilberath
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Oosten
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Juliet Victoria
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hugo Brasselet
- Atlant.
Innov., Koornmarkt 52, 2611 EH Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department
of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis,
CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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8
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González-Rodríguez S, Trueba-Santiso A, Lu-Chau TA, Moreira MT, Eibes G. Valorization of bioethanol by-products to produce unspecific peroxygenase with Agrocybe aegerita: technological and proteomic perspectives. N Biotechnol 2023; 76:63-71. [PMID: 37169331 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) presents a wide range of biotechnological applications. This study targets the use of by-products from bioethanol synthesis to produce UPO by Agrocybe aegerita. Solid-state and submerged fermentations (SSF and SmF) were evaluated, achieving the highest titers of UPO and laccase in SmF using vinasse as nutrients source. Optimized UPO production of 331U/L was achieved in 50% (v:v) vinasse with an inoculum grown for 14 days. These conditions were scaled-up to a 4L reactor, achieving a UPO activity of 265U/L. Fungal proteome expression was analyzed before and after UPO activity appeared by shotgun mass spectrometry proteomics. Laccase, dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyP), lectins and proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and control were detected (in addition to UPO). Interestingly, the metabolism of complex sugars and nitrogen sources had a different activity at the beginning and end of the submerged fermentation. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra González-Rodríguez
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Alba Trueba-Santiso
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Thelmo A Lu-Chau
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gemma Eibes
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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9
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Discovery and Heterologous Expression of Unspecific Peroxygenases. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, unspecific peroxygenases, in short UPOs (EC. 1.11.2.1), have been explored. UPOs are closing a gap between P450 monooxygenases and chloroperoxidases. These enzymes are highly active biocatalysts for the selective oxyfunctionalisation of C–H, C=C and C-C bonds. UPOs are secreted fungal proteins and Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) is an ideal host for high throughput screening approaches and UPO production. Heterologous overexpression of 26 new UPOs by K. phaffii was performed in deep well plate cultivation and shake flask cultivation up to 50 mL volume. Enzymes were screened using colorimetric assays with 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), naphthalene and 5-nitro-1,3-benzodioxole (NBD) as reporter substrates. The PaDa-I (AaeUPO mutant) and HspUPO were used as benchmarks to find interesting new enzymes with complementary activity profiles as well as good producing strains. Herein we show that six UPOs from Psathyrella aberdarensis, Coprinopsis marcescibilis, Aspergillus novoparasiticus, Dendrothele bispora and Aspergillus brasiliensis are particularly active.
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10
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Bienzymatic Cascade Combining a Peroxygenase with an Oxidase for the Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes from Benzyl Alcohols. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are important aromatic compounds for the flavour and fragrance industry. In this study, a parallel cascade combining aryl alcohol oxidase from Pleurotus eryngii (PeAAOx) and unspecific peroxygenase from the basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) to convert aromatic primary alcohols into high-value aromatic aldehydes is proposed. Key influencing factors in the process of enzyme cascade catalysis, such as enzyme dosage, pH and temperature, were investigated. The universality of PeAAOx coupled with AaeUPO cascade catalysis for the synthesis of aromatic aldehyde flavour compounds from aromatic primary alcohols was evaluated. In a partially optimised system (comprising 30 μM PeAAOx, 2 μM AaeUPO at pH 7 and 40 °C) up to 84% conversion of 50 mM veratryl alcohol into veratryl aldehyde was achieved in a self-sufficient aerobic reaction. Promising turnover numbers of 2800 and 21,000 for PeAAOx and AaeUPO, respectively, point towards practical applicability.
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11
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Walter RM, Zemella A, Schramm M, Kiebist J, Kubick S. Vesicle-based cell-free synthesis of short and long unspecific peroxygenases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:964396. [PMID: 36394036 PMCID: PMC9663805 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.964396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs, EC 1.11.2.1) are fungal enzymes that catalyze the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated hydrocarbons, making them valuable biocatalysts. Despite the increasing interest in UPOs that has led to the identification of thousands of putative UPO genes, only a few of these have been successfully expressed and characterized. There is currently no universal expression system in place to explore their full potential. Cell-free protein synthesis has proven to be a sophisticated technique for the synthesis of difficult-to-express proteins. In this work, we aimed to establish an insect-based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform to produce UPOs. CFPS relies on translationally active cell lysates rather than living cells. The system parameters can thus be directly manipulated without having to account for cell viability, thereby making it highly adaptable. The insect-based lysate contains translocationally active, ER-derived vesicles, called microsomes. These microsomes have been shown to allow efficient translocation of proteins into their lumen, promoting post-translational modifications such as disulfide bridge formation and N-glycosylations. In this study the ability of a redox optimized, vesicle-based, eukaryotic CFPS system to synthesize functional UPOs was explored. The influence of different reaction parameters as well as the influence of translocation on enzyme activity was evaluated for a short UPO from Marasmius rotula and a long UPO from Agrocybe aegerita. The capability of the CFPS system described here was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of a novel UPO from Podospora anserina, thus qualifying CFPS as a promising tool for the identification and evaluation of novel UPOs and variants thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Magnus Walter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marina Schramm
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kiebist
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry – Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus – Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan Kubick,
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12
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Ma Y, Liang H, Zhao Z, Wu B, Lan D, Hollmann F, Wang Y. A Novel Unspecific Peroxygenase from Galatian marginata for Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization Reactions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Sang X, Tong F, Zeng Z, Wu M, Yuan B, Sun Z, Sheng X, Qu G, Alcalde M, Hollmann F, Zhang W. A Biocatalytic Platform for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Propargylic Alcohols and Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:4252-4257. [PMID: 35670732 PMCID: PMC9208015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Propargylic alcohols
and amines are versatile building blocks in
organic synthesis. We demonstrate a straightforward enzymatic cascade
to synthesize enantiomerically pure propargylic alcohols and amines
from readily available racemic starting materials. In the first step,
the peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita converted
the racemic propargylic alcohols into the corresponding ketones, which
then were converted into the enantiomerically pure alcohols using
the (R)-selective alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir or the (S)-selective
alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter brokii. Moreover, an enzymatic Mitsunobu-type conversion of the racemic
alcohols into enantiomerically enriched propargylic amines using (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus
terreus or (S)-selective amine transaminase
from Chromobacterium violaceum was established. The
one-pot two-step cascade reaction yielded a broad range of enantioenriched
alcohol and amine products in 70–99% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianke Sang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Feifei Tong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhigang Zeng
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Minghu Wu
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
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14
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Li Y, Zhang P, Sun Z, Li H, Ge R, Sheng X, Zhang W. Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Calcitriol Starting from Alfacalcidol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061044. [PMID: 35739941 PMCID: PMC9220053 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol is an active analog of vitamin D3 and has excellent physiological activities in regulating healthy immune function. To synthesize the calcitriol compound, the concept of total synthesis is often adopted, which typically involves multiple steps and results in an overall low yield. Herein, we envisioned an enzymatic approach for the synthesis of calcitriol. Peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) was used as a catalyst to hydroxylate the C-H bond at the C-25 position of alfacalcidol and yielded the calcitriol in a single step. The enzymatic reaction yielded 80.3% product formation in excellent selectivity, with a turnover number up to 4000. In a semi-preparative scale synthesis, 72% isolated yield was obtained. It was also found that AaeUPO is capable of hydroxylating the C-H bond at the C-1 position of vitamin D3, thereby enabling the calcitriol synthesis directly from vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanying Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.L.); (R.G.); (X.S.)
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-8486-6462
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15
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Li Z, Ma Y, Hollmann F, Wang Y. Study on green extraction of limonene from orange peel and cascade catalysis to produce carvol and carvone in deep eutectic solvents. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongquan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yunjian Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio‐manufacturing Co., Ltd Foshan Guangdong China
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16
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Xu X, Brasselet H, Jongkind EPJ, Alcalde M, Paul CE, Hollmann F. A Peroxygenase-Alcohol Dehydrogenase Cascade Reaction to Transform Ethylbenzene Derivatives into Enantioenriched Phenylethanols. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200017. [PMID: 35023279 PMCID: PMC9306878 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a new bienzymatic reaction to produce enantioenriched phenylethanols. In a first step, the recombinant, unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (rAaeUPO) was used to oxidise ethylbenzene and its derivatives to the corresponding ketones (prochiral intermediates) followed by enantioselective reduction into the desired (R)- or (S)-phenylethanols using the (R)-selective alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Lactobacillus kefir (LkADH) or the (S)-selective ADH from Rhodococcus ruber (ADH-A). In a one-pot two-step cascade, 11 ethylbenzene derivatives were converted into the corresponding chiral alcohols at acceptable yields and often excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2629HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Hugo Brasselet
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2629HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Ewald P. J. Jongkind
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2629HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis, CSIC28049MadridSpain
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2629HZDelft (TheNetherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology2629HZDelft (TheNetherlands
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17
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Surfing the wave of oxyfunctionalization chemistry by engineering fungal unspecific peroxygenases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 73:102342. [PMID: 35240455 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The selective insertion of oxygen into non-activated organic molecules has to date been considered of utmost importance to synthesize existing and next generation industrial chemicals or pharmaceuticals. In this respect, the minimal requirements and high activity of fungal unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) situate them as the jewel in the crown of C-H oxyfunctionalization biocatalysts. Although their limited availability and development has hindered their incorporation into industry, the conjunction of directed evolution and computational design is approaching UPOs to practical applications. In this review, we will address the most recent advances in UPO engineering, both of the long and short UPO families, while discussing the future prospects in this fast-moving field of research.
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18
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Hofrichter M, Kellner H, Herzog R, Karich A, Kiebist J, Scheibner K, Ullrich R. Peroxide-Mediated Oxygenation of Organic Compounds by Fungal Peroxygenases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:163. [PMID: 35052667 PMCID: PMC8772875 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), whose sequences can be found in the genomes of thousands of filamentous fungi, many yeasts and certain fungus-like protists, are fascinating biocatalysts that transfer peroxide-borne oxygen (from H2O2 or R-OOH) with high efficiency to a wide range of organic substrates, including less or unactivated carbons and heteroatoms. A twice-proline-flanked cysteine (PCP motif) typically ligates the heme that forms the heart of the active site of UPOs and enables various types of relevant oxygenation reactions (hydroxylation, epoxidation, subsequent dealkylations, deacylation, or aromatization) together with less specific one-electron oxidations (e.g., phenoxy radical formation). In consequence, the substrate portfolio of a UPO enzyme always combines prototypical monooxygenase and peroxidase activities. Here, we briefly review nearly 20 years of peroxygenase research, considering basic mechanistic, molecular, phylogenetic, and biotechnological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Harald Kellner
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Robert Herzog
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Alexander Karich
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
| | - Jan Kiebist
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (J.K.); (K.S.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitätsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany; (J.K.); (K.S.)
| | - René Ullrich
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (H.K.); (R.H.); (A.K.); (R.U.)
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19
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Meyer LE, Fogtmann Hauge B, Müller Kvorning T, De Santis P, Kara S. Continuous oxyfunctionalizations catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) has been shown to be a promising biocatalyst for oxyfunctionalization of a broad range of substrates with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the cosubstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Erik Meyer
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fogtmann Hauge
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Müller Kvorning
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Piera De Santis
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Grogan G. Hemoprotein Catalyzed Oxygenations: P450s, UPOs, and Progress toward Scalable Reactions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1312-1329. [PMID: 34604841 PMCID: PMC8479775 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of nonactivated carbon atoms is an ongoing synthetic challenge, and biocatalysts, particularly hemoprotein oxygenases, continue to be investigated for their potential, given both their sustainable chemistry credentials and also their superior selectivity. However, issues of stability, activity, and complex reaction requirements often render these biocatalytic oxygenations problematic with respect to scalable industrial processes. A continuing focus on Cytochromes P450 (P450s), which require a reduced nicotinamide cofactor and redox protein partners for electron transport, has now led to better catalysts and processes with a greater understanding of process requirements and limitations for both in vitro and whole-cell systems. However, the discovery and development of unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) has also recently provided valuable complementary technology to P450-catalyzed reactions. UPOs need only hydrogen peroxide to effect oxygenations but are hampered by their sensitivity to peroxide and also by limited selectivity. In this Perspective, we survey recent developments in the engineering of proteins, cells, and processes for oxygenations by these two groups of hemoproteins and evaluate their potential and relative merits for scalable reactions.
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21
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Rotilio L, Swoboda A, Ebner K, Rinnofner C, Glieder A, Kroutil W, Mattevi A. Structural and biochemical studies enlighten the unspecific peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 as an efficient oxidative biocatalyst. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11511-11525. [PMID: 34540338 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPO) are glycosylated fungal enzymes that can selectively oxidize C-H bonds. UPOs employ hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor and reductant. With such an easy-to-handle co-substrate and without the need of a reducing agent, UPOs are emerging as convenient oxidative biocatalysts. Here, an unspecific peroxygenase from Hypoxylon sp. EC38 (HspUPO) was identified in an activity-based screen of six putative peroxygenase enzymes that were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The enzyme was found to tolerate selected organic solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone. HspUPO is a versatile catalyst performing various reactions, such as the oxidation of prim- and sec-alcohols, epoxidations and hydroxylations. Semi-preparative biotransformations were demonstrated for the non-enantioselective oxidation of racemic 1-phenylethanol rac -1b (TON = 13000), giving the product with 88% isolated yield, and the oxidation of indole 6a to give indigo 6b (TON = 2800) with 98% isolated yield. HspUPO features a compact and rigid three-dimensional conformation that wraps around the heme and defines a funnel-shaped tunnel that leads to the heme iron from the protein surface. The tunnel extends along a distance of about 12 Å with a fairly constant diameter in its innermost segment. Its surface comprises both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups for dealing with small-to-medium size substrates of variable polarities. The structural investigation of several protein-ligand complexes revealed that the active site of HspUPO is accessible to molecules of varying bulkiness and polarity with minimal or no conformational changes, explaining the relatively broad substrate scope of the enzyme. With its convenient expression system, robust operational properties, relatively small size, well-defined structural features, and diverse reaction scope, HspUPO is an exploitable candidate for peroxygenase-based biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotilio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alexander Swoboda
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Gaz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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22
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Biocatalytic Syntheses of Antiplatelet Metabolites of the Thienopyridines Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Using Fungal Peroxygenases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090752. [PMID: 34575790 PMCID: PMC8470877 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombotic thienopyridines, such as clopidogrel and prasugrel, are prodrugs that undergo a metabolic two-step bioactivation for their pharmacological efficacy. In the first step, a thiolactone is formed, which is then converted by cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation via sulfenic acids to the active thiol metabolites. These metabolites are the active compounds that inhibit the platelet P2Y12 receptor and thereby prevent atherothrombotic events. Thus far, described biocatalytic and chemical synthesis approaches to obtain active thienopyridine metabolites are rather complex and suffer from low yields. In the present study, several unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs, EC 1.11.2.1) known to efficiently mimic P450 reactions in vitro—but requiring only hydroperoxide as oxidant—were tested for biocatalytic one-pot syntheses. In the course of the reaction optimization, various parameters such as pH and reductant, as well as organic solvent and amount were varied. The best results for the conversion of 1 mM thienopyridine were achieved using 2 U mL−1 of a UPO from agaric fungus Marasmius rotula (MroUPO) in a phosphate-buffered system (pH 7) containing 5 mM ascorbate, 2 mM h−1 H2O2 and 20% acetone. The preparation of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was successful via a two-step oxidation with an overall yield of 25%. In the case of prasugrel, a cascade of porcine liver esterase (PLE) and MroUPO was applied, resulting in a yield of 44%. The two metabolites were isolated with high purity, and their structures were confirmed by MS and MS2 spectrometry as well as NMR spectroscopy. The findings broaden the scope of UPO applications again and demonstrate that they can be effectively used for the selective synthesis of metabolites and late-state diversification of organic molecules, circumventing complex multistage chemical syntheses and providing sufficient material for structural elucidation, reference material, or cellular assays.
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