1
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Lal N, Seifan M, Ebrahiminezhad A, Berenjian A. The Impact of Amine-Functionalised Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Menaquinone-7 Isomer Profile and Production of the Bioactive Isomer. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1970-1987. [PMID: 37517081 PMCID: PMC11281992 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The K family of vitamins includes a collection of molecules with different pharmacokinetic characteristics. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) has the finest properties and is the most therapeutically beneficial due to its long plasma half-life and outstanding extrahepatic bioavailability. MK-7 exhibits cis-trans isomerism, and merely the all-trans form is biologically efficacious. Therefore, the remedial value of MK-7 end products is exclusively governed by the quantity of all-trans MK-7. Consumers favour fermentation for the production of MK-7; however, it involves several challenges. The low MK-7 yield and extensive downstream processing requirements increase production costs, resulting in an expensive final product that is not universally available. Bacterial cell immobilisation with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) can potentially address the limitations of MK-7 fermentation. Uncoated IONs tend to have low stability and can adversely affect cell viability; thus, amine-functionalised IONs, owing to their increased physicochemical stability and biocompatibility, are a favourable alternative. Nonetheless, employing biocompatible IONs for this purpose is only advantageous if the bioactive MK-7 isomer is obtained in the most significant fraction, exploring which formed the aim of this investigation. Two amine-functionalised IONs, namely 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-coated IONs (IONs@APTES) and L-Lysine (L-Lys)-coated IONs (L-Lys@IONs), were synthesised and characterised, and their impact on various parameters was evaluated. IONs@APTES were superior, and the optimal concentration (300 μ g/mL) increased all-trans MK-7 production and improved its yield relative to the untreated cells by 2.3- and 3.1-fold, respectively. The outcomes of this study present an opportunity to develop an innovative and effective fermentation method that enhances the production of bioactive MK-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Lal
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | | | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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2
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Möllerke A, Montes Vidal D, Petter Leinaas H, Schulz S. Socialane, a Nonaprenyl Terpene Hydrocarbon Surface Lipid from the Collembola Hypogastrura socialis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400272. [PMID: 38445549 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Springtails use unique compounds for their outermost epicuticular wax layer, often of terpenoid origin. We report here the structure and synthesis of socialane, the major cuticular constituent of the Collembola Hypogastrura socialis. Socialane is also the first regular nonaprenyl terpene with a cyclic head group. The saturated side chain has seven stereogenic centers, making the determination of the configuration difficult. We describe here the identification of socialane and a synthetic approach using the building blocks farnesol and phytol, enantioselective hydrogenation, and α-alkylation of sulfones for the synthesis of various stereoisomers. NMR experiments showed the presence of an anti-configuration of the methyl groups closest to the benzene ring and that the other methyl groups of the polyprenyl side-chain are not uniformly configured. Furthermore, socialane is structurally different from [6+2]-terpene viaticene of the closely related H. viatica, showing species specificity of the epicuticular lipids of this genus and hinting at a possible role of surface lipids in the communication of these gregarious arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Möllerke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diogo Montes Vidal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hans Petter Leinaas
- Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Postboks, 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Hu P, Peng C, Zhang B, Hu X, Milon RB, Ren L. Enhancing menaquinone-7 biosynthesis through strengthening precursor supply and product secretion. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:211-222. [PMID: 38153563 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important class of vitamin K2 that is essential in human health and can prevent osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. However, due to the complex synthesis pathway, the synthesis efficiency is low. The main objective of this study was to explore the effect of enhanced supply of precursors in Bacillus natto. Three precursors of pyruvate, shikimic acid, and sodium glutamate were chosen to investigate the effect of enhanced supply of precursors on MK-7 synthesis. Then, the optimal concentrations, different combinations, and different adding times were systematically studied, respectively. Results showed that the combination of shikimic acid and sodium glutamate could boost MK-7 production by 2 times, reaching 50 mg/L of MK-7 titer and 0.52 mg/(L·h) of MK-7 productivity. Furthermore, adding shikimic acid and sodium glutamate initially and feeding pyruvate at 48 h and 72 h increased MK-7 production to 58 mg/L. At the same time, the expression of the three related genes was also significantly upregulated. Subsequently, a new fermentation strategy combining the precursors enhancement and product secretion was proposed to enhance MK-7 yield and MK-7 productivity to 63 mg/L and 0.45 mg/(L·h). This study proposed a new fermentation regulation strategy for the enhancement of vitamin K2 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai JanStar Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 1288, Huateng Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ripon Baroi Milon
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Möllerke A, Bello J, Leinaas HP, Schulz S. Cyclopropane Hydrocarbons from the Springtail Vertagopus sarekensis─A New Class of Cuticular Lipids from Arthropods. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:85-97. [PMID: 37957119 PMCID: PMC10825826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The epicuticle of insects is usually coated with a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily straight-chain and methyl-branched alkanes and alkenes. We were interested in whether springtails (Collembola), a sister class of the insects, also use such compounds. We focused here on Vertagopus sarekensis, an abundant Isotomidae species in European high alpine regions, exhibiting coordinated group behavior and migration. This coordination, suggesting chemical communication, made the species interesting for our study on epicuticular hydrocarbons in springtails with different degrees of group behavior. We isolated a single hydrocarbon from its surface, which is the major epicuticular lipid. The structure was deduced by NMR analysis and GC/MS including derivatization. Total synthesis confirmed the structure as cis,cis-3,4,13,14-bismethylene-24-methyldotriacontane (4, sarekensane). The GC/MS analyses of some other cyclopropane hydrocarbons also synthesized showed the close similarity of both mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices of alkenes and cyclopropanes. Therefore, analyses of cuticular alkenes must be performed with appropriate derivatization to distinguish these two types of cuticular hydrocarbons. Sarekensane (4) is the first nonterpenoid cuticular hydrocarbon from Collembola that is biosynthesized via the fatty acid pathway, as are insect hydrocarbons, and contains unprecedented cyclopropane rings in the chain, not previously reported from arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Möllerke
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Bello
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- TU
Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Timkina E, Jarošová Kolouchová I, Kyselová L, Palyzová A, Murphy DJ, Řezanka T. Off-line two-dimensional LC-tandem MS of menaquinones from thermophilic bacteria. Food Chem 2024; 431:137112. [PMID: 37572480 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermophilic bacteria of four genera in contrast to the commonly used production strains such as Bacillus subtilis, produce homologs other than menaquinone (MK) with seven isoprene units. The number of isoprene units and the configuration of double bonds are essential factors for their biological activity. The goal was to obtain a strain of bacteria that produces a wide range of MK homologs and only all-trans geometrical isomers, which was the strain G. kaustophilus. Using off-line two-dimensional LC-tandem MS in columns with the RP18 phase and the COSMOSIL cholester phase (separation according to the geometric configuration of double bonds) it was shown that thermophilic bacteria grown at different temperatures produce only all-trans isomers of menaquinones from MK-5 (menaquinone with five isoprenyl units) to MK-15 (fifteen isoprenyl units). Therefore, G. kaustophilus appears to be a biotechnologically important strain produces only trans isomers and additionally homologs from 5 to 15 isoprene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Timkina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Jarošová Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Kruk J, Szymańska R. Synthesis of natural polyprenols for the production of biological prenylquinones and tocochromanols. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23122-23129. [PMID: 37529360 PMCID: PMC10388336 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02872k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We elaborate the chemical synthesis of polyprenols by chain lengthening, which is considerably less time-consuming than the other previously described methods. Our method eliminates critical steps requiring low temperature and toxic chemicals, which are difficult to perform in ordinary laboratories. The critical step of acetylene addition in liquid ammonia was replaced by a new approach, namely, the use of sodium acetylide in dimethoxyethane at room temperature, where the reaction is completed within one hour. This method is of general significance as it can also be applied to the synthesis of any other acetylides. Our method provides reasonable yields and can be scaled depending on the requirements. All the reactions were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, allowing the formation of undesired isomers and other side-products to be controlled. The resulting polyprenols were further used in the synthesis of plastoquinones, although a variety of biological prenylquinones can be synthesized this way. Moreover, we found a new method for the direct formation of tocochromanols (plastochromanols, tocochromanols) from polyprenols and aromatic head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland +48 126646361
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Reymonta 19 30-059 Kraków Poland
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7
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Lal N, Seifan M, Ebrahiminezhad A, Berenjian A. The Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Menaquinone-7 Isomer Composition and Synthesis of the Biologically Significant All- Trans Isomer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1825. [PMID: 37368255 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most therapeutically valuable K vitamin owing to its excellent bioavailability. MK-7 occurs as geometric isomers, and only all-trans MK-7 is bioactive. The fermentation-based synthesis of MK-7 entails various challenges, primarily the low fermentation yield and numerous downstream processing steps. This raises the cost of production and translates to an expensive final product that is not widely accessible. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) can potentially overcome these obstacles due to their ability to enhance fermentation productivity and enable process intensification. Nevertheless, utilisation of IONPs in this regard is only beneficial if the biologically active isomer is achieved in the greatest proportion, the investigation of which constituted the objective of this study. IONPs (Fe3O4) with an average size of 11 nm were synthesised and characterised using different analytical techniques, and their effect on isomer production and bacterial growth was assessed. The optimum IONP concentration (300 μg/mL) improved the process output and resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in the all-trans isomer yield compared to the control. This investigation was the first to evaluate the role of IONPs in the synthesis of MK-7 isomers, and its outcomes will assist the development of an efficient fermentation system that favours the production of bioactive MK-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Lal
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Ebrahiminezhad
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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8
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Zachmann R, Yahata K, Holzheimer M, Jarret M, Wirtz C, Fürstner A. Total Syntheses of Nominal and Actual Prorocentin. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2584-2595. [PMID: 36652728 PMCID: PMC9896551 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate-derived polyether prorocentin is a co-metabolite of the archetypical serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Whereas a structural relationship cannot be missed and a biosynthetic link was proposed, it is currently unknown whether there is any parallel in the bioactivity profile of these natural products. However, it was insinuated in the past that the structure assigned to prorocentin might need to be revised. Indeed, re-examination of the published spectra cast doubts as to the constitution of the fused/spirotricyclic BCD-ring system in the core. To clarify this issue, a flexible synthesis blueprint was devised that allowed us to obtain the originally proposed structure as well as the most plausible amended structure. The key to success was late-stage gold-catalyzed spirocyclization reactions that furnished the isomeric central segments with excellent selectivity. The lexicon of catalytic transformations used to make the required cyclization precursors comprised a titanium-mediated ester methylenation/metathesis cascade, a rare example of a gold-catalyzed allylic substitution, and chain extensions via organocatalytic asymmetric aldehyde propargylation. A wing sector to be attached to the isomeric cores was obtained by Krische allylation, followed by a superbly selective cobalt-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of the resulting di-unsaturated alcohol with the formation of a 2,5-trans-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran; the remaining terminal alkene was elaborated into an appropriate handle for fragment coupling by platinum-catalyzed asymmetric diboration/oxidation. The assembly of the different building blocks to the envisaged isomeric target compounds proved that the structure of prorocentin needs to be revised as disclosed herein.
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9
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Cirilli I, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Marcheggiani F, Dludla PV, Kaesler N, Tiano L. Carboxylative efficacy of trans and cis MK7 and comparison with other vitamin K isomers. Biofactors 2022; 48:1129-1136. [PMID: 35583412 PMCID: PMC9790681 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylative enzymes are involved in many pathways and their regulation plays a crucial role in many of these pathways. In particular, γ-glutamylcarboxylase (GGCX) converts glutamate residues (Glu) into γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) of the vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) activating them. VKDPs include at least 17 proteins involved in processes such as blood coagulation, blood vessels calcification, and bone mineralization. VKDPs are activated by the reduced form of vitamin K, naturally occurring as vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinones, MKs). Among these, MK7 is the most efficient in terms of bioavailability and biological effect. Similarly to other trans isomers, it is produced by natural fermentation or chemically in both trans and cis. However, the efficacy of the biological effect of the different isomers and the impact on humans are unknown. Our study assessed carboxylative efficacy of trans and cis MK7 and compared it with other vitamin K isomers, evaluating both the expression of residues of carboxylated Gla-protein by western blot analysis and using a cell-free system to determine the GGCX activity by HPLC. Trans MK7H2 showed a higher ability to carboxylate the 70 KDa GLA-protein, previously inhibited in vitro by warfarin treatment. However, cis MK7 also induced a carboxylation activity albeit of a small extent. The data were confirmed chromatographically, in which a slight carboxylative activity of cis MK7H2 was demonstrated, comparable with both K1H2 and oxidized trans MK7 but less than trans MK7H2 . For the first time, a difference of biological activity between cis and trans configuration of menaquinone-7 has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation PlatformSouth African Medical Research CouncilTygerbergSouth Africa
| | - Nadine Kaesler
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity Hospital of the RWTH AachenAachenGermany
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesPolytechnic University of MarcheAnconaItaly
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10
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Lal N, Seifan M, Berenjian A. Optimisation of the fermentation media to enhance the production of the bioactive isomer of vitamin menaquinone-7. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1371-1390. [PMID: 35864383 PMCID: PMC9302956 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers significant health benefits; however, only the all-trans form is biologically active. MK-7 produced through fermentation can occur as all-trans and cis isomers, and the therapeutic value of the resulting MK-7 is exclusively determined by the quantity of the all-trans isomer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the media composition on the isomer profile obtained from fermentation and determine the optimum media combination to increase the concentration of the all-trans isomer and diminish the production of cis MK-7. For this purpose, design of experiments (DOE) was used to screen the most effective nutrients, and a central composite face-centred design (CCF) was employed to optimise the media components. The optimum media consisted of 1% (w/v) glucose, 2% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) soy peptone, 2% (w/v) tryptone, and 0.1% (w/v) CaCl2. This composition resulted in an average all-trans and cis isomer concentration of 36.366 mg/L and 1.225 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the optimised media enabled an all-trans isomer concentration 12.2-fold greater and a cis isomer concentration 2.9-fold less than the unoptimised media. This study was the first to consider the development of an optimised fermentation media to enhance the production of the bioactive isomer of MK-7 and minimise the concentration of the inactive isomer. Furthermore, this media is commercially promising, as it will improve the process productivity and reduce the costs associated with the industrial fermentation of the vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Lal
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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11
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Chen X, Shang C, Zhang H, Sun C, Zhang G, Liu L, Li C, Li A, Du P. Effects of Alkali Stress on the Growth and Menaquinone-7 Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis natto. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899802. [PMID: 35572665 PMCID: PMC9096614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important vitamin K2, synthesized from the menaquinone parent ring and seven isoprene side chains. Presently, the synthesis of MK-7 stimulated by environmental stress primarily focuses on oxygen stress, while the effect of alkali stress is rarely studied. Therefore, this study researched the effects of alkali stress on the fermentation performance and gene expression of Bacillus subtilis natto. The organism’s growth characteristics, biomass, sporogenesis, MK-7 biosynthesis, and gene expression were analyzed. After a pH 8.5 stress adaptation treatment for 0.5 h and subsequent fermentation at pH 8.5, which promoted the growth of the strain and inhibited the spore formation rate. In addition, biomass was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The conversion rate of glycerol to MK-7 was 1.68 times higher than that of the control group, and the yield of MK-7 increased to 2.10 times. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the MK-7 high-yielding strain had enhanced carbon source utilization, increased glycerol and pyruvate metabolism, enhanced the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulation flux, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, and promoted the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, the side-chain precursor of isoprene. At the same time, the up-regulation of transketolase increased the metabolic flux of the pentose phosphate (HMP) pathway, which was conducive to the accumulation of D-erythrose 4-phosphate, the precursor of the menadione parent ring. This study’s results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of environmental stress on MK-7 fermentation by Bacillus subtilis natto and the molecular regulatory mechanism of MK-7 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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12
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Bus K, Szterk A. Relationship between Structure and Biological Activity of Various Vitamin K Forms. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123136. [PMID: 34945687 PMCID: PMC8701896 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is involved many biological processes, such as the regulation of blood coagulation, prevention of vascular calcification, bone metabolism and modulation of cell proliferation. Menaquinones (MK) and phylloquinone vary in biological activity, showing different bioavailability, half-life and transport mechanisms. Vitamin K1 and MK-4 remain present in the plasma for 8–24 h, whereas long-chain menaquinones can be detected up to 96 h after administration. Geometric structure is also an important factor that conditions their properties. Cis-phylloquinone shows nearly no biological activity. An equivalent study for menaquinone is not available. The effective dose to decrease uncarboxylated osteocalcin was six times lower for MK-7 than for MK-4. Similarly, MK-7 affected blood coagulation system at dose three to four times lower than vitamin K1. Both vitamin K1 and MK-7 inhibited the decline in bone mineral density, however benefits for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases have been observed only for long-chain menaquinones. There are currently no guidelines for the recommended doses and forms of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Due to the presence of isomers with unknown biological properties in some dietary supplements, quality and safety of that products may be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bus
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Arkadiusz Szterk
- Center for Translational Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
- Transfer of Science Sp. z o.o., Strzygłowska 15, 04-866 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Feng S, Wang R, Pastor RW, Klauda JB, Im W. Location and Conformational Ensemble of Menaquinone and Menaquinol, and Protein-Lipid Modulations in Archaeal Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4714-4725. [PMID: 33913729 PMCID: PMC8379905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Halobacteria, a type of archaea in high salt environments, have phytanyl ether phospholipid membranes containing up to 50% menaquinone. It is not understood why a high concentration of menaquinone is required and how it influences membrane properties. In this study, menaquinone-8 headgroup and torsion parameters of isoprenoid tail are optimized in the CHARMM36 force field. Molecular dynamics simulations of archaeal bilayers containing 0 to 50% menaquinone characterize the distribution of menaquinone-8 and menaquinol-8, as well as their effects on mechanical properties and permeability. Menaquinone-8 segregates to the membrane midplane above concentrations of 10%, favoring an extended conformation in a fluid state. Menaquinone-8 increases the bilayer thickness but does not significantly alter the area compressibility modulus and lipid chain ordering. Counterintuitively, menaquinone-8 increases water permeability because it lowers the free energy barrier in the midplane. The thickness increase due to menaquinone-8 may help halobacteria ameliorate hyper-osmotic pressure by increasing the membrane bending constant. Simulations of the archaeal membranes with archaerhodopsin-3 show that the local membrane surface adjusts to accommodate the thick membranes. Overall, this study delineates the biophysical landscape of 50% menaquinone in the archaeal bilayer, demonstrates the mixing of menaquinone and menaquinol, and provides atomistic details about menaquinone configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Feng
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Ruixing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chemistry Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Richard W. Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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14
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Gao Q, Chen H, Wang G, Yang W, Zhong X, Liu J, Huo X, Liu W, Huang J, Tao Y, Lin B. Highly Efficient Production of Menaquinone-7 from Glucose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:756-765. [PMID: 33755417 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) possesses wide health and medical value, and the market demand for MK-7 has increased. Metabolic engineering for MK-7 production in Escherichia coli still remains challenging due to the characteristics of the competing quinone synthesis, and cells mainly synthesized menaquinones under anaerobic conditions. To increase the production of MK-7 in engineered E. coli strains under aerobic conditions, we divided the whole MK-7 biosynthetic pathway into three modules (MVA pathway, DHNA pathway, and MK-7 pathway) and systematically optimized each of them. First, by screening and enhancing Idi expression, the amounts of MK-7/DMK-7 increased significantly. Then, in the MK-7 pathway, by combinatorial overexpression of endogenous MenA and exogenous UbiE, and fine-tuning the expression of HepPPS, MenA, and UbiE, 70 μM MK-7 was achieved. Third, the DHNA synthetic pathway was enhanced, and 157 μM MK-7 was achieved. By the combinational metabolic engineering strategies and membrane engineering, an efficient metabolic engineered E. coli strain for MK-7 synthesis was developed, and 200 μM (129 mg/L) MK-7 was obtained in shake flask experiment, representing a 306-fold increase compared to the starting strain. In the scale-up fermentation, 2074 μM (1350 mg/L) MK-7 was achieved after 52 h fermentation with a productivity of 26 mg/L/h. This is the highest titer of MK-7 ever reported. This study offers an alternative method for MK-7 production from biorenewable feedstock (glucose) by engineered E. coli. The high titer of our process should make it a promising cost-effective resource for MK-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Hao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiezheng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - XiaoJing Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baixue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Synergistic factors ensue high expediency in the synthesis of menaquinone [K2] analogue MK-6: Application to access an efficient one-pot protocol to MK-9. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Chen T, Xia H, Cui S, Lv X, Li X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Combinatorial Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway Engineering and Process Optimization for Increased Menaquinone-7 Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:762-769. [PMID: 32482943 PMCID: PMC9745656 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is an essential vitamin existing in the daily diet, and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important form of it. In a recent work, we engineered the synthesis modules of MK-7 in Bacillus subtilis, and the strain BS20 could produce 360 mg/l MK-7 in shake flasks, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which provides the precursor isopentenyl diphosphate for MK-7 synthesis, was not engineered. In this study, we overexpressed five genes of the MEP pathway in BS20 and finally obtained a strain (BS20DFHG) with MK-7 titer of 415 mg/l in shake flasks. Next, we optimized the fermentation process parameters (initial pH, temperature and aeration) in an 8-unit parallel bioreactor system consisting of 300-ml glass vessels. Based on this, we scaled up the MK-7 production by the strain BS20DFHG in a 50-l bioreactor, and the highest MK-7 titer reached 242 mg/l. Here, we show that the engineered strain BS20DFHG may be used for the industrial production of MK-7 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Xia
- Richen Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, P.R. China
| | - Shixiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 141, P.R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 2422, P.R. China
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17
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Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one is biologically significant? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2765-2776. [PMID: 32009201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have indicated that an adequate intake of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers numerous health benefits. However, the low availability of MK-7 in the diet necessitates the development of dietary supplements or functional food products to complement natural food sources and meet the daily intake requirements. Like most biological molecules, MK-7 can exist as geometric isomers that can occur in the cis, trans, and cis/trans forms; however, only the all-trans form is biologically significant. MK-7 is traditionally produced through bacterial fermentation, but various synthetic preparations have lately become available. The isomer composition in the final product is influenced by numerous factors, including the methods of production and purification, as well as particular environmental and storage conditions. The MK-7 profile obtained from the various production methods has not yet been elucidated, and the ideal method for the synthesis of the all-trans form of the vitamin is also debatable. Consequently, the quantification of the MK-7 profile of various products is necessary to develop an understanding of the factors that influence the proportion of isomers that are obtained in different preparations. Several possible methods exist for the quantification of MK-7 isomers, and of these, liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry techniques appears to be the most promising. Evaluation of the isomer composition is an important consideration, as only the all-trans form sustains biological activity. Furthermore, knowledge of the prominent factors that influence the MK-7 composition may also enable their manipulation to obtain a more favorable MK-7 profile in the final product.
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18
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Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010138. [PMID: 31947821 PMCID: PMC7019739 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K health benefits have been recently widely shown to extend beyond blood homeostasis and implicated in chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dementia, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and frailty. Novel and more efficient nutritional and therapeutic options are urgently needed to lower the burden and the associated health care costs of these age-related diseases. Naturally occurring vitamin K comprise the phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and a series of menaquinones broadly designated as vitamin K2 that differ in source, absorption rates, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and target activity. Although vitamin K1 and K2 sources are mainly dietary, consumer preference for diet supplements is growing, especially when derived from marine resources. The aim of this review is to update the reader regarding the specific contribution and effect of each K1 and K2 vitamers in human health, identify potential methods for its sustainable and cost-efficient production, and novel natural sources of vitamin K and formulations to improve absorption and bioavailability. This new information will contribute to foster the use of vitamin K as a health-promoting supplement, which meets the increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, relevant information on the clinical context and direct health consequences of vitamin K deficiency focusing in aging and age-related diseases will be discussed.
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19
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Smets RJ, Torfs E, Lemière F, Cos P, Cappoen D, Abbaspour Tehrani K. Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 1- and 3-substituted benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-diones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2923-2939. [PMID: 30801604 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02690d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a small library of twenty benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-diones were synthesized in a novel straightforward approach, starting from 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (vitamin K). An intramolecular Heck reaction of a N-vinylacetamide was a crucial step in the synthetic route, at which the combination of cesium carbonate and a bulky, electron rich trialkylphosphine (tBuCy2P.HBF4) provided high 6-endo-trig selectivity. The anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and acute cytotoxicity against J774 A.1 macrophages were studied. From the structure activity relationship, it could be derived that in general the substitution of position 3 yielded analogs with a higher antitubercular potency. Among these, two analogs, 27a and 27b, showed remarkable activity with minimal inhibition concentrations of respectively 28.92 μM and 1.05 μM, and acute cytotoxic concentrations of >128 μM and 34.85 μM. In addition, the analogs and their possible metabolites were evaluated using a Vitotox™ assay to study the possibility of genotoxicity. Results indicated that none of the evaluated analogs and their possible metabolites showed early signs of genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Smets
- Organic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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21
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Ma Y, McClure DD, Somerville MV, Proschogo NW, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM, Coleman NV. Metabolic Engineering of the MEP Pathway in Bacillus subtilis for Increased Biosynthesis of Menaquinone-7. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1620-1630. [PMID: 31250633 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation and plays important roles in bone and cardiovascular health. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is one form of vitamin K that is especially useful due to its long half-life in the circulation. MK-7 is difficult to make via organic synthesis, and is thus commonly produced by fermentation. This study aimed to genetically modify Bacillus subtilis cultures to increase their MK-7 yield and reduce production costs. We constructed 12 different strains of B. subtilis 168 by overexpressing different combinations of the rate-limiting enzymes Dxs, Dxr, Idi, and MenA. We observed an 11-fold enhancement of production in the best-performing strain, resulting in 50 mg/L MK-7. Metabolite analysis revealed new bottlenecks in the pathway at IspG and IspH, which suggest avenues for further optimization. This work highlights the usefulness of Bacillus subtilis for industrial production of high value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Ma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dale D. McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark V. Somerville
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John M. Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas V. Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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22
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Sitkowski J, Bocian W, Szterk A. The application of multidimensional NMR analysis to cis/trans isomers study of menaquinone-7 (vitamine K2MK-7), identification of the (E,Z3,E2,ω)-menaquinone-7 isomer in dietary supplements. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Szterk A, Bus K, Zmysłowski A, Ofiara K. Analysis of Menaquinone-7 Content and Impurities in Oil and Non-Oil Dietary Supplements. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051056. [PMID: 29724016 PMCID: PMC6102598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, global technological development has caused the food industry to use concentrated food component sources like dietary supplements ever more commonly as part of the human diet. This study analysed the menaquinone-7 (MK-7) content of dietary supplements in oil capsule and hard tablet forms. A novel method for separating and measuring geometric isomers of MK-7 in dietary supplements was developed and validated. Eleven different isomers of cis/trans- menaquinone-7 were identified. Identification of cis/trans isomers was performed by combination of HPLC, UPLC and HRMS-QTOF detection, whereas their quantities were determined by DAD detection. The content of menaquinone impurities was ascertained, including cis/trans- menaquinone-6 isomers (5.5–16.9 µg per tablet/capsule) and cis/trans-menaquinone-7 isomers (70.9–218.7 µg tablet/capsule), which were most likely formed during the chemical synthesis of the menaquinone-7. The all-trans MK-7 content was lower than the isomeric form and often lower than what the labels declared. A new method of quantification, developed and validated for menaquinones in oil capsules, provided on average 90% recovery and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of approximately 1 µg mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bus
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Zmysłowski
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Ofiara
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
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24
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Identification of cis / trans isomers of menaquinone-7 in food as exemplified by dietary supplements. Food Chem 2018; 243:403-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Marles RJ, Roe AL, Oketch-Rabah HA. US Pharmacopeial Convention safety evaluation of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:553-578. [PMID: 28838081 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K plays important biological roles in maintaining normal blood coagulation, bone mineralization, soft tissue physiology, and neurological development. Menaquinone-7 is a form of vitamin K2 that occurs naturally in some animal-derived and fermented foods. It is also available as an ingredient of dietary supplements. Menaquinone-7 has greater bioavailability than other forms of vitamin K, which has led to increasing sales and use of menaquinone-7 supplements. This special article reviews the chemistry, nomenclature, dietary sources, intake levels, and pharmacokinetics of menaquinones, along with the nonclinical toxicity data available and the data on clinical outcomes related to safety (adverse events). In conclusion, the data reviewed indicate that menaquinone-7, when ingested as a dietary supplement, is not associated with any serious risk to health or with other public health concerns. On the basis of this conclusion, US Pharmacopeia monographs have been developed to establish quality standards for menaquinone-7 as a dietary ingredient and as a dietary supplement in various dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Marles
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hellen A Oketch-Rabah
- US Pharmacopeial Convention's Dietary Supplements Admission Evaluations Joint Standard Setting Subcommittee, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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