1
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Peng LY, Jin R, Zhang SR, Liu XY, Fang WH, Cui G. Roles of Nonadiabatic Processes, Reaction Mechanism, and Selectivity in Cu-Catalyzed [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Norbornene and Acetone to Oxetane. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11334-11346. [PMID: 39094225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Oxetane has been extensively studied for its applications in medicinal chemistry and as a reactive intermediate in synthesis. Experiments report a Cu-catalyzed [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of acetone and norbornene to oxetane, which is proposed to deviate from the conventional Paternò-Büchi reaction. However, its mechanism at the atomic level is not clear. In this study, we used a combination of multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) and density functional theory to systematically investigate the reaction mechanism and elucidate the factors contributing to the diastereomeric selectivity. Initially, the formation of the TpCu(Norb) complex is achieved by strong interaction between tris(pyrazolyl)borate Cu(I) (TpCu) and norbornene in the ground state (S0). Upon photoexcitation, TpCu(Norb) eventually decays to the T1 state, in which TpCu(Norb) attacks acetone to initiate subsequent reactions and produces final endo- or exo-oxetane products. All these reactions initially involve the C-C bond formation in the T1 state thereto leading to a ring-opening intermediate. This intermediate then undergoes a nonradiative transition to the S0 state, producing a five-membered ring intermediate, from which the C-O bond is formed, leading to the experimentally dominant exo-product. In contrast, the endo-oxetane formation requires a rearrangement process after the C-C bond is formed because of the large steric effects. As a consequence, the different reaction pathways generating exo- and endo-products exhibit large differences in the free-energy barriers, which results in a diastereomeric selectivity observed experimentally. Additionally, the nonradiative transition is found to play an important role in facilitating these reaction steps. The present computational study provides valuable mechanistic insights into Cu-catalyzed photocycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shi-Ru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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Kou M, Zheng J, Li F, Huang L, Cao D, Zhong A, Yang J, Chen D. 1,3-Hydro-di/monofluoromethylation of N, N'-Cyclic Azomethine Imines with HCF 2SO 2Na/H 2CFSO 2Na via Photocatalytic Radical Addition. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11747-11752. [PMID: 39083827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The radical 1,3-hydro-di/monofluoromethylation of N,N'-cyclic azomethine imines with HCF2SO2Na/H2CFSO2Na via photoredox catalysis is described. This reaction exhibits broad functional group compatibility, providing the desired products in good yields. However, CF3SO2Na failed to produce the trifluoromethyl product. DFT calculations revealed that the transition state activation energy for radical trifluoromethylation was significantly higher and the isotropic charge repulsion makes it difficult for the CF3 radical to transfer electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kou
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha West Higher Education District, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianli Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha West Higher Education District, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Dongdong Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Aiguo Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Dingben Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou 318000, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Solé-Daura A, Maseras F. Straightforward computational determination of energy-transfer kinetics through the application of the Marcus theory. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03352c. [PMID: 39149213 PMCID: PMC11322899 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis holds the potential to revolutionize synthetic chemistry, unlocking the excited-state reactivity of non-chromophoric compounds via indirect sensitization. This strategy gives access to synthetic routes to valuable molecular scaffolds that are otherwise inaccessible through ground-state pathways. Despite the promising nature of this chemistry, it still represents a largely uncharted area for computational chemistry, hindering the development of structure-activity relationships and design rules to rationally exploit the potential of EnT photocatalysis. Here, we examined the application of the classical Marcus theory in combination with DFT calculations as a convenient strategy to estimate the kinetics of EnT processes, focusing on the indirect sensitization of alkenes recently reported by Gilmour, Kerzig and co-workers for subsequent isomerization [Zähringer et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 21576]. Our results demonstrate a remarkable capability of this approach to estimate free-energy barriers for EnT processes with high accuracy, yielding precise qualitative assessments and quantitative predictions with typical discrepancies of less than 2 kcal mol-1 compared to experimental values and a small mean average error (MAE) of 1.2 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Solé-Daura
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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4
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Kaul N, Asempa E, Valdez-Moreira JA, Smith JM, Jakubikova E, Hammarström L. Enter Mn IV-NHC: A Dark Photooxidant with a Long-Lived Charge-Transfer Excited State. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39106331 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Detailed photophysical investigation of a Mn(IV)-carbene complex has revealed that excitation into its lowest-energy absorption band (∼500 nm) results in the formation of an energetic ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state with a lifetime of 15 ns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest lifetime reported for charge-transfer states of first-row-based transition metal complexes in solution, barring those based on Cu, with a d10 configuration. A so-called superoxidant, Mn(IV)-carbene exhibits an excited state potential typically only harnessed via excited states of reactive organic radical species. Furthermore, the long-lived excited state in this case is found to be a dark doublet, with its transition to the quartet ground state being spin-forbidden, a contrast to most first-row literature examples, and a possible cause of the long lifetime. Showcasing excited state properties which in some cases exceed those of complexes based on precious metals, these findings not only advance the library of earth-abundant photosensitizers but also shed general insight into the photophysics of d3 and related Mn complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaul
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eyram Asempa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Juan A Valdez-Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Lin SN, Deng Y, Zhong H, Mao LL, Ji CB, Zhu XH, Zhang X, Yang BM. Visible Light-Induced Radical Cascade Difluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes: Access to CF 2H-Substituted Polycyclic Imidazoles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28129-28143. [PMID: 38973879 PMCID: PMC11223139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and mild protocol for the visible light-induced radical cascade difluoromethylation/cyclization of imidazoles with unactivated alkenes using easily accessible and bench-stable difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide as the precursor of the -CF2H group has been developed to afford CF2H-substituted polycyclic imidazoles in moderate to good yields. This strategy, along with the construction of Csp3-CF2H/C-C bonds, is distinguished by mild conditions, no requirement of additives, simple operation, and wide substrate scope. In addition, the mechanistic experiments have indicated that the difluoromethyl radical pathway is essential for the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Lin
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Hanxun Zhong
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Liu-Liang Mao
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Cong-Bin Ji
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xian-Hong Zhu
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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6
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McArthur G, Docherty JH, Hareram MD, Simonetti M, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Douglas JJ, Larrosa I. An air- and moisture-stable ruthenium precatalyst for diverse reactivity. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1141-1150. [PMID: 38570728 PMCID: PMC11230907 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Versatile, efficient and robust (pre)catalysts are pivotal in accelerating the discovery and optimization of chemical reactions, shaping diverse synthetic fields such as cross-coupling, C-H functionalization and polymer chemistry. Yet, their scarcity in certain domains has hindered the advancement and adoption of new applications. Here we present a highly reactive air- and moisture-stable ruthenium precatalyst [(tBuCN)5Ru(H2O)](BF4)2, featuring a key exchangeable water ligand. This versatile precatalyst drives an array of transformations, including late-stage C(sp2)-H arylation, primary/secondary alkylation, methylation, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, C(sp3)-H oxidation, alkene isomerization and oxidative cleavage, consistently outperforming conventionally used ruthenium (pre)catalysts. The generality and applicability of this precatalyst is exemplified through the potential for rapid screening and optimization of photocatalytic reactions with a suite of in situ generated ruthenium photocatalysts containing hitherto unknown complexes, and through the rapid discovery of reactivities previously unreported for ruthenium. The diverse applicability observed is suggestive of a generic platform for reaction simplification and accelerated synthetic discovery that will enable broader applicability and accessibility to state-of-the-art ruthenium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie H Docherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Marco Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- bp, Low Carbon Innovation Centre, Saltend Chemicals Park, Hull, UK
| | | | - James J Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Wearing ER, Yeh YC, Terrones GG, Parikh SG, Kevlishvili I, Kulik HJ, Schindler CS. Visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reaction of acyclic oximes and alkenes to azetidines. Science 2024; 384:1468-1476. [PMID: 38935726 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The aza Paternò-Büchi reaction is a [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction between imines and alkenes that produces azetidines, four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Currently, successful examples rely primarily on either intramolecular variants or cyclic imine equivalents. To unlock the full synthetic potential of aza Paternò-Büchi reactions, it is essential to extend the reaction to acyclic imine equivalents. Here, we report that matching of the frontier molecular orbital energies of alkenes with those of acyclic oximes enables visible light-mediated aza Paternò-Büchi reactions through triplet energy transfer catalysis. The utility of this reaction is further showcased in the synthesis of epi-penaresidin B. Density functional theory computations reveal that a competition between the desired [2+2]-cycloaddition and alkene dimerization determines the success of the reaction. Frontier orbital energy matching between the reactive components lowers transition-state energy (ΔGǂ) values and ultimately promotes reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Wearing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gianmarco G Terrones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Seren G Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1 BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 BC, Canada
- BC Cancer, Vancouver V5Z 1G1 BC, Canada
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8
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Liu T, Li T, Tea ZY, Wang C, Shen T, Lei Z, Chen X, Zhang W, Wu J. Modular assembly of arenes, ethylene and heteroarenes for the synthesis of 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethanes. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01560-7. [PMID: 38937591 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethane motif stands as a privileged scaffold with promising implications in drug discovery. Conventional de novo syntheses of these molecules have relied heavily on pre-functionalized synthons, entailing harsh conditions and multi-step processes. Here, to address these limitations, we present a modular approach for the direct synthesis of 1,2-arylheteroaryl ethanes using feedstock chemicals, including ethylene, arenes and heteroarenes. We disclosed a photo triplet-energy-transfer-initiated radical cascade process, leveraging homolytic cleavage of C-S bonds in aryl sulfonium salts as the key step to access aryl radicals with excellent regioselectivity. This method allows for rapid structural diversification of bioactive molecules, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance and streamlining the synthesis of bioactive compounds and their derivatives. Furthermore, our approach can be extended to propylene, non-gaseous terminal alkenes and various other electrophilic radical precursors, including heteroaryl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, trifluoromethyl radicals and α-carbonyl alkyl radicals. This study highlights the significance of radical polarity matching in designing selective multi-component couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Talin Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhi Yuan Tea
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianruo Shen
- Science, Mathematics and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhexuan Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xuebo Chen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weigang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Arichi N, Amano T, Wu S, Inuki S, Ohno H. Synthesis of Sulfilimines via Visible-Light-Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer to Sulfonyl Azides. Chemistry 2024:e202401842. [PMID: 38923056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines and their derivatives have garnered considerable interest in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Photochemical nitrene transfer to sulfides is known as a conventional synthetic approach to sulfilimines. However, the existing methods have a limited substrate scope stemming from the incompatibility of singlet nitrene intermediates with nucleophilic functional groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of N-sulfonyl sulfilimines via visible-light-mediated energy transfer to sulfonyl azides, uncovering the previously overlooked reactivity of triplet nitrenes with sulfides. This reaction features broad functional group tolerance, water compatibility, and amenability to the late-stage functionalization of drugs. Thus, this work represents an important example of energy transfer chemistry that overcomes challenges in traditional synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Amano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhan Wu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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11
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Iwai T, Abe S, Takizawa SY, Masai H, Terao J. Insulated π-conjugated 2,2'-bipyridine transition-metal complexes: enhanced photoproperties in luminescence and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8873-8879. [PMID: 38873064 PMCID: PMC11168077 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridine has been identified as a privileged ligand scaffold for photofunctional transition metal complexes. We herein report on the synthesis and photoproperties of an insulated π-conjugated 2,2'-bipyridine with a linked rotaxane structure consisting of permethylated α-cyclodextrin (PM α-CD) and oligo(p-phenylene ethynylene). The insulated π-conjugated 2,2'-bipyridine exhibited enhanced ligand performance in the solid-state emitting biscyclometalated Ir complexes and visible-light-driven Ni catalysts owing to π-extension and remote steric effects based on the linked rotaxane structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Iwai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Abe
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Takizawa
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency 4-1-8 Honcho 332-0012 Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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12
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Rocker J, Zähringer TJB, Schmitz M, Opatz T, Kerzig C. Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1236-1245. [PMID: 38887585 PMCID: PMC11181280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts frequently possess dual singlet and triplet photoreactivity and a thorough photochemical characterization is essential for efficient light-driven applications. In this article, the mode of action of a polyazahelicene catalyst (Aza-H) was investigated using laser flash photolysis (LFP). The study revealed that the chromophore can function as a singlet-state photoredox catalyst in the sulfonylation/arylation of styrenes and as a triplet sensitizer in energy transfer catalysis. The singlet lifetime is sufficiently long to exploit the exceptional excited state reduction potential for the activation of 4-cyanopyridine. Photoinduced electron transfer generating the radical cation was directly observed confirming the previously proposed mechanism of a three-component reaction. Several steps of the photoredox cycle were investigated separately, providing deep insights into the complex mechanism. The triplet-excited Aza-H, which was studied with quantitative LFP, is formed with a quantum yield of 0.34. The pronounced triplet formation was exploited for the isomerization reaction of (E)-stilbene to the Z-isomer and the cyclization of cinnamyl chloride. Catalyst degradation mainly occurs through the long-lived Aza-H triplet (28 µs), but the photostability is greatly increased when the triplet efficiently reacts in a catalytic cycle such that turnover numbers exceeding 4400 are achievable with this organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Debruyne M, Van Der Voort P, Van Speybroeck V, Stevens CV. The Application of Porous Organic Polymers as Metal Free Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400311. [PMID: 38499471 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about increasing greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on our environment highlight the urgent need for new sustainable technologies. Visible light photocatalysis allows the clean and selective generation of reactive intermediates under mild conditions. The more widespread adoption of the current generation of photocatalysts, particularly those using precious metals, is hampered by drawbacks such as their cost, toxicity, difficult separation, and limited recyclability. This is driving the search for alternatives, such as porous organic polymers (POPs). This new class of materials is made entirely from organic building blocks, can possess high surface area and stability, and has a controllable composition and functionality. This review focuses on the application of POPs as photocatalysts in organic synthesis. For each reaction type, a representative material is discussed, with special attention to the mechanism of the reaction. Additionally, an overview is given, comparing POPs with other classes of photocatalysts, and critical conclusions and future perspectives are provided on this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Debruyne
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Technologiepark Gent, 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Haensch VG, Hertweck C. Photosensitizers Enable the Formation of Biphenyls with UV-LEDs and Sunlight. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400605. [PMID: 38421111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of biphenyls, which are economically important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals, is a challenging task. Current methods rely on metal-dependent cross-coupling reactions, which unfortunately require the use of harmful halogenated aryls and heavy metal catalysts that are toxic and difficult to remove from the final products. Recently, we have circumvented these problems by developing a metal-free and broadly applicable photochemical method for biphenyl synthesis using UV-C light, called photosplicing. Here we present an improved method using photosensitizers in combination with UV-B, UV-A light, or sunlight. Using a high-precision flow reactor with deep-UV LEDs, we investigated the ability of commonly available organic photosensitizers to enhance the photosplicing reaction and identified a number of suitable photosensitizers with the required triplet energy. This method allows for easy batch synthesis of biaryls in borosilicate glassware and paves the way for their large-scale production without the need for flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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15
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Ruan Z, Yang J, Li Y, Zhang KY. Dual-Emissive Iridium(III) Complexes and Their Applications in Biological Sensing and Imaging. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400094. [PMID: 38488304 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes are widely recognized for their unique properties in the excited triplet state, making them crucial for various applications including biological sensing and imaging. Most of these complexes display single phosphorescence emission from the lowest-lying triplet state after undergoing highly efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and ultrafast internal conversion (IC) processes. However, in cases where these excited-state processes are restricted, the less common phenomenon of dual emission has been observed. This dual emission phenomenon presents an opportunity for developing biological probes and imaging agents with multiple emission bands of different wavelengths. Compared to intensity-based biosensing, where the existence and concentration of an analyte are indicated by the brightness of the probe, the emission profile response involves modifications in emission color. This enables quantification by utilizing the intensity ratio of different wavelengths, which is self-calibrating and unaffected by the probe concentration and excitation laser power. Moreover, dual-emissive probes have the potential to demonstrate distinct responses to multiple analytes at separate wavelengths, providing orthogonal detection capabilities. In this concept, we focus on iridium(III) complexes displaying fluorescence-phosphorescence or phosphorescence-phosphorescence dual emission, along with their applications as biological probes for sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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16
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Banik S, Saikiran A, Permula P, Srivishnu KS, Sridhar B, Reddy BVS. Visible Light-Induced Metal-free Arylation of Coumarin-3-carboxylates with Arylboronic Acids. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400042. [PMID: 38386270 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The present work represents a novel methodology for the selective arylation of coumarin-3-carboxylates with arylboronic acids via a photochemical route, marking the first-ever attempt for the direct alkenyl C-H arylation using rose bengal as a photocatalyst, which is a readily available and cost-effective alternative to transition metal catalysis. The reaction proceeds smoothly in MeOH/H2O solvent media in the presence of radical initiator affording the arylated products in good yields (60-80 %). The reaction parameters such as visible light, radical initiator, oxidant, anhydrous solvent, and inert atmosphere play a crucial role for the success of this methodology. The substituents present on the substrate show a significant effect on the conversion. This study provides a valuable contribution to the field of organic synthesis offering a new and efficient approach to the arylation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid esters with a broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. It is a versatile method and provides a direct access to biologically relevant 4-arylcoumarin-3-carboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnayu Banik
- Fluoro &Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Aita Saikiran
- Fluoro &Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Prathyusha Permula
- Fluoro &Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - K S Srivishnu
- Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - B Sridhar
- Laboratory of X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - B V Subba Reddy
- Fluoro &Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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17
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Benítez M, Buil ML, Esteruelas MA, López AM, Martín-Escura C, Oñate E. C-H, N-H, and O-H Bond Activations to Prepare Phosphorescent Hydride-Iridium(III)-Phosphine Emitters with Photocatalytic Achievement in C-C Coupling Reactions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6346-6361. [PMID: 38546839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Complex IrH5(PiPr3)2 (1) activates two different σ-bonds of 3-phenoxy-1-phenylisoquinoline, 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-6-phenylpyridine, 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-6-phenylpyridine, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-phenylpyridine, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-phenylimidazolylidene, and 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)-4,6-dimethylbenzene to give IrH{κ3-C,N,C-[C6H4-isoqui-O-C6H4]}(PiPr3)2 (2), IrH{κ3-N,N,C-[NBzim-py-C6H4]}(PiPr3)2 (3), IrH{κ3-N,N,C-[Ind-py-C6H4]}(PiPr3)2 (4), IrH{κ3-C,N,O-[C6H4-py-C6H4O]}(PiPr3)2 (5), IrH{κ3-C,C,O-[C6H4-Im-C6H4O]}(PiPr3)2 (6), and IrH{κ3-N,C,C-[py-C6HMe2-C5H3N]}(PiPr3)2 (7), respectively. The activations are sequential, with the second generally being the slowest. Accordingly, dihydride intermediates IrH2{κ2-C,N-[C6H4-isoqui-O-C6H5]}(PiPr3)2 (2d), IrH2{κ2-N,N-[NBzim-py-C6H5]}(PiPr3)2 (3d), IrH2{κ2-N,N-[Ind-py-C6H5]}(PiPr3)2 (4d), and IrH2{κ2-N,C-[py-C6HMe2-py]}(PiPr3)2 (7d) were characterized spectroscopically. Complexes 3 and 5 are green phosphorescent emitters upon photoexcitation, exhibiting good absorption over a wide range of wavelengths, emission quantum yields about 0.70 in solution, long enough lifetimes (10-17 μs), and reversible electrochemical behavior. In agreement with these features, complex 3 promotes the photocatalytic α-amino C(sp3)-H arylation of N,N-dimethylaniline and N-phenylpiperidine with 1,4-dicyanobenzene and 4-cyanopyridine under blue LED light irradiation. The C-C coupling products are isolated in high yields with only 2 mol % of photocatalyst after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benítez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - María L Buil
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Miguel A Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Escura
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
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18
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Hennessey S, González-Gómez R, McCarthy K, Burke CS, Le Houérou C, Sarangi NK, McArdle P, Keyes TE, Cucinotta F, Farràs P. Enhanced Photostability and Photoactivity of Ruthenium Polypyridyl-Based Photocatalysts by Covalently Anchoring Onto Reduced Graphene Oxide. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13872-13882. [PMID: 38559923 PMCID: PMC10976380 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Recentstudies toward finding more efficient ruthenium metalloligands for photocatalysis applications have shown that the derivatives of the linear [Ru(dqp)2]2+ (dqp: 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)-pyridine) complexes hold significant promise due to their extended emission lifetime in the μs time scale while retaining comparable redox potential, extinction coefficients, and absorption profile in the visible region to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy: 2,2'-bipyridine) and [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (tpy: 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complexes. Nevertheless, its photostability in aqueous solution needs to be improved for its widespread use in photocatalysis. Carbon-based supports have arisen as potential solutions for improving photostability and photocatalytic activity, yet their effect greatly depends on the interaction of the metal complex with the support. Herein, we present a strategy for obtaining Ru-polypyridyl complexes covalently linked to aminated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to generate novel materials with long-term photostability and increased photoactivity. Specifically, the hybrid Ru(dqp)@rGO system has shown excellent photostable behavior during 24 h of continual irradiation, with an enhancement of 10 and 15% of photocatalytic dye degradation in comparison with [Ru(dqp)2]2+ and Ru(tpy)@rGO, respectively, as well as remarkable recyclability. The presented strategy corroborates the potential of [Ru(dqp)2]2+ as an interesting photoactive molecule to produce more advantageous light-active materials by covalent attachment onto carbon-based supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Hennessey
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Roberto González-Gómez
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Kathryn McCarthy
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher S. Burke
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School
of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
(ABCRF), University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Camille Le Houérou
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fabio Cucinotta
- School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Pau Farràs
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
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19
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Bryden MA, Millward F, Lee OS, Cork L, Gather MC, Steffen A, Zysman-Colman E. Lessons learnt in photocatalysis - the influence of solvent polarity and the photostability of the photocatalyst. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3741-3757. [PMID: 38455004 PMCID: PMC10915810 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we show that there is significant variation in both the triplet energies and redox properties of photocatalysts as a function of solvent based on a study of eight PCs in four solvents of varying polarity. A range of photocatalytic electron and energy transfer reactions were investigated using a subset of the PCs. For the photoredox reactions, the yields are not correlated with solvent polarity. Instead, when the PC could promote the formation of the target product, we observed photodegradation for all PCs across all solvents, something that is rarely investigated in the literature. This, therefore, makes it difficult to ascertain whether the parent PC and/or the photodegraded product is responsible for the photochemistry, or indeed, whether photodegradation is actually detrimental to the reaction yield. Conversely, the PCs were found to be photostable for energy transfer reactions; however, yields were not correlated to the triplet energies of the PCs, highlighting that triplet energies alone are not a suitable descriptor to discriminate the performance between PCs in photoinduced energy transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Amy Bryden
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Francis Millward
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Oliver S Lee
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Lauren Cork
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Malte C Gather
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, University of Cologne Greinstr. 4-6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortumund Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
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20
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Gómez de Segura D, Corral-Zorzano A, Alcolea E, Moreno MT, Lalinde E. Phenylbenzothiazole-Based Platinum(II) and Diplatinum(II) and (III) Complexes with Pyrazolate Groups: Optical Properties and Photocatalysis. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1589-1606. [PMID: 38247362 PMCID: PMC10806813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Based on 2-phenylbenzothiazole (pbt) and 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole (Me2N-pbt), mononuclear [Pt(pbt)(R'2-pzH)2]PF6 (R'2-pzH = pzH 1a, 3,5-Me2pzH 1b, 3,5-iPr2pzH 1c) and diplatinum (PtII-PtII) [Pt(pbt)(μ-R'2pz)]2 (R'2-pz = pz 2a, 3,5-Me2pz 2b, 3,5-iPr2pz 2c) and [Pt(Me2N-pbt)(μ-pz)]2 (3a) complexes have been prepared. In the presence of sunlight, 2a and 3a evolve, in CHCl3 solution, to form the PtIII-PtIII complexes [Pt(R-pbt)(μ-pz)Cl]2 (R = H 4a, NMe2 5a). Experimental and computational studies reveal the negligible influence of the pyrazole or pyrazolate ligands on the optical properties of 1a-c and 2a,b, which exhibit a typical 3IL/3MLCT emission, whereas in 2c the emission has some 3MMLCT contribution. 3a displays unusual dual, fluorescence (1ILCT or 1MLCT/1LC), and phosphorescence (3ILCT) emissions depending on the excitation wavelength. The phosphorescence is lost in aerated solutions due to sensitization of 3O2 and formation of 1O2, whose determined quantum yield is also wavelength dependent. The phosphorescence can be reversibly photoinduced (365 nm, ∼ 15 min) in oxygenated THF and DMSO solutions. In 4a and 5a, the lowest electronic transitions (S1-S3) have mixed characters (LMMCT/LXCT/L'XCT 4a and LMMCT/LXCT/ILCT 5a) and they are weakly emissive in rigid media. The 1O2 generation property of complex 3a is successfully used for the photooxidation of p-bromothioanisol showing its potential application toward photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Complejo Científico
Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - Andrea Corral-Zorzano
- Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Complejo Científico
Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - Eduardo Alcolea
- Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Complejo Científico
Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Complejo Científico
Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Investigación en Química (IQUR), Complejo Científico
Tecnológico, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26006, Spain
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21
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Babón JC, Boudreault PLT, Esteruelas MA, Gaona MA, Izquierdo S, Oliván M, Oñate E, Tsai JY, Vélez A. Two Synthetic Tools to Deepen the Understanding of the Influence of Stereochemistry on the Properties of Iridium(III) Heteroleptic Emitters. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19821-19837. [PMID: 37988596 PMCID: PMC10880056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Two complementary procedures are presented to prepare cis-pyridyl-iridium(III) emitters of the class [3b+3b+3b'] with two orthometalated ligands of the 2-phenylpyridine type (3b) and a third ligand (3b'). They allowed to obtain four emitters of this class and to compare their properties with those of the trans-pyridyl isomers. The finding starts from IrH5(PiPr3)2, which reacts with 2-(p-tolyl)pyridine to give fac-[Ir{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}3] with an almost quantitative yield. Stirring the latter in the appropriate amount of a saturated solution of HCl in toluene results in the cis-pyridyl adduct IrCl{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ1-Cl-[Cl-H-py-C6MeH4]} stabilized with p-tolylpyridinium chloride, which can also be transformed into dimer cis-[Ir(μ-OH){κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2]2. Adduct IrCl{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ1-Cl-[Cl-H-py-C6MeH4]} directly generates cis-[Ir{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ2-C,N-[C6H4-Isoqui]}] and cis-[Ir{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ2-C,N-[C6H4-py]}] by transmetalation from Li[2-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-C6H4] and Li[py-2-C6H4]. Dimer cis-[Ir(μ-OH){κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2]2 is also a useful starting complex when the precursor molecule of 3b' has a fairly acidic hydrogen atom, suitable for removal by hydroxide groups. Thus, its reactions with 2-picolinic acid and acetylacetone (Hacac) lead to cis-Ir{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ2-O,N-[OC(O)-py]} and cis-Ir{κ2-C,N-[C6MeH3-py]}2{κ2-O,O-[acac]}. The stereochemistry of the emitter does not significantly influence the emission wavelengths. On the contrary, its efficiency is highly dependent on and associated with the stability of the isomer. The more stable isomer shows a higher quantum yield and color purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Babón
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Gaona
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Izquierdo
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Montserrat Oliván
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal
Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
| | - Andrea Vélez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica - Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) - Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza - CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Liu R, Zou T, Yu S, Li W, Wei S, Gong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yi D. Photoredox-Catalyzed Three-Component 1,2-Cyanoalkylpyridylation of Styrenes with Nonredox-Active Cyclic Oximes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16410-16423. [PMID: 37943006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-component alkene 1,2-difunctionalizations have emerged as a powerful strategy for rapid buildup of diverse and complex alkylpyridines, but the distal functionalized alkyl radicals for the alkene 1,2-alkylpyridylations were still rare. Herein, we report an example of regioselective three-component 1,2-cyanoalkylpyridylation of feedstock styrenes with accessible nonredox-active cyclic oximes through visible-light photoredox catalysis, providing a series of structurally diverse β-cyanoalkylated alkylpyridines. This protocol proceeds through a radical relay pathway including the generation of iminyl radicals enabled by phosphoranyl radical-mediated β-scission, radical transposition through C-C bond cleavage, highly selective radical addition, and precise radical-radical cross-coupling sequence, thus facilitating the regioselective formation of two distinct C-C single bonds in a single-pot operation. This synthetic strategy features mild conditions, broad compatibility of functional groups and substrate scope, diverse product derivatization, and late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Sha Yu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Weicai Li
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Siping Wei
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yimou Gong
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Yi
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
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23
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Xu LC, Ma XD, Liu KM, Duan XF. Chemo- and Regioselective Alkylation of Pyridine N-Oxides with Titanacyclopropanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38016093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
While titanacyclopropanes are used to react mainly with ester, amide, and cyano to undergo cyclopropanation, herein they react preferentially with pyridine N-oxide to accomplish C2-H alkylation beyond these functionalities with double regioselectivity. After being pyridylated at the less hindered C-Ti bond, the remaining C-Ti bond of titanacyclopropanes can be further functionalized by various electrophiles, allowing facile introduction of complex alkyls onto the C2 of pyridines. Its synthetic potential has been demonstrated by late-stage diversification of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Xu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Di Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Kun-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
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24
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Liu Y, Brown MK. Photosensitized [2 + 2]-Cycloadditions of Dioxaborole: Reactivity Enabled by Boron Ring Constraint Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25061-25067. [PMID: 37939224 PMCID: PMC11041673 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to achieve photosensitized [2 + 2] cycloadditions by means of temporary ring constraint is reported. Specifically, a dioxaborole is prepared that undergoes [2 + 2] cycloadditions with a wide variety of alkenes. This strategy overcomes some challenges with the cycloaddition of acyclic substrates. The products can be easily transformed into cyclobutyl diols or 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds; the latter represents a formal alkene vicinal diacylation. The synthetic utility of this method is shown in the synthesis of valuable heterocycles and biatriosporin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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25
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Zhang X, Wei C, Chu D, Yan H, Song X. Visible-Light-Driven [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition for Constructing Dimers of N, N'-Diacyl-1,4-dihydropyrazines: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13946-13955. [PMID: 37676850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the visible-light-driven [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyrazines in solution was reported. The N,N'-diacyl-1,4-dihydropyrazines with different substituents showed completely different reactivity under the irradiation of a 430 nm blue light-emitting diode (LED) lamp. N,N'-Diacetyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine and N,N'-dipropionyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine were the only compounds capable of undergoing a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction, yielding syn-dimers and cage-dimers (known as 3,6,9,12-tetraazatetraasteranes) with overall yields of 76 and 83%, correspondingly. The substituent-reactivity effect on [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of N,N'-diacyl-1,4-dihydropyrazines was investigated by density functional theory calculations. The results show that the substituents have little influence on Gibbs free energy for the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition and mainly affect the excited energy, reaction sites, and the triplet excited-state structures of 1,4-dihydropyrazines, which are closely related to whether the reaction occurs. The results offer insights into the photochemical reactivity of 1,4-dihydropyrazines and an approach for constructing dimers of N,N'-diacyl-1,4-dihydropyrazines through a solution-based visible-light-driven [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, especially for the construction of 3,6,9,12-tetraazatetraasteranes. Compared with the solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 1,4-dihydropyrazine, this photocycloaddition will be an efficient and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing tetraazatetraasteranes with the advantages of milder reaction conditions, simple operation, adjustable reaction amounts by omitting the cocrystal growth step, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chaochun Wei
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dongchen Chu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiuqing Song
- Large-Scale Instruments and Equipment Sharing Platform, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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26
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Liu Y, Li S, Chen X, Jiang H. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of α-Aryl Ester Derivatives via an EDA Complex. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12474-12480. [PMID: 37585492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient radical-based and photocatalyst-free method for the C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reaction to synthesize α-aryl ester derivatives. The process starts from a β-keto ester and an electron-deficient halogenated aryl halide under alkaline conditions to form an electron donor-acceptor complex and is driven by visible light. From the synthetic point of view, this newly established method represents a simple way to access arylpropionic acids from commercially available and cheap starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Shuangqiao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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27
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Hojo R, Bergmann K, Elgadi SA, Mayder DM, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Hudson ZM. Imidazophenothiazine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Ultra-Long-Lived Excited States for Energy Transfer Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18366-18381. [PMID: 37556344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet energy transfer (EnT) is a powerful activation pathway in photocatalysis that unlocks new organic transformations and improves the sustainability of organic synthesis. Many current examples, however, still rely on platinum-group metal complexes as photosensitizers, with associated high costs and environmental impacts. Photosensitizers that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are attractive fully organic alternatives in EnT photocatalysis. However, TADF photocatalysts incorporating heavy atoms remain rare, despite their utility in inducing efficient spin-orbit-coupling, intersystem-crossing, and consequently a high triplet population. Here, we describe the synthesis of imidazo-phenothiazine (IPTZ), a sulfur-containing heterocycle with a locked planar structure and a shallow LUMO level. This acceptor is used to prepare seven TADF-active photocatalysts with triplet energies up to 63.9 kcal mol-1. We show that sulfur incorporation improves spin-orbit coupling and increases triplet lifetimes up to 3.64 ms, while also allowing for tuning of photophysical properties via oxidation at the sulfur atom. These IPTZ materials are applied as photocatalysts in five seminal EnT reactions: [2 + 2] cycloaddition, the disulfide-ene reaction, and Ni-mediated C-O and C-N cross-coupling to afford etherification, esterification, and amination products, outcompeting the industry-standard TADF photocatalyst 2CzPN in four of the five studied scenarios. Detailed photophysical and theoretical studies are used to understand structure-activity relationships and to demonstrate the key role of the heavy atom effect in the design of TADF materials with superior photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katrina Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Seja A Elgadi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Don M Mayder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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28
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Bertrams MS, Hermainski K, Mörsdorf JM, Ballmann J, Kerzig C. Triplet quenching pathway control with molecular dyads enables the identification of a highly oxidizing annihilator class. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8583-8591. [PMID: 37592982 PMCID: PMC10430750 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal complex - arene dyads typically act as more potent triplet energy donors compared to their parent metal complexes, which is frequently exploited for increasing the efficiencies of energy transfer applications. Using unexplored dicationic phosphonium-bridged ladder stilbenes (P-X2+) as quenchers, we exclusively observed photoinduced electron transfer photochemistry with commercial organic photosensitizers and photoactive metal complexes. In contrast, the corresponding pyrene dyads of the tested ruthenium complexes with the very same metal complex units efficiently sensitize the P-X2+ triplets. The long-lived and comparatively redox-inert pyrene donor triplet in the dyads thus provides an efficient access to acceptor triplet states that are otherwise very tricky to obtain. This dyad-enabled control over the quenching pathway allowed us to explore the P-X2+ photochemistry in detail using laser flash photolysis. The P-X2+ triplet undergoes annihilation producing the corresponding excited singlet, which is an extremely strong oxidant (+2.3 V vs. NHE) as demonstrated by halide quenching experiments. This behavior was observed for three P2+ derivatives allowing us to add a novel basic structure to the very limited number of annihilators for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation in neat water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Hermainski
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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29
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Uchikura T, Nakamura H, Sakai H, Akiyama T. 2-Silylated Dihydroquinazolinone as a Photocatalytic Energy Transfer Enabled Radical Hydrosilylation Reagent. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301090. [PMID: 37269182 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydrosilylation of alkenes is one of the most important methods for the synthesis of organosilicon compounds. In addition to the platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation, silyl radical addition reactions are notable as economic reactions. An efficient and widely applicable silyl radical addition reaction was developed by using 2-silylated dihydroquinazolinone derivatives under photocatalytic conditions. Electron-deficient alkenes and styrene derivatives underwent hydrosilylation to give addition products in good to high yields. Mechanistic studies indicated that the photocatalyst functioned not as a photoredox catalyst but as an energy transfer catalyst. DFT calculations clarified that the triplet excited state of 2-silylated dihydroquinazolinone derivatives released a silyl radical through the homolytic cleavage of a carbon-silicon bond, and this was followed by the hydrogen atom transfer pathway, not the redox pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, 171-8588, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, 171-8588, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hinata Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, 171-8588, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro, 171-8588, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Kanbe A, Yokoi K, Yamada Y, Tsurui M, Kitagawa Y, Hasegawa Y, Ogata D, Yuasa J, Aoki S. Optical Resolution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives of Homoleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes via Diastereomers Formed with Chiral Auxiliaries. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11325-11341. [PMID: 37432912 PMCID: PMC10369494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on a facile method for the optical resolution of cyclometalated iridium(III) (Ir(III)) complexes via diastereomers formed with chiral auxiliaries. The racemic carboxylic acids of Ir(III) complexes (fac-4 (fac-Ir(ppyCO2H)3 (ppy: 2-phenylpyridine)), fac-6 (fac-Ir(tpyCO2H)3 (tpy: 2-(4'-tolyl)pyridine)), and fac-13 (fac-Ir(mpiqCO2H)3 (mpiq: 1-(4'-methylphenyl)isoquinoline))) were converted into the diastereomers, Δ- and Λ-forms of fac-9 (from fac-6), fac-10 (from fac-4), fac-11 (from fac-6), and fac-14 (from fac-13), respectively, by the condensation with (1R,2R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane or (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol. The resulting diastereomers were separated by HPLC (with a nonchiral column) or silica gel column chromatography, and their absolute stereochemistry was determined by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis and CD (circular dichroism) spectra. Spectra of all diastereomers of the Ir(III) complexes are reported. Hydrolysis of the ester moieties of Δ- and Λ-forms of fac-10, fac-11, and fac-14 gave both enantiomers of the corresponding carboxylic acid derivatives in the optically pure forms, Δ-fac and Λ-fac-4, -6, and -13, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kanbe
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Yokoi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Research
Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- JST,
PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsurui
- Graduate
School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of
Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Daiji Ogata
- Faculty
of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Faculty
of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research
Institute for Biomedical Science (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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31
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Lee W, Koo Y, Jung H, Chang S, Hong S. Energy-transfer-induced [3+2] cycloadditions of N-N pyridinium ylides. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01258-2. [PMID: 37365339 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Photocycloaddition is a powerful reaction to enable the conversion of alkenes into high-value synthetic materials that are normally difficult to obtain under thermal conditions. Lactams and pyridines, both prominent in pharmaceutical applications, currently lack effective synthetic strategies to combine them within a single molecular structure. Here we describe an efficient approach to diastereoselective pyridyl lactamization via a photoinduced [3+2] cycloaddition, based on the unique triplet-state reactivity of N-N pyridinium ylides in the presence of a photosensitizer. The corresponding triplet diradical intermediates allow the stepwise radical [3+2] cycloaddition with a broad range of activated and unactivated alkenes under mild conditions. This method exhibits excellent efficiency, diastereoselectivity and functional group tolerance, providing a useful synthon for ortho-pyridyl γ- and δ-lactam scaffolds with syn-configuration in a single step. Combined experimental and computational studies reveal that the energy transfer process leads to a triplet-state diradical of N-N pyridinium ylides, which promotes the stepwise cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea.
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32
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Kosuge S, Araki Y, Tsuge K, Sugimoto K, Matsuya Y. One-Pot Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Pyridines following the Gold(I)-Catalyzed Aza-Enyne Metathesis/6π-Electrocyclization-Aromatization Sequence. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37191633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot de novo synthesis of pentasubstituted pyridines was realized following the process of Au(I)-autotandem catalysis and subsequent aromatization. The process involves aza-enyne metathesis with aryl propiolates to yield 1-azabutadienes and their addition/6π-electrocyclization sequence with the other propiolate units. The resultant 1,4-dihydropyridines were aromatized to furnish the pyridines in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. The aryl propiolates were regioselectively incorporated into the ring system to afford 2-arylpyridines as the sole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Kosuge
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Araki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tsuge
- Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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33
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de Groot LHM, Ilic A, Schwarz J, Wärnmark K. Iron Photoredox Catalysis-Past, Present, and Future. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9369-9388. [PMID: 37079887 PMCID: PMC10161236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis of organic reactions driven by iron has attracted substantial attention throughout recent years, due to potential environmental and economic benefits. In this Perspective, three major strategies were identified that have been employed to date to achieve reactivities comparable to the successful noble metal photoredox catalysis: (1) Direct replacement of a noble metal center by iron in archetypal polypyridyl complexes, resulting in a metal-centered photofunctional state. (2) In situ generation of photoactive complexes by substrate coordination where the reactions are driven via intramolecular electron transfer involving charge-transfer states, for example, through visible-light-induced homolysis. (3) Improving the excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials of the charge-transfer states of iron complexes through new ligand design. We seek to give an overview and evaluation of recent developments in this rapidly growing field and, at the same time, provide an outlook on the future of iron-based photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H M de Groot
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Ilic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Jesper Schwarz
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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34
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Hu Y, Gao Y, Ye J, Ma Z, Feng J, Liu X, Lei P, Szostak M. Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of 2-Pyridyl Trimethylammonium Salts by N-C Activation Catalyzed by Air- and Moisture-Stable Pd-NHC Precatalysts: Application to the Discovery of Agrochemicals. Org Lett 2023; 25:2975-2980. [PMID: 37079757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the first Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 2-pyridyl ammonium salts by highly selective N-C activation catalyzed by air- and moisture-stable Pd(II)-NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) precatalysts. The use of well-defined and highly reactive [Pd(IPr)(3-CF3-An)Cl2] (An = aniline) or [Pd(IPr)(cin)Cl] (cin = cinnamyl) Pd(II)-NHC catalysts permits an exceptionally broad scope of the cross-coupling to furnish valuable biaryl and heterobiarylpyridines that are ubiquitous in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry research. The overall process leverages the Chichibabin C-H amination of pyridines with N-C activation to enable an attractive strategy to the 2-pyridyl problem. The utility of the method to the discovery of potent agrochemicals is presented. Considering the importance of 2-pyridines and the versatility of N-C activation methods, we envision that this new C-H/N-C activation strategy will find broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhui Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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35
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Zhu K, Ma Y, Wu Z, Wu J, Lu Y. Energy-Transfer-Enabled Regioconvergent Alkylation of Azlactones via Photocatalytic Radical–Radical Coupling. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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36
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Stewart S, Maloney R, Sun Y. Triphenylphosphine oxide promoting visible-light-driven C-C coupling via desulfurization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3546-3549. [PMID: 36892408 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) can form a complex in solution, promoting visible light absorption to trigger electron transfer within the complex and generate radicals. Subsequent radical reactions with thiols enable desulfurization to produce carbon radicals that react with aryl alkenes to yield new C-C bonds. Since ambient oxygen can easily oxidize TPP to TPPO, the reported method requires no explicit addition of a photocatalyst. This work highlights the promise of using TPPO as a catalytic photo-redox mediator in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
| | - Robert Maloney
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
| | - Yugang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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37
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Shi H, Tan Z, Guo X, Ren H, Wang S, Xia Y. Visible-Light Paternò-Büchi Reaction for Lipidomic Profiling at Detailed Structure Levels. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5117-5125. [PMID: 36898165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Paternò-Büchi (PB) derivatization of carbon-carbon double bond (C═C) has been increasingly employed with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze unsaturated lipids. It enables the discovery of altered or uncanonical lipid desaturation metabolism, which would be otherwise undetected by conventional methods. Although highly useful, the reported PB reactions only provide moderate yield (∼30%). Herein, we aim to determine the key factors that affect the PB reactions and develop a system with improved capabilities for lipidomic analysis. An Ir(III) photocatalyst is chosen as the triplet energy donor for the PB reagent under 405 nm light irradiation, while phenylglyoxalate and its charge-tagging version, pyridylglyoxalate, are developed as the most efficient PB reagents. The above visible-light PB reaction system provides higher PB conversions than all previously reported PB reactions. Around 90% conversion can be achieved at high concentrations (>0.5 mM) for different classes of lipids but drops as the lipid concentration decreases. The visible-light PB reaction has then been integrated with shotgun and liquid chromatography-based workflows. The limits of detection for locating C═C in standard lipids of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and triacylglycerides (TGs) are in the sub-nM to nM range. More than 600 distinct GPLs and TGs have been profiled at the C═C location level or the sn-position level from the total lipid extract of bovine liver, demonstrating that the developed method is capable of large-scale lipidomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxue Shi
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Zhenshu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Hanlin Ren
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Shengzhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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38
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Seong CM, Ansel AQ, Roberts CC. Redox Inversion: A Radical Analogue of Umpolung Reactivity for Base- and Metal-Free Catalytic C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3935-3940. [PMID: 36877204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of alkyl-alkyl bonds is a powerful tool in organic synthesis. Redox inversion, defined as switching the donor/acceptor profile of a functional group to its acceptor/donor profile, is used for C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling. We report a photocatalytic coupling of carboxylic acids to form bibenzyls through a radical-radical coupling. Mechanistic insight is gained through control reactions. This unexplored redox-opposite relationship between a carboxylic acid and its redox-active ester is implemented in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Seong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Annabel Q Ansel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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39
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Ghosh S, Pyne P, Ghosh A, Choudhury S, Hajra A. Visible-light-induced cascade reaction: a sustainable approach towards molecular complexity. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1591-1628. [PMID: 36723242 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has demonstrated rapid evolution in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. On the other hand, the splendour of cascade reactions in providing complex molecular architectures renders them a cutting-edge research area. Therefore, the merging of photocatalysis with cascade synthesis brings out a synthetic paradigm with immense potential. The development of photocascade catalysis for a target molecule with a particular molecular skeleton and stereochemical framework presents certain challenges but provides a robust and environmentally benign synthetic alternative. This comprehensive review assembles all the accomplishments and highlights of visible-light-induced cascade reactions with literature coverage up to October 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Pranjal Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Anogh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Swagata Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India.
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40
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Thakur A, Gupta SS, Dhiman AK, Sharma U. Photoredox Minisci-Type Hydroxyfluoroalkylation of Isoquinolines with N-Trifluoroethoxyphthalimide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2314-2321. [PMID: 36705295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward photocatalytic approach has been demonstrated to incorporate a trifluoroethanol unit onto the isoquinolines. Herein, we report N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide as a hydroxyfluoroalkyl radical precursor, enabling efficient synthesis of trifluoroethanol-substituted heteroarenes. Radical quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of a free-radical pathway under developed photocatalytic conditions. The DFT calculations confirmed the intramolecular 1,2-HAT reactivity of the O-centered trifluoroethoxy radical (generated from N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide under photocatalytic condition) to the C-centered trifluoroethanol radical. Fluorescence quenching studies suggested that isoquinoline was responsible for the quenching of Ir-photocatalyst emission. A catalytic cycle involving trifluoroethanol radical reaction with isoquinolines has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Thakur
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shiv Shankar Gupta
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Dhiman
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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41
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Matsuo B, Granados A, Levitre G, Molander GA. Photochemical Methods Applied to DNA Encoded Library (DEL) Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:385-401. [PMID: 36656960 PMCID: PMC10415088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded library technology (DELT) is a new screening modality that allows efficient, cost-effective, and rapid identification of small molecules with potential biological activity. This emerging technique represents an enormous advancement that, in combination with other technologies such as high-throughput screening (HTS), fragment-based lead generation, and structure-based drug design, has the potential to transform how drug discovery is carried out. DELT is a hybrid technique in which chemically synthesized compounds are linked to unique genetic tags (or "barcodes") that contain readable information. In this way, millions to billions of building blocks (BBs) attached on-DNA via split-and-pool synthesis can be evaluated against a biological target in a single experiment. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of the unique sequence of oligonucleotides in the DNA tag are used to identify those ligands with high affinity for the target. This innovative fusion of genetic and chemical technologies was conceived in 1992 by Brenner and Lerner (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1992, 89, 5381-5383) and is under accelerated development with the implementation of new synthetic techniques and protocols that are compatible with DNA. In fact, reaction compatibility is a key parameter to increasing the chances of identification of a drug target ligand, and a central focus has been the development of new transformations and the transition to robust protocols for on-DNA synthesis. Because the sole use of the DNA tag is as an amplifiable identification barcode, its structural integrity during a new chemical process is mandatory. As such, the use of these sensitive, polyfunctional biological molecules as substrates typically requires aqueous solutions within defined pH and temperature ranges, which is considered a notable challenge in DEL synthesis.Using low-energy visible light as the driving force to promote chemical transformations represents an attractive alternative to classical synthetic methods, and it is an important and well-established synthetic tool for forging chemical bonds in a unique way via radical intermediates. Recent advances in the field of photocatalysis are extraordinary, and this powerful research arena is still under continuous development. Several applications taking advantage of the mild reaction conditions of photoinduced transformations have been directed toward DEL synthesis, allowing the expansion of chemical space available for the evaluation of new building blocks on-DNA. There are no doubts that visible-light-driven reactions have become one of the most powerful approaches for DELT, given the easy way they provide to construct new bonds and the challenges to achieve equal success via classical protocols.Key characteristics of photocatalytic synthesis include the short reaction times and efficiency, which translate into retention of DNA integrity. In this Account, we describe recent advances in the photoinduced diversification of building blocks prepared on-DNA, highlighting the amenability of the techniques employed for preserving the genetic structure of the molecules. We demonstrate with recent research from our group the applicability of photocatalysis to the field and include in the summary a table containing all the photoinduced methods reported to date for DELT, demonstrating their key aspects such as scope, applications, and DNA compatibilities. With this information, practitioners are provided with compelling reasons for developing/choosing photocatalytic methods for DELT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104-6323, United States
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104-6323, United States
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104-6323, United States
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42
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Schreier MR, Pfund B, Steffen DM, Wenger OS. Photocatalytic Regeneration of a Nicotinamide Adenine Nucleotide Mimic with Water-Soluble Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7636-7643. [PMID: 36731131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NADH) is involved in many biologically relevant redox reactions, and the photochemical regeneration of its oxidized form (NAD+) under physiological conditions is of interest for combined photo- and biocatalysis. Here, we demonstrate that tri-anionic, water-soluble variants of typically very lipophilic iridium(III) complexes can photo-catalyze the reduction of an NAD+ mimic in a comparatively efficient manner. In combination with a well-known rhodium co-catalyst to facilitate regioselective reactions, these iridium(III) photo-reductants outcompete the commonly used [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) photosensitizer in water by up to 1 order of magnitude in turnover frequency. This improved reactivity is attributable to the strong excited-state electron donor properties and the good chemical robustness of the tri-anionic iridium(III) sensitizers, combined with their favorable Coulombic interaction with the di-cationic rhodium co-catalyst. Our findings seem relevant in the greater context of photobiocatalysis, for which access to strong, efficient, and robust photoreductants with good water solubility can be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam R Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Street Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Street Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debora M Steffen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Street Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Street Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,National Competence Center in Research, Molecular Systems Engineering, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Meier A, Badalov SV, Biktagirov T, Schmidt WG, Wilhelm R. Diquat Based Dyes: A New Class of Photoredox Catalysts and Their Use in Aerobic Thiocyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203541. [PMID: 36700523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of new organic donor-π-acceptor dyes incorporating a diquat moiety as a novel electron-acceptor unit have been synthesized and characterized. The analytical data were supported by DFT calculations. These dyes were explored in the aerobic thiocyanation of indoles and pyrroles. Here they showed a high photocatalytic activity under visible light, giving isolated yields of up to 97 %. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of standalone diquat and methyl viologen through formation of an electron donor acceptor complex is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sabuhi V Badalov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Wolf Gero Schmidt
- Lehrtuhl für Theoretische Materialphysik, Universität Paderborn, 33095, Paderborn, Germany
| | - René Wilhelm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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44
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Orłowska K, Santiago JV, Krajewski P, Kisiel K, Deperasińska I, Zawada K, Chaładaj W, Gryko D. UV Light Is No Longer Required for the Photoactivation of 1,3,4-Oxadiazolines. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Orłowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - João V. Santiago
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Krajewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Kisiel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Deperasińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawada
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chaładaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Hallen L, Horan AM, Twamley B, McGarrigle EM, Draper SM. Accessing unsymmetrical Ru(II) bipyridine complexes: a versatile synthetic mechanism for fine tuning photophysical properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:330-333. [PMID: 36511718 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three novel unsymmetrical Ru(II) bipyridine complexes were generated via a convenient, modular, convergent synthetic route. An investigation of their photophysical properties revealed solvent-dependent excited state behaviour including altered absorption and emission wavelengths, emission lifetimes and quantum yields of phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hallen
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Alexandra M Horan
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Centre for Synthesis & Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Eoghan M McGarrigle
- SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Centre for Synthesis & Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sylvia M Draper
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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46
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Mahmood Z, He J, Cai S, Yuan Z, Liang H, Chen Q, Huo Y, König B, Ji S. Tuning the Photocatalytic Performance of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complexes Via Ligand Modification for Visible-Light-Induced Phosphorylation of Tertiary Aliphatic Amines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202677. [PMID: 36250277 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the redox potential of commonly available photocatalyst to improve the catalytic performance or expand its scope for challenging synthetic conversions is an ongoing demand in synthetic chemistry. Herein, the excited state properties and redox potential of commercially available [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ photocatalyst were tuned by modifying the structure of the bipyridine ligands with electron-donating/withdrawing units. The visible-light-mediated photoredox phosphorylation of tertiary aliphatic amines was demonstrated under mild conditions. A series of cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions were performed employing the RuII complexes as photocatalyst giving the corresponding α-aminophosphinoxides and α-aminophosphonates via carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Mahmood
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jia He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
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47
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Diver ST, Glickert E, Rohde LN, Wild T. Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Z-1,3-Disubstituted-1,3-Dienes by Uphill Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202635. [PMID: 36166750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A variety of 1-aryl-1,3-dienes were isomerized from E to Z isomers by photocatalysis using Ru(bpy)3 [PF6 ]2 and blue LED light. Enrichment of the Z-isomer is thought to occur by selective triplet energy transfer from the photocatalyst to the stereoisomeric mixture. The 1,3-diene starting materials are easily made by catalytic ene-yne metathesis (EYM). To access 1,3-diene Z-stereoisomers directly, a one pot procedure was developed. Additional 1,3-dienes were investigated for both isomerization and Z-enrichment. The combination of cross EYM with photocatalysis allows for the stereoconvergent synthesis of Z-1,3-dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Diver
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 572 Natural Sciences Complex, Amherst, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Elise Glickert
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 572 Natural Sciences Complex, Amherst, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Laurence N Rohde
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 572 Natural Sciences Complex, Amherst, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Thérèse Wild
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, 572 Natural Sciences Complex, Amherst, NY, 14260-3000, USA
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48
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Zhao J, Wei T, Ke S, Li Y. Visible Light-Catalyzed Synthesis of Difluoroalkylated Polycyclic Indoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202212032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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49
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Wang L, Sun J, Xia J, Ma R, Zheng G, Zhang Q. Visible light-mediated NHC and photoredox co-catalyzed 1,2-sulfonylacylation of allenes via acyl and allyl radical cross-coupling. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01993k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visible light-mediated NHC and photoredox co-catalyzed radical 1,2-sulfonylacylation of allenes via cross-coupling between an allyl radical and an NHC-stabilized acyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaqiong Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiuli Xia
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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50
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Pitchai M, Ramirez A, Mayder DM, Ulaganathan S, Kumar H, Aulakh D, Gupta A, Mathur A, Kempson J, Meanwell N, Hudson ZM, Oderinde MS. Metallaphotoredox Decarboxylative Arylation of Natural Amino Acids via an Elusive Mechanistic Pathway. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manivel Pitchai
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate─Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical & Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Don M. Mayder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sankar Ulaganathan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate─Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Hemantha Kumar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate─Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Materials Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Centre, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate─Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas Meanwell
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Martins S. Oderinde
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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