1
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Reynard G, Wimmer E, Richelet J, Fourquez JM, Lebel H. Chemoselective borylation of bromoiodoarene in continuous flow: synthesis of bromoarylboronic acids. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Peng Z, Wang G, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E. A review of microreactors based on slurry Taylor (segmented) flow. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Wong JYF, Thomson CG, Vilela F, Barker G. Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13413-13424. [PMID: 34777760 PMCID: PMC8528014 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazoles play a prominent role in medicinal chemistry due to their role as carboxylate bioisosteres but have largely been overlooked as C-H functionalisation substrates. We herein report the development of a high-yielding and general procedure for the heterobenzylic C-H functionalisation of 5-alkyltetrazoles in up to 97% yield under batch conditions using a metalation/electrophilic trapping strategy. Through the use of thermal imaging to identify potentially unsafe exotherms, a continuous flow procedure using a flash chemistry strategy has also been developed, allowing products to be accessed in up to 95% yield. This enabled an extremely high productivity rate of 141 g h-1 to be achieved on an entry-level flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y F Wong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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4
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Telescoped lithiation, C-arylation and methoxylation in flow-batch hybrid toward the synthesis of canagliflozin. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Scale-up of micro- and milli-reactors: An overview of strategies, design principles and applications. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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7
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Alonso M, Garcia MC, McKay C, Thorp LR, Webb M, Edwards LJ. Use of Lithium Diisopropylamide in Flow: Operability and Safety Challenges Encountered on a Multigram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2 P.T.M. Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Garcia
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2 P.T.M. Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Christopher McKay
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R. Thorp
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael Webb
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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8
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Musci P, von Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C 3 ) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1-Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6395-6399. [PMID: 33325599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strained compounds are privileged moieties in modern synthesis. In this context, 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes are appealing structural motifs that can be employed as click reagents or precursors to azetidines. We herein report the first telescoped continuous flow protocol for the generation, lithiation, and electrophilic trapping of 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. The flow method allows for exquisite control of the reaction parameters, and the process operates at higher temperatures and safer conditions with respect to batch mode. The efficiency of this intramolecular cyclization/C3-lithiation/electrophilic quenching flow sequence is documented with more than 20 examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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9
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von Keutz T, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Flash Chemistry Approach to Organometallic C-Glycosylation for the Synthesis of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Musci P, Keutz T, Belaj F, Degennaro L, Cantillo D, Kappe CO, Luisi R. Flow Technology for Telescoped Generation, Lithiation and Electrophilic (C
3
) Functionalization of Highly Strained 1‐Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Timo Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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11
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Baumann M, Moody TS, Smyth M, Wharry S. Overcoming the Hurdles and Challenges Associated with Developing Continuous Industrial Processes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry Science Centre University College Dublin South Belfield D04 N2E2 Ireland
| | - Thomas S. Moody
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
- Arran Chemical Company Unit 1 Monksland Industrial Estate Athlone, Co. Roscommon Ireland
| | - Megan Smyth
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
| | - Scott Wharry
- Almac Group Ltd. 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate Craigavon BT63 5QD United Kingdom
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12
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von Keutz T, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow C-Glycosylation via Metal–Halogen Exchange: Process Understanding and Improvements toward Efficient Manufacturing of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Development of a continuous process: a perspective for Mitsunobu reaction. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Lima F, André J, Marziale A, Greb A, Glowienke S, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Martin B, Sedelmeier J. Continuous Flow as Enabling Technology: Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Sulfinates as Bench Stable Cross-Coupling Partners. Org Lett 2020; 22:6082-6085. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme André
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Marziale
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Greb
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Glowienke
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mark Meisenbach
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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15
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Benzylic Potassium Organometallics Using Potassium Diisopropylamide in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12321-12325. [PMID: 32216119 PMCID: PMC7383875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of lithium-salt-free KDA (potassium diisopropylamide; 0.6 m in hexane) complexed with TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and its use for the flow-metalation of (hetero)arenes between -78 °C and 25 °C with reaction times between 0.2 s and 24 s and a combined flow rate of 10 mL min-1 using a commercial flow setup. The resulting potassium organometallics react instantaneously with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, alkyl and allylic halides, disulfides, Weinreb amides, and Me3 SiCl, affording functionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. This flow procedure is successfully extended to the lateral metalation of methyl-substituted arenes and heteroaromatics, resulting in the formation of various benzylic potassium organometallics. A metalation scale-up was possible without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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16
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Flow process development and optimization of halo-amine coupling through customized flow processing equipment using DoE approach. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Herstellung funktioneller Aryl‐, Heteroaryl‐ und benzylischer Organokalium‐Spezies mittels Kaliumdiisopropylamid im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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18
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Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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19
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Scaling continuous API synthesis from milligram to kilogram: extending the enabling benefits of micro to the plant. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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von Keutz T, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Terminal Epoxides from Ketones Using in Situ Generated Bromomethyl Lithium. Org Lett 2019; 21:10094-10098. [PMID: 31794232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A scalable procedure for the direct preparation of epoxides from ketones has been developed. The method is based on the carefully controlled generation of (bromomethyl)lithium (LiCH2Br) from inexpensive CH2Br2 and MeLi in a continuous flow reactor. The reaction has shown excellent selectivity for a variety of substrates, including α-chloroketones, which typically fail under classic Corey-Chaykovsky conditions. This advantage has been used to develop a novel route toward the drug fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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21
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Fath V, Szmais S, Lau P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Model-Based Scale-Up Predictions: From Micro- to Millireactors Using Inline Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Lau
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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22
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23
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Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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24
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St-Jean F, Piechowicz KA, Sirois LE, Angelaud R, Gosselin F. Study of a Competing Hydrodefluorination Reaction During the Directed ortho-Lithiation/Borylation of 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric St-Jean
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna A. Piechowicz
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rémy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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Usutani H, Cork DG. Effective Utilization of Flow Chemistry: Use of Unstable Intermediates, Inhibition of Side Reactions, and Scale-Up for Boronic Acid Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Usutani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi 2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
- Kyoto University Original Co., Ltd., Kyoto University, Yoshida-Hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - David G. Cork
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi 2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
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26
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Keles H, Susanne F, Livingstone H, Hunter S, Wade C, Bourdon R, Rutter A. Development of a Robust and Reusable Microreactor Employing Laser Based Mid-IR Chemical Imaging for the Automated Quantification of Reaction Kinetics. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Keles
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Flavien Susanne
- Product
and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Hamish Livingstone
- Technical
Development, Glaxo Wellcome Manufacturing Pte Ltd 1, Pioneer Sector
1, Singapore, 628413, Singapore
| | - Sarah Hunter
- Product
and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Charles Wade
- Global
API Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rose Bourdon
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew Rutter
- Product
and Process Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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27
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Susanne F, Martin B, Aubry M, Sedelmeier J, Lima F, Sevinc S, Piccioni L, Haber J, Schenkel B, Venturoni F. Match-Making Reactors to Chemistry: A Continuous Manufacturing-Enabled Sequence to a Key Benzoxazole Pharmaceutical Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Susanne
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Martin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Aubry
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Lima
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Serbuelent Sevinc
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Piccioni
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Haber
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical and Analytical Development, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Ketels M, Ganiek MA, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Synthese von Diorganomagnesium‐ und Diorganozinkverbindungen durch In‐Situ‐Abfang‐Halogen‐Lithium‐Austausch an hochfunktionalisierten (Hetero)Arylhalogeniden im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Ketels
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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29
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Ketels M, Ganiek MA, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Synthesis of Polyfunctional Diorganomagnesium and Diorganozinc Reagents through In Situ Trapping Halogen–Lithium Exchange of Highly Functionalized (Hetero)aryl Halides in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12770-12773. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Ketels
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Maximilian A. Ganiek
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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30
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Labes R, Battilocchio C, Mateos C, Cumming GR, de Frutos O, Rincón JA, Binder K, Ley SV. Chemoselective Continuous Ru-Catalyzed Hydrogen-Transfer Oppenauer-Type Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Labes
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Graham R. Cumming
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación
Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Kellie Binder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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31
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Usutani H, Nihei T, Papageorgiou CD, Cork DG. Development and Scale-up of a Flow Chemistry Lithiation–Borylation Route to a Key Boronic Acid Starting Material. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Usutani
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Nihei
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
| | - Charles D. Papageorgiou
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical International Co., 40
Landsdowne St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David G. Cork
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Juso-honmachi
2-17-85, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
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33
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Hafner A, Mancino V, Meisenbach M, Schenkel B, Sedelmeier J. Dichloromethyllithium: Synthesis and Application in Continuous Flow Mode. Org Lett 2017; 19:786-789. [PMID: 28151678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust procedure for the synthesis and use of thermally unstable dichloromethyllithium in continuous flow mode is described. By utilizing residence times in the range of milliseconds for the generation and electrophilic quench of dichloromethyllithium, the straightforward synthesis of dichlorocarbinols and benzylic pinacol esters was realized at reaction temperatures of -30 °C, whereas typical temperatures in traditional batch mode are below -78 °C. The excellent purity profile obtained from the flow process allows us to directly telescope the exiting flow stream into semibatch quenches for further modifications. All transformations gave the desired products in remarkable purity and yield on gram scale with no need for chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hafner
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Meisenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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