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Sánchez JD, Gómez-Carpintero J, González JF, Menéndez JC. Twenty-first century antiepileptic drugs. An overview of their targets and synthetic approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116476. [PMID: 38759456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of the traditional drugs against epilepsy has been hindered by their toxicity and low selectivity. These limitations have stimulated the design and development of new generations of antiepileptic drugs. This review explores the molecular targets and synthesis of the antiepileptic drugs that have entered the market in the 21st century, with a focus on manufacturer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domingo Sánchez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gómez-Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Li H, Sun X, Cui W, Xu M, Dong J, Ekundayo BE, Ni D, Rao Z, Guo L, Stahlberg H, Yuan S, Vogel H. Computational drug development for membrane protein targets. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:229-242. [PMID: 38361054 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The application of computational biology in drug development for membrane protein targets has experienced a boost from recent developments in deep learning-driven structure prediction, increased speed and resolution of structure elucidation, machine learning structure-based design and the evaluation of big data. Recent protein structure predictions based on machine learning tools have delivered surprisingly reliable results for water-soluble and membrane proteins but have limitations for development of drugs that target membrane proteins. Structural transitions of membrane proteins have a central role during transmembrane signaling and are often influenced by therapeutic compounds. Resolving the structural and functional basis of dynamic transmembrane signaling networks, especially within the native membrane or cellular environment, remains a central challenge for drug development. Tackling this challenge will require an interplay between experimental and computational tools, such as super-resolution optical microscopy for quantification of the molecular interactions of cellular signaling networks and their modulation by potential drugs, cryo-electron microscopy for determination of the structural transitions of proteins in native cell membranes and entire cells, and computational tools for data analysis and prediction of the structure and function of cellular signaling networks, as well as generation of promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Li
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marc Xu
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Dong
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Babatunde Edukpe Ekundayo
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL and Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dongchun Ni
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL and Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhili Rao
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, IPHYS, SB, EPFL and Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Horst Vogel
- Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology/Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT/CAS), Shenzhen, China.
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Alcalde S, Porcar R, De La Puente ML, Cumming GR, Mateos C, García-Losada P, Anta C, Rincón JA, García-Verdugo E. Continuous-Flow Supercritical CO 2 Platform for In-Situ Synthesis and Purification of Small Molecules for Drug Discovery. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alcalde
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Porcar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, E-28040 Avda. Esparta s/n, Las Rozas, 28232 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luz De La Puente
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Graham R. Cumming
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Cristina Anta
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Grupo de Química Sostenible y Supramolecular, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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4
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Effects of Data Augmentation with the BNNSMOTE Algorithm in Seizure Detection Using 1D-MobileNet. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4114178. [PMID: 36578313 PMCID: PMC9792253 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Automatic seizure detection technology has important implications for reducing the workload of neurologists for epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Due to the unpredictable nature of seizures, the imbalanced classification of seizure and nonseizure data continues to be challenging. In this work, we first propose a novel algorithm named the borderline nearest neighbor synthetic minority oversampling technique (BNNSMOTE) to address the imbalanced classification problem and improve seizure detection performance. The algorithm uses the nearest neighbor notion to generate nonseizure samples near the boundary, then determines the seizure samples that are difficult to learn at the boundary, and lastly selects seizure samples at random to be used in the synthesis of new samples. In view of the characteristic that electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are one-dimensional signals, we then develop a 1D-MobileNet model to validate the algorithm's performance. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous seizure detection methods on the CHB-MIT dataset, achieving an average accuracy of 99.40%, a recall value of 87.46%, a precision of 97.17%, and an F1-score of 91.90%, respectively. We also had considerable success when we used additional datasets for verification at the same time. Our algorithm's data augmentation effects are more pronounced and perform better at seizure detection than the existing imbalanced techniques. Besides, the model's parameters and calculation volume have been significantly reduced, making it more suitable for mobile terminals and embedded devices.
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Park HS, Sun R, Lee EJ, Kim J, Hur NH. Triazole-Bridged Zinc Dinuclear Complexes: Mechanochemical Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40860-40868. [PMID: 36406524 PMCID: PMC9670724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two zinc (Zn) complexes, [Zn2(DAT)2Cl4] (I) and [Zn2(DAT)2(NO3)4] (II), were prepared by grinding 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (C2H5N5, DAT) with Zn precursors such as ZnCl2 and Zn(NO3)2, respectively. This solid-state reaction gives the corresponding Zn complex as the sole product in over 99% yield. This mechanochemical method promotes the selective formation of Zn complexes different from those obtained using the conventional solution-based route. The crystal structures of the two complexes were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, whereas complex (II) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1̅. Each complex is characterized by the presence of a characteristic DAT-bridged dimer with one DAT ligand per Zn atom, and the DAT ligand provides a bridge between the two Zn metals. All Zn centers of (I) and (II) adopted a slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry. Both complexes contain a hexanuclear Zn2N4 ring, but their ring structures are different. Complex (I) possesses a boat geometry, while complex (II) has a nearly planar structure. The Zn-bound chlorides of complex (I) form intermolecular N-H···Cl hydrogen bonds that link neighboring molecules. In complex (II), the O atoms in the nitrate groups are hydrogen-bonded to the DAT ligand via O···H-N linkages. Both complexes exhibit blue emissions in the solid state at ambient temperature. They were evaluated as anticancer agents in HeLa, NCCIT, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, exhibiting promising anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Ruijing Sun
- Department
of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department
of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department
of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
| | - Nam Hwi Hur
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, South Korea
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Bhattacherjee D, Kovalev IS, Kopchuk DS, Rahman M, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Das P, Purohit R, Rusinov VL, Chupakhin ON. Mechanochemical Approach towards Multi-Functionalized 1,2,3-Triazoles and Anti-Seizure Drug Rufinamide Analogs Using Copper Beads. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227784. [PMID: 36431885 PMCID: PMC9693609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly regiospecific, copper-salt-free and neat conditions have been demonstrated for the 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reactions under mechanochemical conditions. A group of structurally challenging alkynes and heterocyclic derivatives was efficiently implemented to achieve highly functionalized 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in good to excellent yield by using the Cu beads without generation of unwanted byproducts. Furthermore, the high-speed ball milling (HSBM) strategy has also been extended to the synthesis of the commercially available pharmaceutical agent, Rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug (AED) and its analogues. The same strategy was also applied for the synthesis of the Cl-derivative of Rufinamide. Analysis of the single crystal XRD data of the triazole was also performed for the final structural confirmation. The Cu beads are easily recoverable from the reaction mixture and used for the further reactions without any special treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Bhattacherjee
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S. Kovalev
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Matiur Rahman
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pralay Das
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, India
| | - Vladimir L. Rusinov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoi Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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7
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Late‐Stage Dehydroxyazidation of Alcohols Promoted by Trifunctional Hypervalent Azido‐Iodine(III) Reagents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200272. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Quantum Computational Investigation of (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-N′-(3-phenoxybenzylidene)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072193. [PMID: 35408592 PMCID: PMC9000758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The title compound was synthesized and structurally characterized. Theoretical IR, NMR (with the GIAO technique), UV, and nonlinear optical properties (NLO) in four different solvents were calculated for the compound. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energies using time-dependent (TD) DFT revealed that charge transfer occurs within the molecule, and probable transitions in the four solvents were identified. The in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis was performed in order to determine some physicochemical, lipophilicity, water solubility, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal properties of the molecule. Finally, molecular docking calculation was performed, and the results were evaluated in detail.
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Gayke M, Narode H, Eppa G, Bhosale RS, Yadav JS. Synthetic Approaches toward the Synthesis of Brivaracetam: An Antiepileptic Drug. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2486-2503. [PMID: 35097251 PMCID: PMC8793090 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in the brain, affecting individuals of all age groups. Nearly 1% of the world population is affected by seizure disorder, of which 80% of the patients are observed in underdeveloped and developing countries. The predominant treatment option for epilepsy includes an antiepileptic drug named brivaracetam. This drug emerged as an unusual success of rational drug discovery in clinical development by exhibiting magnificent affinity toward synaptic vesicle glycoprotein as compared to conventional drug levetiracetam and piracetam. Given its efficiency in limiting the progression of epilepsy, this drug has drawn considerable attention of researchers to devise novel routes of its synthesis. The present review encapsulates the reported literature on synthetic strategies for brivaracetam, which will assist medicinal chemists in the further progress of its synthesis.
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Selim A, Neethu KM, Gowri V, Sartaliya S, Kaur S, Jayamurugan G. Thiol‐Functionalized Cellulose Wrapped Copperoxide as a Green Nano Catalyst for Regiospecific Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Application in Rufinamide Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Selim
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - K. M. Neethu
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Vijayendran Gowri
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Shaifali Sartaliya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sharanjeet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
| | - Govindasamy Jayamurugan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Knowledge City, Sector 81 Mohali Punjab 140306 India
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11
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Graciano IA, de Carvalho AS, de Carvalho da Silva F, Ferreira VF. 1,2,3-Triazole- and Quinoline-Based Hybrids with Potent Antiplasmodial Activity. Med Chem 2021; 18:521-535. [PMID: 34758718 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666211110143041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a disease causing millions of victims every year and requires new drugs, often due to parasitic strain mutations. Thus, the search for new molecules that possess antimalarial activity is constant and extremely important. However, the potential that an antimalarial drug possesses cannot be ignored, and molecular hybridization is a good strategy to design new chemical entities. OBJECTIVE This review article aims to emphasize recent advances in the biological activities of new 1,2,3-triazole- and quinoline-based hybrids and their place in the development of new biologically active substances. More specifically, it intends to present the synthetic methods that have been utilized for the syntheses of hybrid 1,2,3-triazoles with quinoline nuclei. METHOD We have comprehensively and critically discussed all the information available in the literature regarding 1,2,3-triazole- and quinoline-based hybrids with potent antiplasmodial activity. RESULTS The quinoline nucleus has already been proven to lead to new chemical entities in the pharmaceutical market, such as drugs for the treatment of malaria and other diseases. The same can be said about the 1,2,3-triazole heterocycle, which has been shown to be a beneficial scaffold for the construction of new drugs with several activities. However, only a few triazoles have entered the pharmaceutical market as drugs. CONCLUSION Many studies have been conducted to develop new substances that may circumvent the resistance developed by the parasite that causes malaria, thereby improving the therapy currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A Graciano
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Alcione S de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ. Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói, RJ. Brazil
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12
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Wang Z, Zhang W, Liu B. Computational Analysis of Synthetic Planning: Past and Future. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 (China) Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States cCurrent Address: One Amgen Center Dr. Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 (China) Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States cCurrent Address: One Amgen Center Dr. Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610064 (China) Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States cCurrent Address: One Amgen Center Dr. Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States
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13
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Gómez-Carpintero J, Sánchez JD, González JF, Menéndez JC. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Primary Amides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14232-14237. [PMID: 34596412 PMCID: PMC8524419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ball milling of aromatic, heteroaromatic, vinylic, and aliphatic esters with ethanol and calcium nitride afforded the corresponding primary amides in a transformation that was compatible with a variety of functional groups and maintained the integrity of a stereocenter α to carbonyl. This methodology was applied to α-amino esters and N-BOC dipeptide esters and also to the synthesis of rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gómez-Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica
y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias
Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Domingo Sánchez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica
y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias
Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Francisco González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica
y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias
Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica
y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias
Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Mittersteiner M, Bonacorso HG, Martins MAP, Zanatta N. Haloacetylated Enol Ethers: a Way Out for the Regioselective Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Mittersteiner
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 97105-900 Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Helio G. Bonacorso
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 97105-900 Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Marcos A. P. Martins
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 97105-900 Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Nilo Zanatta
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE) Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Maria 97105-900 Santa Maria Brazil
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15
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Hardwick T, Ahmed N. Digitising chemical synthesis in automated and robotic flow. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11973-11988. [PMID: 34094419 PMCID: PMC8163218 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemical synthesis is already known to have many attributes that give it superiority over batch processes in several respects. To expand these advantages with those from automation will only drive such enabling technologies further into the faster producing, more efficient 21st century chemical world. In this report we present several examples of algorithmic chemical search, along with flow platforms that link hardware and digital chemical operations on software. This enables organic syntheses to be automatically carried out and optimised with as little human intervention as possible. By applying such enabling technologies to the production of small organic molecules and pharmaceutical compounds in end-to-end multistep processes, a range of reaction types can be accessed and, thus, the flexibility of these single, compact flow designs may be revealed. Automated systems can allow several reactions to take place on the same setup, enabling direct comparison of reactions under different conditions. Moreover, the production of new and known target compounds can be made faster and more efficient, the recipes of which can then be stored as digital files. Some of the automating software has employed machine-powered learning to assist the chemist in developing intelligent algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) driven synthetic route planning. This ultimately produces a continuous flow platform that can design its own viable pathway to a particular molecule and then carry it out on its own, allowing the chemists, at the same time, to apply their expertise to other pressing challenges in their fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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16
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Rao RN, Chanda K. An assessment study of known pyrazolopyrimidines: Chemical methodology and cellular activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103801. [PMID: 32278206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen atom play a key role in the normal life cycle of a cell. Pyrazolopyrimidine is a privileged class of nitrogen containing fused heterocyclic compound contributing to a major portion of all lead molecules in medicinal chemistry. The thumbprint of pyrazolopyrimidine as a pharmacophore is always noticeable due to its analogy with the adenine base in DNA. Pyrazolopyrimidines are divided into five types [I, II, III, IV, V] based on the mechanism of action on the specific target conferring a wide scope of research which has accelerated the interest of researchers to investigate its biological profile. In 1956, the anti-cancer activity of pyrazolopyrimidine was evaluated for the first time with appreciable results. Since then, medicinal chemists centered their work on various methods of synthesis and evaluating the biological profile of pyrazolopyrimidine isomers. This report consists of novel methodologies followed to synthesize pyrazolopyrimidine isomers along with a note on their biological significance. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be first of its kind to encompass different synthetic procedures along with anti-cancer, kinase inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition and receptor blocking activity of pyrazolopyrimidine moieties. IC50 values of potent compounds are added wherever necessary to understand the suitability of pyrazolopyrimidine skeletons for a specific biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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17
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Chatterjee S, Guidi M, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Automated radial synthesis of organic molecules. Nature 2020; 579:379-384. [PMID: 32188949 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Automated synthesis platforms accelerate and simplify the preparation of molecules by removing the physical barriers to organic synthesis. This provides unrestricted access to biopolymers and small molecules via reproducible and directly comparable chemical processes. Current automated multistep syntheses rely on either iterative1-4 or linear processes5-9, and require compromises in terms of versatility and the use of equipment. Here we report an approach towards the automated synthesis of small molecules, based on a series of continuous flow modules that are radially arranged around a central switching station. Using this approach, concise volumes can be exposed to any reaction conditions required for a desired transformation. Sequential, non-simultaneous reactions can be combined to perform multistep processes, enabling the use of variable flow rates, reuse of reactors under different conditions, and the storage of intermediates. This fully automated instrument is capable of both linear and convergent syntheses and does not require manual reconfiguration between different processes. The capabilities of this approach are demonstrated by performing optimizations and multistep syntheses of targets, varying concentrations via inline dilutions, exploring several strategies for the multistep synthesis of the anticonvulsant drug rufinamide10, synthesizing eighteen compounds of two derivative libraries that are prepared using different reaction pathways and chemistries, and using the same reagents to perform metallaphotoredox carbon-nitrogen cross-couplings11 in a photochemical module-all without instrument reconfiguration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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18
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Lin K, Xu Y, Pei J, Lai L. Automatic retrosynthetic route planning using template-free models. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3355-3364. [PMID: 34122843 PMCID: PMC8152431 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03666k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrosynthetic route planning can be considered a rule-based reasoning procedure. The possibilities for each transformation are generated based on collected reaction rules, and then potential reaction routes are recommended by various optimization algorithms. Although there has been much progress in computer-assisted retrosynthetic route planning and reaction prediction, fully data-driven automatic retrosynthetic route planning remains challenging. Here we present a template-free approach that is independent of reaction templates, rules, or atom mapping, to implement automatic retrosynthetic route planning. We treated each reaction prediction task as a data-driven sequence-to-sequence problem using the multi-head attention-based Transformer architecture, which has demonstrated power in machine translation tasks. Using reactions from the United States patent literature, our end-to-end models naturally incorporate the global chemical environments of molecules and achieve remarkable performance in top-1 predictive accuracy (63.0%, with the reaction class provided) and top-1 molecular validity (99.6%) in one-step retrosynthetic tasks. Inspired by the success rate of the one-step reaction prediction, we further carried out iterative, multi-step retrosynthetic route planning for four case products, which was successful. We then constructed an automatic data-driven end-to-end retrosynthetic route planning system (AutoSynRoute) using Monte Carlo tree search with a heuristic scoring function. AutoSynRoute successfully reproduced published synthesis routes for the four case products. The end-to-end model for reaction task prediction can be easily extended to larger or customer-requested reaction databases. Our study presents an important step in realizing automatic retrosynthetic route planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjie Lin
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
| | - Youjun Xu
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
| | - Jianfeng Pei
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
| | - Luhua Lai
- BNLMS, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University Beijing 100871 PR China
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19
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Escribà-Gelonch M, de Leon Izeppi GA, Kirschneck D, Hessel V. Multistep Solvent-Free 3 m 2 Footprint Pilot Miniplant for the Synthesis of Annual Half-Ton Rufinamide Precursor. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2019; 7:17237-17251. [PMID: 31656707 PMCID: PMC6812013 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of a pilot-scale synthesis of the rufinamide precursor in flow chemistry is reported. Complex steps such as Taylor-flow, segmented flow, and high-temperature processing at high pressure (high-p,T) are successfully combined, overcoming the mixing and heat transfer issues of the scale-up. The cascaded multistep process operates essentially solvent-free in just 3 m2 giving a productivity of 47 g/h (>400 kg/year), which increases by a factor of 7 the lab-scale productivity previously reported as a scale-up proof-of-concept. This publication also includes an economic study of the feasible implementation of this technology for a possible manufacturer, as well as an outline on business development strategies of how to implement such a disruptive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés
Catalytiques (UMR 5285), CPE Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Tel.: +33 (0)4 72 43 17
61. E-mail:
| | | | - Dirk Kirschneck
- MicroInnova
Engineering GmbH, Europapark
1, Allerheiligen bei Wildon, 8412 Austria
| | - Volker Hessel
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, Australia 5005
- Tel. +61 (08) 831 39245.
E-mail: . Website: http://hessel-group.com.au/
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20
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Padmaja RD, Balamurali MM, Chanda K. One-Pot, Telescopic Approach for the Chemoselective Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[e]pyrido/pyrazino/pyridazino[1,2-b][1,2,4]thiadiazine dioxides and Their Significance in Biological Systems. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11382-11390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
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21
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Trujillo M, Hull-Crew C, Outlaw A, Stewart K, Taylor L, George L, Duensing A, Tracey B, Schoffstall A. Green Methodologies for Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions: A Comparative Study. Molecules 2019; 24:E973. [PMID: 30857343 PMCID: PMC6429464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions may be achieved by several methods. In this paper, four synthetic protocols were performed for direct comparison of time required for the synthesis, yield, and purity of the 1H-1,2,3-triazole products. The methods with Cu(I) catalysts were conventional, microwave heating, solvent-free, and a method using glycerol solvent. The compounds synthesized in this paper were known non-fluorinated triazoles and new fluorinated triazoles. The results lead to the conclusion that the microwave method should be strongly considered for CuAAC syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Clayton Hull-Crew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Andrew Outlaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Kevin Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Loren Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Laura George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Allison Duensing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Breanna Tracey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Allen Schoffstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
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22
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Govdi AI, Danilkina NA, Ponomarev AV, Balova IA. 1-Iodobuta-1,3-diynes in Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition: A One-Step Route to 4-Ethynyl-5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1925-1940. [PMID: 30632741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of iododiacetylenes with organic azides using iodotris(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) as a catalyst was found to be an efficient one-step synthetic route to 5-iodo-4-ethynyltriazoles. The reaction is tolerant to various functional groups in both butadiyne and azide moieties. The synthetic application of 5-iodo-4-ethynyl triazoles obtained was also evaluated: the Sonogashira coupling with alkynes resulted in unsymmetrically substituted triazole-fused enediyne systems, while the Suzuki reaction yielded the corresponding 5-aryl-4-ethynyl triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Ponomarev
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry , Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU) , Universitetskaya nab. 7/9 , Saint Petersburg 199034 , Russia
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23
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Panchangam RL, Manickam V, Chanda K. Assembly of Fully Substituted 2H-Indazoles Catalyzed by Cu 2 O Rhombic Dodecahedra and Evaluation of Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:262-272. [PMID: 30422389 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous C-N, and N-N bond-forming methods for one-pot transformations are highly challenging in synthetic organic chemistry. In this study, the Cu2 O rhombic dodecahedra-catalyzed synthesis of 2H-indazoles is demonstrated with good to excellent yields from readily available chemicals. This one-pot procedure involves Cu2 O nanoparticle-catalyzed consecutive C-N, and N-N bond formation followed by cyclization to yield 2H-indazoles with broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Various cell-based bioassay studies demonstrated that 2H-indazoles inhibit the growth of cancer cells, typically through induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 2H-indazoles tested in the MDA-MB-468 cell line were capable of inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion. Thus, it is shown that 2H-indazoles have potent in vitro anticancer activity that warrant further investigation of this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeeva Lochana Panchangam
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Venkatraman Manickam
- Department of Biosciences, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
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24
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Steiner S, Wolf J, Glatzel S, Andreou A, Granda JM, Keenan G, Hinkley T, Aragon-Camarasa G, Kitson PJ, Angelone D, Cronin L. Organic synthesis in a modular robotic system driven by a chemical programming language. Science 2018; 363:science.aav2211. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex organic compounds is largely a manual process that is often incompletely documented. To address these shortcomings, we developed an abstraction that maps commonly reported methodological instructions into discrete steps amenable to automation. These unit operations were implemented in a modular robotic platform by using a chemical programming language that formalizes and controls the assembly of the molecules. We validated the concept by directing the automated system to synthesize three pharmaceutical compounds, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, rufinamide, and sildenafil, without any human intervention. Yields and purities of products and intermediates were comparable to or better than those achieved manually. The syntheses are captured as digital code that can be published, versioned, and transferred flexibly between platforms with no modification, thereby greatly enhancing reproducibility and reliable access to complex molecules.
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25
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Maiti B, M M B, Chanda K. Evaluation of WO2014121383 A1: a process for preparation of rufinamide and intermediates. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 29:7-10. [PMID: 30442041 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1549230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is great potential in the synthetic development of rufinamide to treat childhood-onset epilepsy known as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Areas covered: 1,4-disubstituted triazole ring formed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is an important structural motif widely used to construct diverse chemotypes in chemical, biological, and material fields. 1,2,3-triazole ring containing rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug developed by Novartis, is useful in combination with other antiepileptic medicaments for the treatment of childhood-onset epilepsy known as LGS. There are numerous synthetic methods used to construct the rufinamide through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The application claims processes for the preparation of rufinamide and their intermediates. The synthetic strategy covered for the synthesis of rufinamide using activated acetylenic esters. The activation is done using N-hydroxy succinimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, 1-hydroxy benzotriazole, and 4-nitro phenol. Expert opinion: The manufacturing route appears to follow the regioselective Cu catalyzed cycloaddtion of 2,6-difluro benzyl azide with or without isolated activated acetylenic esters in three steps that provide a good lead for new synthetic strategy for the rufinamide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Maiti
- a Department of Chemistry , School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore , India
| | - Balamurali M M
- b Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Chennai , India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- a Department of Chemistry , School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore , India
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26
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Jennah O, Beniazza R, Lozach C, Jardel D, Molton F, Duboc C, Buffeteau T, El Kadib A, Lastécouères D, Lahcini M, Vincent JM. Photoredox Catalysis at Copper(II) on Chitosan: Application to Photolatent CuAAC. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Jennah
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi Ayyad University; Av. A. Elkhattabi, B.P. 549 40000 Marrakech Morocco
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Redouane Beniazza
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P; 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Cédric Lozach
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Damien Jardel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Florian Molton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR-CNRS 5250, F-; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Carole Duboc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR-CNRS 5250, F-; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
| | - Abdelkrim El Kadib
- Euro-Med Research Center, Engineering Division; Euro-Med University of Fes (UEMF).; Route de Meknès. Rond-Point de Bensouda. 30070 Fès Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Lahcini
- Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi Ayyad University; Av. A. Elkhattabi, B.P. 549 40000 Marrakech Morocco
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P; 43150 Ben Guerir Morocco
| | - Jean-Marc Vincent
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255; Univ. Bordeaux; 33405 Talence France
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