1
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Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Homogeneous multi-payload antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2024; 16:854-870. [PMID: 38760431 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many systemic cancer chemotherapies comprise a combination of drugs, yet all clinically used antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) contain a single-drug payload. These combination regimens improve treatment outcomes by producing synergistic anticancer effects and slowing the development of drug-resistant cell populations. In an attempt to replicate these regimens and improve the efficacy of targeted therapy, the field of ADCs has moved towards developing techniques that allow for multiple unique payloads to be attached to a single antibody molecule with high homogeneity. However, the methods for generating such constructs-homogeneous multi-payload ADCs-are both numerous and complex owing to the plethora of reactive functional groups that make up the surface of an antibody. Here, by summarizing and comparing the methods of both single- and multi-payload ADC generation and their key preclinical and clinical results, we provide a timely overview of this relatively new area of research. The methods discussed range from branched linker installation to the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, with a generalized comparison tool of the most promising modification strategies also provided. Finally, the successes and challenges of this rapidly growing field are critically evaluated, and from this, future areas of research and development are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Journeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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2
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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3
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Fujii T, Matsuda Y. Novel formats of antibody conjugates: recent advances in payload diversity, conjugation, and linker chemistry. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1053-1065. [PMID: 37953519 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2276873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the field of bioconjugates, the focus on antibody - drug conjugates (ADCs) with novel payloads beyond the traditional categories of potent cytotoxic agents is increasing. These innovative ADCs exhibit various molecular formats, ranging from small-molecule payloads, such as immune agonists and proteolytic agents, to macromolecular payloads, such as oligonucleotides and proteins. AREAS COVERED This review offers an in-depth exploration of unconventional strategies for designing conjugates with novel mechanisms of action and notable examples of approaches that show promising prospects. Representative examples of novel format payloads and their classification, attributes, and appropriate conjugation techniques are discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION The existing basic technologies used to manufacture ADCs can be directly applied to synthesize novel formatted conjugates. However, a wide variety of new payloads require the creation of customized technologies adapted to the unique characteristics of these payloads. Consequently, fundamental technologies, such as conjugation methods aimed at achieving high drug - antibody ratios and developing stable crosslinkers, are likely to become increasingly important research areas in the future.
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4
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Yamazaki S, Shikida N, Takahashi K, Matsuda Y, Inoue K, Shimbo K, Mihara Y. Lipoate-acid ligase a modification of native antibody: Synthesis and conjugation site analysis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 51:128360. [PMID: 34537330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation is an important chemical biology research focus, especially in the development of methods to produce pharmaceutical bioconjugates and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In this report, an enzyme-catalyzed conjugation method combined with a chemical reaction was used to modify a native antibody under mild reaction conditions. Our investigation revealed that lipoic-acid ligase (LplA) modifies native IgG1 with biased site-specificity. An intact mass analysis revealed that 98.3% of IgG1 was modified by LplA and possessed at least one molecule of octanocic acid. The average number of modifications per antibody was calculated to be 4.6. Peptide mapping analysis revealed that the modified residues were K225, K249 and K363 in the Fc region, and K30, K76 and K136 in the heavy chain and K39/K42, K169, K188 and K190 in the light chain of the Fab region. Careful evaluation including solvent exposed amino acid analysis suggested that these conjugate sites were not only solvent exposed but also biased by the site-specificity of LplA. Furthermore, antibody fragment conjugation may be able to take advantage of this enzymatic approach. This feasibility study serves as a demonstration for preparing enzymatically modified antibodies with conjugation site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Shikida
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kota Inoue
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimbo
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Mihara
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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5
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Matsuda Y, Seki T, Yamada K, Ooba Y, Takahashi K, Fujii T, Kawaguchi S, Narita T, Nakayama A, Kitahara Y, Mendelsohn BA, Okuzumi T. Chemical Site-Specific Conjugation Platform to Improve the Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4058-4066. [PMID: 34579528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To overcome a lack of selectivity during the chemical modification of native non-engineered antibodies, we have developed a technology platform termed "AJICAP" for the site-specific chemical conjugation of antibodies through the use of a class of IgG Fc-affinity reagents. To date, a limited number of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been synthesized via this approach, and no toxicological study was reported. Herein, we describe the compatibility and robustness of AJICAP technology, which enabled the synthesis of a wide variety of ADCs. A stability assessment of a thiol-modified antibody synthesized by AJICAP technology indicated no appreciable increase in aggregation or decomposition upon prolonged storage, indicating that the unexpectedly stable thiol intermediate has a great potential intermediate for payload or linker screening or large-scale manufacturing. Payload conjugation with this stable thiol intermediate generated several AJICAP-ADCs. In vivo xenograft studies indicated that the AJICAP-ADCs displayed significant tumor inhibition comparable to benchmark ADC Kadcyla. Furthermore, a rat pharmacokinetic analysis and toxicology study indicated an increase in the maximum tolerated dose, demonstrating an expansion of the AJICAP-ADC therapeutic index, compared with stochastic conjugation technology. This is the first report of the therapeutic index estimation of site-specific ADCs produced by utilizing Fc affinity reagent conjugation. The described site-specific conjugation technology is a powerful platform to enable next-generation ADCs through reduced heterogeneity and enhanced therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.,Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Takuya Seki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yuri Ooba
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kawaguchi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takahiro Narita
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kitahara
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatsuya Okuzumi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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6
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Kang MS, Kong TWS, Khoo JYX, Loh TP. Recent developments in chemical conjugation strategies targeting native amino acids in proteins and their applications in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13613-13647. [PMID: 34760149 PMCID: PMC8549674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fields in chemical biology and synthetic biology require effective bioconjugation methods to achieve their desired functions and activities. Among such biomolecule conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) need a linker that provides a stable linkage between cytotoxic drugs and antibodies, whilst conjugating in a biologically benign, fast and selective fashion. This review focuses on how the development of novel organic synthesis can solve the problems of traditional linker technology. The review shall introduce and analyse the current developments in the modification of native amino acids on peptides or proteins and their applicability to ADC linker. Thereafter, the review shall discuss in detail each endogenous amino acid's intrinsic reactivity and selectivity aspects, and address the research effort to construct an ADC using each conjugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Theresa Wai See Kong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Joycelyn Yi Xin Khoo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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7
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. Recent Advances in Drug-Antibody Ratio Determination of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:976-983. [PMID: 34602579 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals produced by chemically linking small molecules (payloads) to antibodies that possess specific affinity for the target cell. The ADCs currently on the commercially market are the result of a stochastic conjugation of highly-potent payloads to multiple sites on the monoclonal antibody, resulting in a heterogeneous drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug distribution. The heterogeneity inherent to ADCs not produced site-specifically may not only be detrimental to the quality of the drug but also is less-desirable from the perspective of regulatory science. An ideal method or unified approach used to measure the DAR for ADCs, a critical aspect of their analysis and characterization, has not yet been established in the ADC field and remains an often-challenging issue for bioanalytical chemists. In this review we describe, compare, and evaluate the characteristics of various DAR determination methods for ADCs featuring recently reported technologies. The future landscape of bioconjugate DAR analysis is also discussed.
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8
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Matsuda Y. Current approaches for the purification of antibody-drug conjugates. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:27-37. [PMID: 34473399 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, antibody-drug conjugates have gained increasing attention because they expand the therapeutic index when compared with that of traditional chemotherapies. Antibody-drug conjugates are highly complex structures consisting of antibodies covalently conjugated with small-molecule cytotoxic drugs. The complex structure of antibody-drug conjugates makes chemistry, manufacturing, and control difficult. In contrast to antibody production, distinct purification methods following conjugation of antibodies with drug-linkers are required for the manufacturing. For process development of antibody drug conjugates, the drug-to-antibody ratio, free drug-linkers, and aggregates are critical quality attributes that must be strictly controlled and removed by appropriate purification techniques. In this review, features of various purification methods used to purify antibody drug conjugates are described and evaluated. The future landscape of the antibody-conjugates field is also discussed briefly.
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9
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Matsuda Y, Leung M, Tawfiq Z, Fujii T, Mendelsohn BA. In-situ Reverse Phased HPLC Analysis of Intact Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1171-1176. [PMID: 33518587 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of oncology has recently seen an exponential growth in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a biopharmaceutical class with seven ADCs being launched onto the market in the last ten years. Despite the increase in the industrial research and development of these compounds, their structural complexity and heterogeneity continue to present various challenges regarding their analysis including reaction monitoring. Robust and simple reaction monitoring analysis are in demand in the view of at-line in-process monitoring, and can instill control, confidence and reliability in the ADC manufacturing process. Aiming at providing chromatographic methods for conjugation monitoring, we evaluated herein the potential of utilizing reverse phase HPLC analysis, without sample pretreatment, for characterization of traditional cysteine-based ADCs. This analysis can be used for estimation of drug antibody ratio (DAR), which has shown the same trends and results as other well-established HPLC techniques. This methodology was also applied to three ADCs derived from three different antibodies. Additionally, we analyzed unpurified ADC samples existing in a complex reaction matrix and separated ADC species and payload compounds. This investigation was conducted using three different ADCs based on different payloads. The results described herein indicate the potential application of this RP-HPLC methodology in reaction monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Monica Leung
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Zhala Tawfiq
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Tomohiro Fujii
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States.
- Exelixis Inc, 1851 Harbor Bay Pkwy, Alameda, CA, 94502, United States.
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10
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von Witting E, Hober S, Kanje S. Affinity-Based Methods for Site-Specific Conjugation of Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1515-1524. [PMID: 34369763 PMCID: PMC8377709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of various reagents to antibodies has long been an elegant way to combine the superior binding features of the antibody with other desired but non-natural functions. Applications range from labels for detection in different analytical assays to the creation of new drugs by conjugation to molecules which improves the pharmaceutical effect. In many of these applications, it has been proven advantageous to control both the site and the stoichiometry of the conjugation to achieve a homogeneous product with predictable, and often also improved, characteristics. For this purpose, many research groups have, during the latest decade, reported novel methods and techniques, based on small molecules, peptides, and proteins with inherent affinity for the antibody, for site-specific conjugation of antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these methods and their applications and also describes a historical perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma von Witting
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Matsuda Y, Chakrabarti A, Takahashi K, Yamada K, Nakata K, Okuzumi T, Mendelsohn BA. Chromatographic analysis of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates produced by AJICAP first-generation technology using a recombinant FcγIIIa receptor-ligand affinity column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1177:122753. [PMID: 34098178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercially approved conventional antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are produced as heterogeneous mixtures containing a stochastic distribution of payloads decorating the antibody molecules resulting in decreased efficacy and thus lowering their therapeutic index. Control of the DAR and conjugation site in the development of next-generation ADCs is believed to assist in increasing the therapeutic index of these targeted biologics leading to overall enhanced clinical efficacy and reduced toxicity. A chemical site-specific conjugation technology termed AJICAP® allows ADC developers to control both the location and quantity of the payload conjugation to an antibody. Furthermore, this simplified ADC composition enables a streamlined chemical analysis. Here we report the chromatographic separation of site-specific ADCs produced by AJICAP® technology using an analytical affinity chromatography HPLC column containing a recombinant FcγIIIa receptor-ligand immobilized on a non-porous polymer resin (NPR). These HPLC analyses provided visually clear chromatogram results reflecting the heterogeneity of each ADC. The affinity strength was also measured by biolayer interferometry (BLI) and predicted by molecular structure analysis. The results indicate that AJICAP® technology is a promising solution to link hydrophobic payloads to antibodies without compromising antibody receptor function. This study also shows that FcγIIIa-NPR column can be used to characterize site-specific conjugated ADCs compared to ADCs synthesized using conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Atis Chakrabarti
- Tosoh Bioscience, 3604 Horizon Drive, Suite 100, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | | | - Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Kunio Nakata
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okuzumi
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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12
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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13
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Tiwari R, Shinde PS, Sreedharan S, Dey AK, Vallis KA, Mhaske SB, Pramanik SK, Das A. Photoactivatable prodrug for simultaneous release of mertansine and CO along with a BODIPY derivative as a luminescent marker in mitochondria: a proof of concept for NIR image-guided cancer therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2667-2673. [PMID: 34164035 PMCID: PMC8179275 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled and efficient activation is the crucial aspect of designing an effective prodrug. Herein we demonstrate a proof of concept for a light activatable prodrug with desired organelle specificity. Mertansine, a benzoansamacrolide, is an efficient microtubule-targeting compound that binds at or near the vinblastine-binding site in the mitochondrial region to induce mitotic arrest and cell death through apoptosis. Despite its efficacy even in the nanomolar level, this has failed in stage 2 of human clinical trials owing to the lack of drug specificity and the deleterious systemic toxicity. To get around this problem, a recent trend is to develop an antibody-conjugatable maytansinoid with improved tumor/organelle-specificity and lesser systematic toxicity. Endogenous CO is recognized as a regulator of cellular function and for its obligatory role in cell apoptosis. CO blocks the proliferation of cancer cells and effector T cells, and the primary target is reported to be the mitochondria. We report herein a new mitochondria-specific prodrug conjugate (Pro-DC) that undergoes a photocleavage reaction on irradiation with a 400 nm source (1.0 mW cm−2) to induce a simultaneous release of the therapeutic components mertansine and CO along with a BODIPY derivative (BODIPY(PPH3)2) as a luminescent marker in the mitochondrial matrix. The efficacy of the process is demonstrated using MCF-7 cells and could effectively be visualized by probing the intracellular luminescence of BODIPY(PPH3)2. This provides a proof-of-concept for designing a prodrug for image-guided combination therapy for mainstream treatment of cancer. Simultaneous release of two therapeutic reagents, mertansine and CO through photo-induced cleavage of a mitochondria-specific prodrug with improved drug efficacy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Tiwari
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar Gujarat India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | | | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Anik Kumar Dey
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar Gujarat India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Santosh B Mhaske
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar Gujarat India .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Amitava Das
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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14
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. An overview of process development for antibody-drug conjugates produced by chemical conjugation technology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:963-975. [PMID: 33141625 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1846714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We discuss chemical conjugation strategies for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) from an industrial perspective and compare three promising chemical conjugation technologies to produce site-specific ADCs.Areas covered: Currently, nine ADCs are commercially approved and all are produced by chemical conjugation technology. However, seven of these ADCs contain a relatively broad drug distribution, potentially limiting their therapeutic indices. In 2019, the first site-specific ADC was launched on the market by Daiichi-Sankyo. This achievement, and an analysis of clinical trials over the last decade, indicates that current industrial interest in the ADC field is shifting toward site-specific conjugation technologies. From an industrial point of view, we aim to provide guidance regarding established conjugation methodologies that have already been applied to scale-up stages. With an emphasis on highly productive, scalable, and synthetic process robustness, conjugation methodologies for ADC production is discussed herein.Expert opinion: All three chemical conjugation technologies described in this review have various advantages and disadvantages, therefore drug developers can utilize these depending on their biological and/or protein targets. The future landscape of the ADC field is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Process Development & Tech Transfer, Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Lee T, Kim JH, Kwon SJ, Park SH, Kim J, Kang HJ, Chung SJ. Photoconjugation of an Fc-Specific Peptide Enables Efficient DAR 2 Antibody-Drug Conjugate Formation. Org Lett 2020; 22:8419-8423. [PMID: 33074682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in current clinical usage have been constructed via the nonspecific conjugation of drugs to antibodies, rendering the manufacturing processes difficult. In this study, a high-affinity IgG Fc-binding peptide equipped with a photoreactive amino acid was developed and successfully conjugated to Glu-382 of trastuzumab in a site-specific manner. The resulting conjugate was employed to generate a DAR 2 ADC product using click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeJin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.,AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Kim
- AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
| | - Se Jeong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.,AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.,AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.,AbTis Co., Ltd., A-815, Suwon Venture Valley II, 142-10, Saneop-ro 156beon-gil, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon 16648, South Korea
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Matsuda Y, Tawfiq Z, Leung M, Mendelsohn BA. Insight into Temperature Dependency and Design of Experiments towards Process Development for Cysteine‐Based Antibody‐Drug Conjugates. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Co.Inc. 1-1 Suzuki-cho Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-8681 Japan
| | - Zhala Tawfiq
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
| | - Monica Leung
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
| | - Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
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TAWFIQ Z, MATSUDA Y, ALFONSO MJ, CLANCY C, ROBLES V, LEUNG M, MENDELSOHN BA. Analytical Comparison of Antibody-drug Conjugates Based on Good Manufacturing Practice Strategies. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:871-875. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Matsuda Y, Kliman M, Mendelsohn BA. Application of Native Ion Exchange Mass Spectrometry to Intact and Subunit Analysis of Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Produced by AJICAP First Generation Technology. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1706-1712. [PMID: 32608232 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are at the forefront of the next generation of oncology biopharmaceuticals. Conventional ADCs involve stochastic conjugation of the antibody to a cytotoxic drug, creating a highly heterogeneous product. The resulting stochastic distribution often leads to a narrow therapeutic index and makes it difficult to analyze the composition of heterogeneous ADCs. With the goal of overcoming these issues, we developed a site-specific conjugation technology, named AJICAP, for production of low heterogeneity ADCs. For analysis of these site-specific ADCs, we report herein strong cation exchange chromatography coupled with UV and mass spectrometry detection (SCX-UV-MS). Retention time reproducibility after SCX column equilibration enabled monitoring of important changes in product quality. SCX-UV-MS performed with MS-compatible mobile phases was conducted for intact native ADC analysis, allowing drug-antibody ratio characterization and charge variant characterization in single analysis. Furthermore, subunit analysis of the site-specific ADCs by native SCX-UV-MS confirmed the Fc site selectivity of ADCs generated by AJICAP conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michal Kliman
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757-3696, United States
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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A Purification Strategy Utilizing Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography to Obtain Homogeneous Species from a Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugate Produced by AJICAP™ First Generation. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020016. [PMID: 32443479 PMCID: PMC7344391 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, site-specific antibody drug conjugates (ADC)s have been in great demand because they have an expanded therapeutic index compared with conventional ADCs. AJICAP™ technology is a chemical conjugation platform to obtain site-specific ADCs through the use of a class of Fc-affinity compounds. Promising results from early technology development studies led to further investigation of AJICAP™ ADC materials to obtain site-specific and homogeneous drug antibody ratio (DAR) ADCs. Here we report site-specific conjugation followed by a preparative hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) purification strategy to obtain purified “DAR = 1.0” and “DAR = 2.0” AJICAP™ ADC materials. Optimization of the mobile phase conditions and resin achieved a high recovery rate. In vitro biological assay demonstrated the target selective activity for purified homogeneous DAR ADCs. These results indicate the ability of a HIC purification strategy to provide “DAR = 1.0” and “DAR = 2.0” AJICAP™ ADCs with considerable potency and target selectivity.
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Proof of site-specificity of antibody-drug conjugates produced by chemical conjugation technology: AJICAP first generation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1140:121981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Matsuda Y, Clancy C, Tawfiq Z, Robles V, Mendelsohn BA. Good Manufacturing Practice Strategy for Antibody-Drug Conjugate Synthesis Using Site-Specific Chemical Conjugation: First-Generation AJICAP. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20564-20570. [PMID: 31858041 PMCID: PMC6906777 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is in great demand in the oncology field. With the goal of maximizing the therapeutic index, the conjugation technology to produce ADCs has been shifted to a site-specific manner; however, it is still challenging to establish robust and scalable synthetic processes. We have developed a chemical conjugation platform termed AJICAP for site-specific ADC synthesis using IgG Fc-affinity peptides. Here, we report the preparation of site-specific ADCs based on first-generation AJICAP technology for use in good laboratory practice studies. Analysis of the final ADC product was conducted using validated systems and good manufacturing practice. This work may not only prompt further biological studies of AJICAP-ADC but also establish a strategy to provide well-documented manufacturing data to enable new drug application filings (e.g., investigational new drug applications) for site-specific ADCs.
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