1
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Sujansky SJ, Hoteling GA, Bandar JS. A strategy for the controllable generation of organic superbases from benchtop-stable salts. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10018-10026. [PMID: 38966380 PMCID: PMC11220602 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic superbases are a distinct class of strong base that enable numerous modern reaction applications. Despite their great synthetic potential, widespread use and study of superbases are limited by their air sensitivity and difficult preparation. To address this, we report air-stable carboxylate salts of BTPP and P2-t-Bu phosphazene superbases that, when added to solution with an epoxide, spontaneously generate freebase. These systems function as effective precatalysts and stoichiometric prereagents for superbase-promoted addition, substitution and polymerization reactions. In addition to improving the synthesis, shelf stability, handling and recycling of phosphazenes, this approach enables precise regulation of the rate of base generation in situ. The activation strategy effectively mimics manual slow addition techniques, allowing for control over a reaction's rate or induction period and improvement of reactions that require strong base but are also sensitive to its presence, such as Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Garrett A Hoteling
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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2
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Taylor CJ, Pomberger A, Felton KC, Grainger R, Barecka M, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. A Brief Introduction to Chemical Reaction Optimization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3089-3126. [PMID: 36820880 PMCID: PMC10037254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
From the start of a synthetic chemist's training, experiments are conducted based on recipes from textbooks and manuscripts that achieve clean reaction outcomes, allowing the scientist to develop practical skills and some chemical intuition. This procedure is often kept long into a researcher's career, as new recipes are developed based on similar reaction protocols, and intuition-guided deviations are conducted through learning from failed experiments. However, when attempting to understand chemical systems of interest, it has been shown that model-based, algorithm-based, and miniaturized high-throughput techniques outperform human chemical intuition and achieve reaction optimization in a much more time- and material-efficient manner; this is covered in detail in this paper. As many synthetic chemists are not exposed to these techniques in undergraduate teaching, this leads to a disproportionate number of scientists that wish to optimize their reactions but are unable to use these methodologies or are simply unaware of their existence. This review highlights the basics, and the cutting-edge, of modern chemical reaction optimization as well as its relation to process scale-up and can thereby serve as a reference for inspired scientists for each of these techniques, detailing several of their respective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Taylor
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexander Pomberger
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Kobi C Felton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Magda Barecka
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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3
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Kumar S, Kumar Sabbi T, Pingale R, Girase P, Kanchupalli V. 1,3-Diynes: A Versatile Precursor in Transition-Metal Catalyzed (Mediated) C-H Functionalizations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200228. [PMID: 36512645 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization of diverse arenes with alkyne units has attracted enormous attention for decades since they provide straightforward access to various functionalization/annulations, which are commonly present in bioactive compounds and natural products. Recently, conjugated alkynes (1,3-diynes) have been utilized as key coupling partner in many C-H activation reactions due to their versatile characteristic properties. The presence of two C≡C bonds in conjugated 1,3-diyne brings the new diversity in synthetic transformations, such as chemo-, regioselective pathways, mono-bis functionalizations, cascade annulations, etc. Herein, we summarized the latest developments in the realm of transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations of diverse arenes with 1,3-diynes. Moreover, we highlighted the diverse transformations, conditions, mechanisms and applications of the corresponding reaction in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Tharun Kumar Sabbi
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Rasika Pingale
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Pradeep Girase
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
| | - Vinaykumar Kanchupalli
- Department of Process Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, Telangana, India
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4
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Yang Q, Zhao Y, Ma D. Cu-Mediated Ullmann-Type Cross-Coupling and Industrial Applications in Route Design, Process Development, and Scale-up of Pharmaceutical and Agrochemical Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yinsong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Zhu Y, Ding L, Xu L, Chang H, Wang X, Zhang X. Evaluation of the Thermal Hazard of the Oxidation Reaction in the Synthesis of 3,4-Bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)furoxan. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Li Ding
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Luping Xu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Hai Chang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Kraus GA, Alterman JL. A Convenient Procedure for Sonogashira Reactions Using Propyne. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1648-7074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA modified Sonogashira coupling of aryl iodides and propyne was achieved using only two equivalents of propyne in THF from –78 °C to room temperature.
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7
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Wang Y, Xu X, Wu G, Pang B, Liao S, Ji Y. Ligand-Enabled C-H Olefination and Lactonization of Benzoic Acids and Phenylacetic Acids via Palladium Catalyst. Org Lett 2022; 24:821-825. [PMID: 35025521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel ligand propan-2-one O-(p-tolylcarbamoyl) oxime (L7) has been developed to promote C(sp2)-H olefination of benzoic acids and phenylacetic acids via a palladium catalyst. With the subsequent lactonization of the olefinated products through 1,4-addition, highly monoselective cyclic lactone products of benzofuranones and benzopyrones were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The DFT calculation demonstrated that the novel ligand propan-2-one O-(p-tolylcarbamoyl) oxime (L7) could improve the C-H activation reaction to give cyclic lactone products elegantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gaorong Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Binghan Pang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shaowen Liao
- Shanghai Jinli Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 108 Yuegong Road, Shanghai 201507, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Ji
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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8
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Sayyed FB, Kolis SP, Xia H. Quantum Mechanical Methods for Thermal Hazard Risk Assessment in Early Phase Pharmaceutical Development. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Bhasha Sayyed
- Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly Services India Pvt Ltd., Devarabeesanahalli, Bengaluru 560103, India
| | - Stanley P. Kolis
- Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Han Xia
- Synthetic Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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9
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Ring OT, Hayter BR, Ronson TO, Agnew LR, Ashworth IW, Cherryman J, Gall MAY, Hamilton PR, Inglesby PA, Jones MF, Lamacraft AL, Leahy AJ, McKinney D, Miller-Potucka L, Powell L, Putra OD, Robbins AJ, Tomasi S, Wordsworth RA. Process Development, Manufacture, and Understanding of the Atropisomerism and Polymorphism of Verinurad. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T. Ring
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Barry R. Hayter
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas O. Ronson
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren R. Agnew
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Ashworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Janette Cherryman
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm A. Y. Gall
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Hamilton
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip A. Inglesby
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin F. Jones
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex L. Lamacraft
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Leahy
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - David McKinney
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Miller-Potucka
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn Powell
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Okky D. Putra
- Early Product Development and Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 50, Sweden
| | - Andrew J. Robbins
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Tomasi
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Wordsworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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10
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Vásquez-Céspedes S, Betori RC, Cismesia MA, Kirsch JK, Yang Q. Heterogeneous Catalysis for Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Underutilized Powerful and Sustainable Tool in the Fine Chemical Industry? Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Vásquez-Céspedes
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Rick C. Betori
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Megan A. Cismesia
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Janelle K. Kirsch
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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11
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Nunewar S, Kumar S, Talakola S, Nanduri S, Kanchupalli V. Co(III), Rh(III) & Ir(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C−H Alkylation/Alkenylation/Arylation with Carbene Precursors. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:443-459. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saiprasad Nunewar
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 Telangana India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 Telangana India
| | - Srilakshmi Talakola
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 Telangana India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 Telangana India
| | - Vinaykumar Kanchupalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 Telangana India
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12
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Tian Y, Zhang X, Yu B, Bai Y, Guan L, Teng S, Li J, Huang C, Lanz M, Hoehn P. Case-Based Thermal Safety Evaluation on a Pharmaceutical Process Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Solvent. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Tian
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingmin Zhang
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Bai
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Limin Guan
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shangjun Teng
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Suzhou Novartis Technical Development, Co., Ltd., Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals (China) Suzhou Operations, Riverside Industrial Park Changshu Economic Development Zone, Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals (China) Suzhou Operations, Riverside Industrial Park Changshu Economic Development Zone, Changshu 215537, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Marian Lanz
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Hoehn
- Chemical & Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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13
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Wood-Black F, Blayney MB, Reid M, Montes I, Bayoumi AE, Sloan L, Rothbaum JO, Koudehi MF, Zibaseresht R, Bancroft L. Highlights: Multilingual Safety Resources, Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, Ethylene Glycol Purification, and More. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B. Blayney
- Research Safety, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marc Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Montes
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931-2537, Puerto Rico
| | - Alaa Eldin Bayoumi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima,
P.O.B. 68, Code No. 11241 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lawrence Sloan
- American Industrial Hygiene Association, Falls Church, Virginia 22042, United States
| | - Jacob O. Rothbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Masoumeh Foroutan Koudehi
- Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Centre, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Zibaseresht
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Maritime University of Imam Khomeini, Noshahr, Iran
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Kapdi AR, Bhilare S, Kori S, Shet H, Balaram G, Mahendar K, Sanghvi YS. Scale-Up of a Heck Alkenylation Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of an Amino-Modifier Nucleoside ‘Ruth Linker’. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRuth linker is a C5 pyrimidine modified nucleoside analogue widely utilized for the incorporation of a primary amine in a synthetic oligonucleotide. The increasing demand for non-radioactive labeling, detection of biomolecules, and assembly of COVID-19 test kits has triggered a need for scale-up of Ruth linker. Herein, an efficient protocol involving a palladium-catalyzed Heck alkenylation is described. The synthesis has been optimized with a goal of low catalyst concentration, column-free isolation, high product purity, reproducibility, and shorter reaction time. The scalability and utility of the process have been demonstrated successfully on a 100 g scale (starting material). Additionally, for scale-up of the Heck alkenylation protocol, 7-phospha-1,3,5-triaza-adamantanebutane sulfonate (PTABS) as the coordinating caged phosphine ligand was also synthesized on a multigram scale after careful optimization of the conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology
| | | | - Santosh Kori
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre
| | - Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre
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15
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Green SP, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. On the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Thermal Hazard Assessment of New Chemistry: Avoiding Explosive Mistakes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P. Green
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Katherine M. Wheelhouse
- Chemical Development Product Development & Supply GlaxoSmithKline GSK Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Andrew D. Payne
- Process Safety Clinical Supply Chain GlaxoSmithKline GSK Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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16
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Green SP, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. On the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Thermal Hazard Assessment of New Chemistry: Avoiding Explosive Mistakes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15798-15802. [PMID: 32893978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is increasingly used as evidence to support a favourable safety profile of novel chemistry, or to highlight the need for caution. DSC enables preliminary assessment of the thermal hazards of a potentially energetic compound. However, unlike other standard characterisation methods, which have well defined formats for reporting data, the current reporting of DSC results for thermal hazard assessment has shown concerning trends. Around half of all results in 2019 did not include experimental details required to replicate the procedure. Furthermore, analysis for thermal hazard assessment is often only conducted in unsealed crucibles, which could lead to misleading results and dangerously incorrect conclusions. We highlight the specific issues with DSC analysis of hazardous compounds currently in the organic chemistry literature and provide simple "best practice" guidelines which will give chemists confidence in reported DSC results and the conclusions drawn from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Green
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katherine M Wheelhouse
- Chemical Development, Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Andrew D Payne
- Process Safety, Clinical Supply Chain, GlaxoSmithKline, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jason P Hallett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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17
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McCann SD, Reichert EC, Arrechea PL, Buchwald SL. Development of an Aryl Amination Catalyst with Broad Scope Guided by Consideration of Catalyst Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15027-15037. [PMID: 32786769 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new dialkylbiaryl monophosphine ligand, GPhos, that supports a palladium catalyst capable of promoting carbon-nitrogen cross-coupling reactions between a variety of primary amines and aryl halides; in many cases, these reactions can be carried out at room temperature. The reaction development was guided by the idea that the productivity of catalysts employing BrettPhos-like ligands is limited by their lack of stability at room temperature. Specifically, it was hypothesized that primary amine and N-heteroaromatic substrates can displace the phosphine ligand, leading to the formation of catalytically dormant palladium complexes that reactivate only upon heating. This notion was supported by the synthesis and kinetic study of a putative off-cycle Pd complex. Consideration of this off-cycle species, together with the identification of substrate classes that are not effectively coupled at room temperature using previous catalysts, led to the design of a new dialkylbiaryl monophosphine ligand. An Ot-Bu substituent was added ortho to the dialkylphosphino group of the ligand framework to improve the stability of the most active catalyst conformer. To offset the increased size of this substituent, we also removed the para i-Pr group of the non-phosphorus-containing ring, which allowed the catalyst to accommodate binding of even very large α-tertiary primary amine nucleophiles. In comparison to previous catalysts, the GPhos-supported catalyst exhibits better reactivity both under ambient conditions and at elevated temperatures. Its use allows for the coupling of a range of amine nucleophiles, including (1) unhindered, (2) five-membered-ring N-heterocycle-containing, and (3) α-tertiary primary amines, each of which previously required a different catalyst to achieve optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D McCann
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elaine C Reichert
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Pedro Luis Arrechea
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Firth JD, Fairlamb IJS. A Need for Caution in the Preparation and Application of Synthetically Versatile Aryl Diazonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts. Org Lett 2020; 22:7057-7059. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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19
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Yang Q, Sheng M, Huang Y. Potential Safety Hazards Associated with Using N,N-Dimethylformamide in Chemical Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Min Sheng
- Reactive Chemicals, Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Yongliang Huang
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 338 Jialilue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Guérinot A, Cossy J. Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings between Alkyl Halides and Grignard Reagents. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1351-1363. [PMID: 32649826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed cross-couplings have emerged as essential tools for the construction of C-C bonds. The identification of efficient catalytic systems as well as large substrate scope made these cross-couplings key reactions to access valuable molecules ranging from materials, agrochemicals to active pharmaceutical ingredients. They have been increasingly integrated in retrosynthetic plans, allowing shorter and original route development. Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings still largely rule the field, with the most popular reactions in industrial processes being the Suzuki and Sonogashira couplings. However, the extensive use of palladium complexes raises several problems such as limited resources, high cost, environmental impact, and frequent need for sophisticated ligands. As a consequence, the use of nonprecious and cheap metal catalysts has appeared as a new horizon in cross-coupling development. Over the last three decades, a growing interest has thus been devoted to Fe-, Co-, Cu-, or Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings. Their natural abundance makes them cost-effective, allowing the conception of more sustainable and less expensive chemical processes, especially for large-scale production of active molecules. In addition to these economical and environmental considerations, the 3d metal catalysts also exhibit complementary reactivity with palladium complexes, facilitating the use of alkyl halide partners due to the decrease of β-elimination side reactions. In particular, by using cobalt catalysts, numerous cross-couplings between alkyl halides and organometallics have been described. However, cobalt catalysis still stays far behind palladium catalysis in terms of popularity and applications, and the expansion of the substrate scope as well as the development of simple and robust catalytic systems remains an important challenge.In 2012, our group entered the cobalt catalysis field by developing a cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling between C-bromo glycosides and Grignard reagents. The generality of the coupling allowed the preparation of a range of valuable C-aryl and C-vinyl glycoside building blocks. We then focused on the functionalization of saturated N-heterocycles, and a variety of halo-azetidines, -pyrrolidines, and -piperidines were successfully reacted with aryl and alkenyl Grignard reagents under cobalt catalysis. With the objective of preparing valuable α-aryl amides, a cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling applied to α-bromo amides was studied and then extended to α-bromo lactams. Recently, we also reported an efficient and general cross-coupling involving cyclopropyl- and cyclobutyl-magnesium bromides. This method allows the alkylation of functionalized small strained rings by a range of primary and secondary alkyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guérinot
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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21
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Yang Q, Sheng M, Li X, Tucker C, Vásquez Céspedes S, Webb NJ, Whiteker GT, Yu J. Potential Explosion Hazards Associated with the Autocatalytic Thermal Decomposition of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Its Mixtures. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Min Sheng
- Reactive Chemicals, Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Craig Tucker
- Reactive Chemicals, Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Suhelen Vásquez Céspedes
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Nicola J. Webb
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Gregory T. Whiteker
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- EHS&S, Corteva Agriscience, 338 Jialilue Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Bhilare S, Shet H, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Discovery, Synthesis, and Scale-up of Efficient Palladium Catalysts Useful for the Modification of Nucleosides and Heteroarenes. Molecules 2020; 25:E1645. [PMID: 32260100 PMCID: PMC7181029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid derivatives are imperative biomolecules and are involved in life governing processes. The chemical modification of nucleic acid is a fascinating area for researchers due to the potential activity exhibited as antiviral and antitumor agents. In addition, these molecules are also of interest toward conducting useful biochemical, pharmaceutical, and mutagenic study. For accessing such synthetically useful structures and features, transition-metal catalyzed processes have been proven over the years to be an excellent tool for carrying out the various transformations with ease and under mild reaction conditions. Amidst various transition-metal catalyzed processes available for nucleoside modification, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have proven to be perhaps the most efficient, successful, and broadly applicable reactions in both academia and industry. Pd-catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond forming reactions have been widely used for the modification of the heterocyclic moiety in the nucleosides, although a single catalyst system that could address all the different requirements for nucleoside modifications isvery rare or non-existent. With this in mind, we present herein a review showcasing the recent developments and improvements from our research groups toward the development of Pd-catalyzed strategies including drug synthesis using a single efficient catalyst system for the modification of nucleosides and other heterocycles. The review also highlights the improvement in conditions or the yield of various bio-active nucleosides or commercial drugs possessing the nucleoside structural core. Scale ups wherever performed (up to 100 g) of molecules of commercial importance have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrughn Bhilare
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, MouzaSamantpuri, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India;
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, CA 92024-6615, USA;
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, MouzaSamantpuri, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India;
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