1
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Rücker T, Schupp N, Sprang F, Horsten T, Wittgens B, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate - a renaissance of an electrochemically generated green oxidizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7136-7147. [PMID: 38912960 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The direct anodic conversion of alkali carbonates in aqueous media provides access to peroxodicarbonate, which is a safe to use and green oxidizer. Although first reports date back around 150 years, its low concentrations and limited thermal stability have consigned this reagent to oblivion. Boron-doped diamond anodes, novel electrolyser concepts for heat dissipation, and the mixed cation trick allow record breaking peroxodicarbonate concentrations >900 mM. The electrochemical generation of peroxodicarbonate was already demonstrated on a pilot scale. The inherent safety is ensured by the limited stability of the peroxodicarbonate solution, which decomposes under ambient conditions to oxygen and facilitates subsequent downstream processing. This peroxide has, in particular at higher concentrations, an unusual reactivity and seems to be an ideal reagent when peroxo-equivalents in combination with alkaline base are required. The conversions with peroxodicarbonate include the Dakin reaction, epoxidation, oxidation of amines (aliphatic and aromatic) and sulfur compounds, deborolative hydroxylation reactions, and many more. Since the base equivalents also represent the makeup chemical for pulping plants, peroxodicarbonate is an ideal reagent for the selective degradation of lignin to vanillin. Moreover, peroxodicarbonate can be used as a halogen-free bleaching agent. The emerging electrogeneration and use of this green platform oxidizer are surveyed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rücker
- Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Tomas Horsten
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Nikl J, Hofman K, Mossazghi S, Möller IC, Mondeshki D, Weinelt F, Baumann FE, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical oxo-functionalization of cyclic alkanes and alkenes using nitrate and oxygen. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4565. [PMID: 37507379 PMCID: PMC10382549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds allows rapid access to valuable products, starting from simple petrochemicals. However, the chemical transformation of non-activated methylene groups remains challenging for organic synthesis. Here, we report a general electrochemical method for the oxidation of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H bonds, in which cyclic alkanes and (cyclic) olefins are converted into cycloaliphatic ketones as well as aliphatic (di)carboxylic acids. This resource-friendly method is based on nitrate salts in a dual role as anodic mediator and supporting electrolyte, which can be recovered and recycled. Reducing molecular oxygen as a cathodic counter reaction leads to efficient convergent use of both electrode reactions. By avoiding transition metals and chemical oxidizers, this protocol represents a sustainable oxo-functionalization method, leading to a valuable contribution for the sustainable conversion of petrochemical feedstocks into synthetically usable fine chemicals and commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Nikl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kamil Hofman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samuel Mossazghi
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isabel C Möller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Mondeshki
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Weinelt
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Strasse 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Cohen B, Lehnherr D, Sezen-Edmonds M, Forstater JH, Frederick MO, Deng L, Ferretti AC, Harper K, Diwan M. Emerging Reaction Technologies in Pharmaceutical Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Electrochemistry, Photochemistry, and Biocatalysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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López-Maldonado JT, Salazar-Colores S, Piedra S, Rivera FF. Effect of Flow Distributor Configuration on the Hydrodynamics in a Multipurpose Flow Electrochemical Reactor: Numerical Analysis and Experimental Characterization Employing Digital Image Treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José. T. López-Maldonado
- División de Tecnologías Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Querétaro, Carretera Estatal 420 SN,. El Marqués, Querétaro C.P. 76240, Mexico
| | - Sebastian Salazar-Colores
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, Lomas del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato C.P. 37150, Mexico
| | - Saul Piedra
- CONACYT-Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta No. 702. Desarrollo San Pablo. Querétaro, Querétaro C.P. 76125, Mexico
| | - Fernando F. Rivera
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, Querétaro C.P. 76703, Mexico
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6
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Pellumbi K, Wickert L, Kleinhaus JT, Wolf J, Leonard A, Tetzlaff D, Goy R, Medlock JA, Junge Puring K, Cao R, Siegmund D, Apfel UP. Opening the pathway towards a scalable electrochemical semi-hydrogenation of alkynols via earth-abundant metal chalcogenides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12461-12468. [PMID: 36382291 PMCID: PMC9629083 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04647d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrosynthetic methods are crucial for a future sustainable transformation of the chemical industry. Being an integral part of many synthetic pathways, the electrification of hydrogenation reactions gained increasing interest in recent years. However, for the large-scale industrial application of electrochemical hydrogenations, low-resistance zero-gap electrolysers operating at high current densities and high substrate concentrations, ideally applying noble-metal-free catalyst systems, are required. Because of their conductivity, stability, and stoichiometric flexibility, transition metal sulfides of the pentlandite group have been thoroughly investigated as promising electrocatalysts for electrochemical applications but were not investigated for electrochemical hydrogenations of organic materials. An initial screening of a series of first row transition metal pentlandites revealed promising activity for the electrochemical hydrogenation of alkynols in water. The most active catalyst within the series was then incorporated into a zero-gap electrolyser enabling the hydrogenation of alkynols at current densities of up to 240 mA cm-2, Faraday efficiencies of up to 75%, and an alkene selectivity of up to 90%. In this scalable setup we demonstrate high stability of catalyst and electrode for at least 100 h. Altogether, we illustrate the successful integration of a sustainable catalyst into a scalable zero-gap electrolyser establishing electrosynthetic methods in an application-oriented manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Julian T Kleinhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jonas Wolf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Allison Leonard
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - David Tetzlaff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Roman Goy
- DSM Nutritional Products AG Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Medlock
- DSM Nutritional Products AG Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 D-46047 Oberhausen Germany
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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7
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Kisukuri CM, Bednarz RJ, Kampf C, Arndt S, Waldvogel SR. Robust and Self-Cleaning Electrochemical Production of Periodate. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200874. [PMID: 35670517 PMCID: PMC9546426 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Periodate, a platform oxidizer, can be electrochemically recycled in a self-cleaning process. Electrosynthesis of periodate is well established at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. However, recovered iodate and other iodo species for recycling can contain traces of organic impurities from previous applications. For the first time, it was shown that the organic impurities do not hamper the electrochemical re-oxidation of used periodate. In a hydroxyl-mediated environment, the organic compounds form CO2 and H2 O during the degradation process. This process is often referred to as "cold combustion" and provides orthogonal conditions to periodate synthesis. To demonstrate the strategy, different dyes, pharmaceutically active ingredients, and iodine compounds were added as model contaminations into the process of electrochemical periodate production. UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to monitor the degradation of organic molecules, and liquid chromatography-MS was used to control the purity of periodate. As a representative example, dimethyl 5-iodoisophthalate (2 mm), was degraded in 90, 95, and 99 % while generating 0.042, 0.054, and 0.082 kilo equiv. of periodate, respectively. In addition, various organic iodo compounds could be fed into the periodate generation for upcycling such iodo-containing waste, for example, contrast media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M. Kisukuri
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | | | - Christopher Kampf
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Arndt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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8
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Arndt S, Rücker R, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Reactor Design for the Direct Electrosynthesis of Periodate. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Arndt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard Rücker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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10
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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11
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproducibility in Electroorganic Synthesis-Myths and Misunderstandings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14750-14759. [PMID: 33428811 PMCID: PMC8251947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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12
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Gleede B, Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Developments in the Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-2,2'-biphenol. Chemistry 2021; 27:8252-8263. [PMID: 33453091 PMCID: PMC8248109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The symmetric biphenol 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol is a well‐known ligand building block and is used in transition‐metal catalysis. In the literature, there are several synthetic routes for the preparation of this exceptional molecule. Herein, the focus is on the sustainable electrochemical synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol. A brief overview of the developmental history of this inconspicuous molecule, which is of great interest for technical applications, but has many challenges for its synthesis, is provided. The electro‐organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthesis to obtain this symmetric biphenol up to the kilogram scale. Another section of this article is devoted to different process management strategies in batch‐type and flow electrolysis and their respective advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Dörr M, Hielscher MM, Proppe J, Waldvogel SR. Electrosynthetic Screening and Modern Optimization Strategies for Electrosynthesis of Highly Value‐added Products. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Jonny Proppe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Georg-August Universität Tammannstr. 6 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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14
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproduzierbarkeit in der elektroorganischen Synthese – Mythen und Missverständnisse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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15
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Abstract
Abstract3,3′,5,5’-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol is well known as an outstanding building block for ligands in transition-metal catalysis and is therefore of particular industrial interest. The electro-organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthetic approaches to obtain symmetric and non-symmetric biphenols. Here, we report the successive scale-up of the dehydrogenative anodic homocoupling of 2,4-dimethylphenol (4) from laboratory scale to the technically relevant scale in highly modular narrow gap flow electrolysis cells. The electrosynthesis was optimized in a manner that allows it to be easily adopted to different scales such as laboratory, semitechnical and technical scale. This includes not only the synthesis itself and its optimization but also a work-up strategy of the desired biphenols for larger scale. Furthermore, the challenges such as side reactions, heat development and gas evolution that arose during optimization are also discussed in detail. We have succeeded in obtaining yields of up to 62% of the desired biphenol.
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16
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Röckl JL, Dörr M, Waldvogel SR. Electrosynthesis 2.0 in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol/Amine Mixtures. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Röckl
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maurice Dörr
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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17
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Chen L, Barton LM, Vantourout JC, Xu Y, Chu C, Johnson EC, Sabatini JJ, Baran PS. Electrochemical Cyclobutane Synthesis in Flow: Scale-Up of a Promising Melt-Castable Energetic Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longrui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Barton
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yinghua Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chengpu Chu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Eric C. Johnson
- Energetics Synthesis & Formulation Branch, U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Jesse J. Sabatini
- Energetics Synthesis & Formulation Branch, U.S. Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Supporting-Electrolyte-Free and Scalable Flow Process for the Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772 Marl, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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20
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Teuten AE, Pletcher D, Brown RCD. A design of flow electrolysis cell for ‘Home’ fabrication. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimising the performance of a simple electrolysis flow cell design in recycle mode; application to selective anodic and cathodic electrosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex E. Teuten
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | - Derek Pletcher
- School of Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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