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Kirse TM, Maisuls I, Spierling L, Hepp A, Kösters J, Strassert CA. One Dianionic Luminophore with Three Coordination Modes Binding Four Different Metals: Toward Unexpectedly Phosphorescent Transition Metal Complexes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306801. [PMID: 38161218 PMCID: PMC10953592 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This work reports on a battery of coordination compounds featuring a versatile dianionic luminophore adopting three different coordination modes (mono, bi, and tridentate) while chelating Pd(II), Pt(II), Au(III), and Hg(II) centers. An in-depth structural characterization of the ligand precursor (H2 L) and six transition metal complexes ([HLPdCNtBu], [LPtCl], [LPtCNtBu], [LPtCNPhen], [HLHgCl], and [LAuCl]) is presented. The influence of the cations and coordination modes of the luminophore and co-ligands on the photophysical properties (including photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦL ), excited state lifetimes (τ), and average (non-)radiative rate constants) are evaluated at various temperatures in different phases. Five complexes show interesting photophysical properties at room temperature (RT) in solution. Embedment in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K significantly boosts their luminescence by suppressing radiationless deactivation paths. Thus, the Pt(II)-based compounds provide the highest efficiencies, with slight variations upon exchange of the ancillary ligand. In the case of [HLPdCNtBu], both ΦL and τ increase over 30-fold as compared to RT. Furthermore, the Hg(II) complex achieves, for the first time in its class, a ΦL exceeding 60% and millisecond-range lifetimes. This demonstrates that a judicious ligand design can pave the way toward versatile coordination compounds with tunable excited state properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Kirse
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- CiMiCSoN and CeNTechUniversität MünsterHeisenbergstr. 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- CiMiCSoN and CeNTechUniversität MünsterHeisenbergstr. 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Leander Spierling
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- CiMiCSoN and CeNTechUniversität MünsterHeisenbergstr. 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieUniversität MünsterCorrensstr. 28/3048149MünsterGermany
- CiMiCSoN and CeNTechUniversität MünsterHeisenbergstr. 1148149MünsterGermany
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Jordan R, Maisuls I, Nair SS, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Strassert CA, Klein A. Enhanced luminescence properties through heavy ancillary ligands in [Pt(C^N^C)(L)] complexes, L = AsPh 3 and SbPh 3. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 38013458 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In the frame of our research aiming to develop efficient triplet-emitting materials, we are exploring the concept of introducing additional heavy atoms into cyclometalated transition metal complexes to enhance intersystem-crossing (ISC) and thus triplet emission through increased spin-orbit coupling (SOC). In an in-depth proof-of-principle study we investigated the double cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes [Pt(C^N^C)(PnPh3)] (HC^N^CH = 2,6-diphenyl-pyridine (H2dpp) or dibenzoacridine (H2dba); Pn = pnictogen atoms P, As, Sb, or Bi) through a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The derivatives containing Pn = P, As, and Sb were synthesised and characterised comprehensively using single crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD), UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Across the series P < As < Sb, a red-shift is observed concerning absorption and emission maxima as well as optical and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps. Increased photoluminescence quantum yields ΦL and radiative rates kr from mixed metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT)/ligand centred (LC) triplet states are observed for the heavier homologues. Transient absorption spectroscopy showed processes in the ps range that were assigned to the population of the T1 state by ISC. The heavy PnPh3 ancillary ligands are found to enhance the emission efficiency due to both higher Pt-Pn bond strength and stronger SOC related to increased MLCT character of the excited states. The experimental findings are mirrored in hybrid (TD-)DFT calculations. This allowed for extrapolation to the rather elusive Bi derivatives, which were synthetically not accessible. This shortcoming is attributed to the transmetalation of phenyl groups from BiPh3 to Pt, as supported by experimental NMR/MS as well as DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Jordan
- University of Cologne, Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, CeNTech, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Shruthi S Nair
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CiMIC, CeNTech, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Axel Klein
- University of Cologne, Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
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Gutierrez Suburu ME, Blanke M, Hepp A, Maus O, Schwab D, Doltsinis NL, Zeier WG, Giese M, Voskuhl J, Strassert CA. Pt(II) Complexes with Tetradentate C^N*N^C Luminophores: From Supramolecular Interactions to Temperature-Sensing Materials with Memory and Optical Readouts. Molecules 2023; 28:7353. [PMID: 37959770 PMCID: PMC10649584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of four regioisomeric Pt(II) complexes (PtLa-n and PtLb-n) bearing tetradentate luminophores as dianionic ligands were synthesized. Hence, both classes of cyclometallating chelators were decorated with three n-hexyl (n = 6) or n-dodecyl (n = 12) chains. The new compounds were unambiguously characterized by means of multiple NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy as well quantum chemical calculations show that the effect of the regioisomerism on the emission colour and on the deactivation rate constants can be correlated with the participation of the Pt atom on the excited state. The thermal properties of the complexes were studied by DSC, POM and temperature-dependent steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy. Three of the four complexes (PtLa-12, PtLb-6 and PtLb-12) present an intriguing thermochromism resulting from the responsive metal-metal interactions involving adjacent monomeric units. Each material has different transition temperatures and memory capabilities, which can be tuned at the intermolecular level. Hence, dipole-dipole interactions between the luminophores and disruption of the crystalline packing by the alkyl groups are responsible for the final properties of the resulting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias E. Gutierrez Suburu
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Center for Soft Nanosciences (SoN), Cells in Motion Interfaculty Cluster (CiMIC), Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Meik Blanke
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Maus
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwab
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Giese
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Center for Soft Nanosciences (SoN), Cells in Motion Interfaculty Cluster (CiMIC), Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Munster, Germany
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Höhn V, Feuerstein W, Rehak FR, Kehry M, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Klopper W, Breher F. Non-Palindromic C∧C∧P Platinum and Palladium Pincer Complexes Showing Intense Phosphorescence via Direct Spin-Forbidden S 0 → T 1 Excitation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15627-15640. [PMID: 37682719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of C∧C∧P pre-ligands based on a dicyclohexylphosphine-substituted biphenyl framework is reported. The pre-ligands form the respective non-palindromic pincer complexes of PtII and PdII via double oxidative addition and subsequent comproportionation or C-H activation. The complexes of PtII as well as PdII emit similar green phosphorescence efficiently in the solid state, the former also in solution albeit with less intensity. The most fascinating photophysical feature, however, is a direct singlet-triplet (S0 → T1) excitation of this phosphorescence in the spectral window between the emission and the major singlet-singlet UV absorption. The S0 → T1 excitation spectra show a rich vibronic pattern, which is especially pronounced for the solid samples at cryogenic temperatures. The molar extinction of the lowest-energy singlet-triplet absorption band of the homologous Pt and Pd complexes as well as that of the Pt complex with a different (NHC) ancillary ligand were determined in tetrahydrofuran solutions. Quantum efficiencies of triplet formation (by intersystem crossing) via the "standard" excitation pathway S0 → Sn → T1 were determined for the Pt complexes and found to be different in dependence of the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Höhn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Feuerstein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian R Rehak
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gómez de Segura D, Giménez N, Rincón-Montón D, Moreno MT, Pichel JG, López IP, Lalinde E. A new family of luminescent [Pt(pbt) 2(C 6F 5)L] n+ ( n = 1, 0) complexes: synthesis, optical and cytotoxic studies. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12390-12403. [PMID: 37594064 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Given the widely recognized bioactivity of 2-arylbenzothiazoles against tumor cells, we have designed a new family of luminescent heteroleptic pentafluorophenyl-bis(2-phenylbenzothiazolyl) PtIV derivatives, fac-[Pt(pbt)2(C6F5)L]n+ (n = 1, 0) [L = 4-Mepy 1, 4-pyridylbenzothiazole (pybt) 2, 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bpy) 3, 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) 4 (E/Z ratio: 90/10), 1,4-bis-(pyridyl)butadiyne (bpyb) 5, trifluoroacetate (-OCOCF3) 6] and a dinuclear complex [{Pt(pbt)2(C6F5)}2(μ-bpyb)](PF6)27, in which the trans ligand to the metalated C-(pbt) was varied to modify the optical properties and lipophilicity. Their photophysical properties were systematically studied through experimental and theoretical investigations, which were strongly dependent on the identity of the N-bonded ligand. Thus, complexes 1, 3 and 6 display, in different media, emission from the triplet excited states of primarily intraligand 3ILCT nature localized on the pbt ligand, while the emissions of 2, 5 and 7 were ascribed to a mixture of close 3IL'(N donor)/3ILCT(pbt) excited states, as supported by lifetime measurements and theoretical calculations. Irradiation of the initial E/Z mixture of 4 (15 min) led to a steady state composed of roughly 1 : 1.15 (E : Z) and this complex was not emissive at room temperature due to an enhanced intramolecular E to Z isomerization process of the 1,2-bis-(4-pyridyl)ethylene ligand. Complexes 1-3 and 6 showed excellent quantum yields for the generation of singlet oxygen in aerated MeCN solution with the values of ϕ(1O2) ranging from 0.66 to 0.86 using phenalenone as a reference. Cationic complexes 1-3 exhibited remarkable efficacy in the nanomolar range against A549 (lung carcinoma) and HeLa (cervix carcinoma) cell lines with notable selectivity relative to the non-tumorigenic BEAS-2B (bronchial epithelium) cells. In the A549 cell line, the neutral complex 6 showed low cytotoxicity (IC50: 29.40 μM) and high photocytotoxicity (IC50: 5.75) when cells were irradiated with blue light for 15 min. These complexes do not show evidence of DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Nora Giménez
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - David Rincón-Montón
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Icíar P López
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Doettinger F, Yang Y, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Bichromophoric Photosensitizers: How and Where to Attach Pyrene Moieties to Phenanthroline to Generate Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8166-8178. [PMID: 37200533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organic dye that can form superior bichromophoric systems when combined with a transition metal-based chromophore. However, little is known about the effect of the type of attachment (i.e., 1- vs 2-pyrenyl) and the individual position of the pyrenyl substituents at the ligand. Therefore, a systematic series of three novel diimine ligands and their respective heteroleptic diimine-diphosphine copper(I) complexes has been designed and extensively studied. Special attention was given to two different substitution strategies: (i) attaching pyrene via its 1-position, which occurs most frequently in the literature, or via its 2-position and (ii) targeting two contrasting substitution patterns at the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, i.e., the 5,6- and the 4,7-position. In the applied spectroscopic, electrochemical, and theoretical methods (UV/vis, emission, time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption, cyclic voltammetry, density functional theory), it has been shown that the precise choice of the derivatization sites is crucial. Substituting the pyridine rings of phenanthroline in the 4,7-position with the 1-pyrenyl moiety has the strongest impact on the bichromophore. This approach results in the most anodically shifted reduction potential and a drastic increase in the excited state lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude. In addition, it enables the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield of 96% and the most beneficial activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of 1,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Doettinger
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Triplet Emitting C^N^C Cyclometalated Dibenzo[c,h]Acridine Pt(II) Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228054. [PMID: 36432153 PMCID: PMC9697690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a series of Pt(II) complexes [Pt(dba)(L)] containing the very rigid, dianionic, bis-cyclometalating, tridentate C^N^C2− heterocyclic ligand dba2− (H2dba = dibenzo[c,h]acridine), the coligand (ancillary ligand) L = dmso, PPh3, CNtBu and Me2Imd (N,N’-dimethylimidazolydene) was varied in order to improve its luminescence properties. Beginning with the previously reported dmso complex, we synthesized the PPh3, CNtBu and Me2Imd derivatives and characterized them by elemental analysis, 1H (and 31P) NMR spectroscopy and MS. Cyclic voltammetry showed partially reversible reduction waves ranging between −1.89 and −2.10 V and increasing along the series Me2Imd < dmso ≈ PPh3 < CNtBu. With irreversible oxidation waves ranging between 0.55 (L = Me2Imd) and 1.00 V (dmso), the electrochemical gaps range between 2.65 and 2.91 eV while increasing along the series Me2Imd < CNtBu < PPh3 < dmso. All four complexes show in part vibrationally structured long-wavelength absorption bands peaking at around 530 nm. TD-DFT calculated spectra agree quite well with the experimental spectra, with only a slight redshift. The photoluminescence spectra of all four compounds are very similar. In fluid solution at 298 K, they show broad, only partially structured bands, with maxima at around 590 nm, while in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K, slightly blue-shifted (~580 nm) bands with clear vibronic progressions were found. The photoluminescence quantum yields ΦL ranged between 0.04 and 0.24, at 298 K, and between 0.80 and 0.90 at 77 K. The lifetimes τ at 298 K ranged between 60 and 14040 ns in Ar-purged solutions and increased from 17 to 43 µs at 77 K. The TD-DFT calculated emission spectra are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings. In terms of high ΦL and long τ, the dmso and PPh3 complexes outperform the CNtBu and Me2Imd derivatives. This is remarkable in view of the higher ligand strength of Me2Imd, compared with all other coligands, as concluded from the electrochemical data.
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Krause M, Maisuls I, Buss S, Strassert CA, Winter A, Schubert US, Nair SS, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Klein A. Photophysical Study on the Rigid Pt(II) Complex [Pt(naphen)(Cl)] (Hnaphen = Naphtho[1,2-b][1,10]Phenanthroline and Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207022. [PMID: 36296617 PMCID: PMC9606891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemistry and photophysics of the Pt(II) complexes [Pt(naphen)(X)] (Hnaphen = naphtho[1,2-b][1,10]phenanthroline, X = Cl or C≡CPh) containing the rigid tridentate C^N^N-coordinating pericyclic naphen ligand was studied alongside the complexes of the tetrahydro-derivative [Pt(thnaphen)(X)] (Hthnaphen = 5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-naphtho[1,2-b][1,10]phenanthroline) and the N^C^N-coordinated complex [Pt(bdq)(Cl)] (Hbdq = benzo[1,2-h:5,4-h’]diquinoline. The cyclic voltammetry showed reversible reductions for the C^N^N complexes, with markedly fewer negative potentials (around −1.6 V vs. ferrocene) for the complexes containing the naphen ligand compared with the thnaphen derivatives (around −1.9 V). With irreversible oxidations at around +0.3 V for all of the complexes, the naphen made a difference in the electrochemical gap of about 0.3 eV (1.9 vs. 2.2 eV) compared with thnaphen. The bdq complex was completely different, with an irreversible reduction at around −2 V caused by the N^C^N coordination pattern, which lacked a good electron acceptor such as the phenanthroline unit in the C^N^N ligand naphen. Long-wavelength UV-Vis absorption bands were found around 520 to 530 nm for the C^N^N complexes with the C≡CPh coligand and were red-shifted when compared with the Cl derivatives. The N^C^N-coordinated bdq complex was markedly blue-shifted (493 nm). The steady-state photoluminescence spectra showed poorly structured emission bands peaking at around 630 nm for the two naphen complexes and 570 nm for the thnaphen derivatives. The bdq complex showed a pronounced vibrational structure and an emission maximum at 586 nm. Assuming mixed 3LC/3MLCT excited states, the vibronic progression for the N^C^N bdq complex indicated a higher LC character than assumed for the C^N^N-coordinated naphen and thnaphen complexes. The blue-shift was a result of the different N^C^N vs. C^N^N coordination. The photoluminescence lifetimes and quantum yields ΦL massively increased from solutions at 298 K (0.06 to 0.24) to glassy frozen matrices at 77 K (0.80 to 0.95). The nanosecond time-resolved study on [Pt(naphen)(Cl)] showed a phosphorescence emission signal originating from the mixed 3LC/3MLCT with an emission lifetime of around 3 µs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Krause
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Buss
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shruthi S. Nair
- Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute for Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technologies Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.D.-I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-221-470-4006 (A.K.)
| | - Axel Klein
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Greinstrasse 6, 50939 Köln, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.D.-I.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-221-470-4006 (A.K.)
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9
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Scarpelli F, Ionescu A, Crispini A, Marino N, Di Maio G, La Deda M, Godbert N, Aiello I. Structural investigation of anionic cyclometalated Pt(II)-tetrabromocatecholate complexes: quasi-halogen bonding and elusive polymorphism at play. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2132483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scarpelli
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andreea Ionescu
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Maio
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Massimo La Deda
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici), Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia U.O.S. Cosenza, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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10
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Maisuls I, Boisten F, Hebenbrock M, Alfke J, Schürmann L, Jasper-Peter B, Hepp A, Esselen M, Müller J, Strassert CA. Monoanionic C^N^N Luminophores and Monodentate C-Donor Co-Ligands for Phosphorescent Pt(II) Complexes: A Case Study Involving Their Photophysics and Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9195-9204. [PMID: 35666659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of Pt(II) complexes bearing monoanionic C^N^N ligands as luminophoric units as well as a set of monodentate ligands derived from allenylidene and carbene species were synthesized and characterized in terms of structure and photophysical properties. In addition, we present the extraordinary molecular structure of a phosphorescent complex carrying an allenylidene ligand. Depending on the co-ligand, an effect can be observed in the photoluminescence lifetimes and quantum yields as well as in the radiative and radiation less deactivation rate constants. Their correlation with the substitution pattern was analyzed by comparing the photoluminescence in fluid solution at room temperature and in frozen glassy matrices at 77 K. Moreover, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the electronic states responsible for the optical properties, density functional theory calculations were performed. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated in vitro, showing that the cationic complexes exhibit strong effects at low micromolar concentrations. The calculated half-maximum effective concentrations (EC50 values) were 4 times lower in comparison to the established antitumor agent oxaliplatin. In contrast, the neutral species are less toxic, rendering them as potential bioimaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany.,CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, Münster 48149, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC) and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Felix Boisten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Marian Hebenbrock
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Julian Alfke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Beate Jasper-Peter
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC) and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany.,CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, Münster 48149, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC) and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, Münster 48149, Germany
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11
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Ulč J, Asanuma Y, Moss R, Manca G, Císařová I, Kotora M. Computational, Mechanistic, and Experimental Insights into Regioselective Catalytic C-C Bond Activation in Linear 1-Aza-[3]triphenylene. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8665-8674. [PMID: 35309457 PMCID: PMC8928494 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
C-C bond activation by transition metal complexes in ring-strained compounds followed by annulation with unsaturated compounds is an efficient approach to generate structurally more complex compounds. However, the site of catalytic C-C bond activation is difficult to predict in unsymmetrically substituted polycyclic systems. Here, we report a study on the (regio)selective catalytic cleavage of selected C-C bonds in 1-aza-[3]triphenylene, followed by annulation with alkynes, forming products with extended π-conjugated frameworks. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we established the stability of possible transition metal intermediates formed by oxidative addition to the C-C bond and thus identified the likely site of C-C bond activation. The computationally predicted selectivity was confirmed by the following experimental tests for the corresponding Ir-catalyzed C-C cleavage reaction followed by an alkyne insertion that yielded mixtures of two mono-insertion products isolated with yields of 34-36%, due to the close reactivity of two bonds during the first C-C bond activation. Similar results were obtained for twofold Ir- or Rh-catalyzed insertion reactions, with higher yields of 72-77%. In a broader context, by combining DFT calculations, which provided insights into the relative reactivity of individual C-C bonds, with experimental results, our approach allows us to synthesize previously unknown pentacyclic azaaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ulč
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Yuya Asanuma
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Moss
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivana Císařová
- CNR-ICCOM, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
Firenze, Italy
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kotora
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
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12
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Sun SZ, Cai YM, Zhang DL, Wang JB, Yao HQ, Rui XY, Martin R, Shang M. Enantioselective Deaminative Alkylation of Amino Acid Derivatives with Unactivated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1130-1137. [PMID: 35029378 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first Ni-catalyzed enantioselective deaminative alkylation of amino acid and peptide derivatives with unactivated olefins. Key for success was the discovery of a new sterically encumbered bis(oxazoline) ligand backbone, thus offering a de novo technology for accessing enantioenriched sp3-sp3 linkages via sp3 C-N functionalization. Our protocol is distinguished by its broad scope and generality across a wide number of counterparts, even in the context of late-stage functionalization. In addition, an enantioselective deaminative remote hydroalkylation reaction of unactivated internal olefins is within reach, thus providing a useful entry point for forging enantioenriched sp3-sp3 centers at remote sp3 C-H sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zheng Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yue-Ming Cai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Qing Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Yan Rui
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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13
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Zhu R, Chen X, Shu N, Shang Y, Wang Y, Yang P, Tang Y, Wang F, Xu J. Computational Study of Photochemical Relaxation Pathways of Platinum(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10144-10154. [PMID: 34792355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of functional platinum(II) complexes (Pt1-Pt3), which present high activity in four-photon absorption, in vivo imaging, and precise cancer therapy, as previously reported by the experimental work of Zhang et al. (Inorg. Chem. 2021, 60, 2362-2371), are computationally investigated in the article. We find that after the complex goes through four-photon absorption to the S1 state, it undergoes intersystem crossing to the T2 state and eventually reaches the T1 state through internal conversion. On the T1 state, both radiative and nonradiative decay to S0 exit. The radiative decay forms the basis for the phosphorescence imaging in tissues as reported in the original paper. In addition, the nonradiative decay can simultaneously generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen by the excited energy transfer process, also known as triplet oxygen's quenching of triplet states. We conclude that the phosphorescence property as well as the photosensitizer character jointly bring high activity of in vivo imaging and photodynamic therapy to these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunlong Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advances Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, 213164 Changzhou, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advances Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, 213164 Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Le Moyne College, Syracuse, New York 13214, United States
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex System (NSLSCS) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu, China
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14
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Lara R, Millán G, Moreno MT, Lalinde E, Alfaro‐Arnedo E, López IP, Larráyoz IM, Pichel JG. Investigation on Optical and Biological Properties of 2-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole Based Cycloplatinated Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15757-15772. [PMID: 34379830 PMCID: PMC9293083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The optical and biological properties of 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole cycloplatinated complexes featuring bioactive ligands ([{Pt(Me2 N-pbt)(C6 F5 )}L] [L=Me2 N-pbtH 1, p-dpbH (4-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 2, o-dpbH (2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) 3), [Pt(Me2 N-pbt)(o-dpb)] 4, [{Pt(Me2 N-pbt)(C6 F5 )}2 (μ-PRn P)] [PR4 P=O(CH2 CH2 OC(O)C6 H4 PPh2 )2 5, PR12 P=O{(CH2 CH2 O)3 C(O)C6 H4 PPh2 }2 6] are presented. Complexes 1-6 display 1 ILCT and metal-perturbed 3 ILCT dual emissions. The ratio between both bands is excitation dependent, accomplishing warm-white emissions for 2, 5 and 6. The phosphorescent emission is lost in aerated solutions owing to photoinduced electron transfer to 3 O2 and the formation of 1 O2 , as confirmed in complexes 2 and 4. They also exhibit photoinduced phosphorescence enhancement in non-degassed DMSO due to local oxidation of DMSO by sensitized 1 O2 , which causes a local degassing. Me2 N-pbtH and the complexes specifically accumulate in the Golgi apparatus, although only 2, 3 and 6 were active against A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines, 6 being highly selective in respect to nontumoral cells. The potential photodynamic property of these complexes was demonstrated with complex 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Lara
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ)Universidad de La Rioja26006LogroñoSpain
| | - Gonzalo Millán
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ)Universidad de La Rioja26006LogroñoSpain
| | - M. Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ)Universidad de La Rioja26006LogroñoSpain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ)Universidad de La Rioja26006LogroñoSpain
| | - Elvira Alfaro‐Arnedo
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR)Fundación Rioja Salud26006LogroñoSpain
| | - Icíar P. López
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR)Fundación Rioja Salud26006LogroñoSpain
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Unit (CIBIR)Fundación Rioja Salud26006LogroñoSpain
| | - José G. Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit (CIBIR)Fundación Rioja Salud26006LogroñoSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES)ISCIII Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pab. 11.28029 MadridSpain
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15
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Shabalin DA. Recent advances and future challenges in the synthesis of 2,4,6-triarylpyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8184-8204. [PMID: 34499071 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01310f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-Triarylpyridines are key building blocks to access functional molecules that are used in the design of advanced materials, metal-organic frameworks, supramolecules, reactive chemical intermediates and drugs. A number of synthetic protocols to construct this heterocyclic scaffold have been developed to date, the most recent of which (2015-present) are included and discussed in the present review. An emphasis has been placed on the utility of each synthetic approach in view of the scope of aryl/hetaryl substituents, limitations and an outlook of each method to be used in applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii A Shabalin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry SB RAS, 1 Favorsky St, Irkutsk, 664033, Russian Federation.
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16
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Kletsch L, Jordan R, Köcher AS, Buss S, Strassert CA, Klein A. Photoluminescence of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) Complexes [M(Me 2dpb)Cl] Obtained from C‒H Activation of 1,5-Di(2-pyridyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene (Me 2dpbH). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165051. [PMID: 34443649 PMCID: PMC8401505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The three complexes [M(Me2dpb)Cl] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) containing the tridentate N,C,N-cyclometalating 3,5-dimethyl-1,5-dipyridyl-phenide ligand (Me2dpb-) were synthesised using a base-assisted C‒H activation method. Oxidation potentials from cyclic voltammetry increased along the series Pt < Ni < Pd from 0.15 to 0.74 V. DFT calculations confirmed the essentially ligand-centred π*-type character of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) for all three complexes in agreement with the invariant reduction processes. For the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), contributions from metal dyz, phenyl C4, C2, C1, and C6, and Cl pz orbitals were found. As expected, the dz2 (HOMO-1 for Ni) is stabilised for the Pd and Pt derivatives, while the antibonding dx2-y2 orbital is de-stabilised for Pt and Pd compared with Ni. The long-wavelength UV-vis absorption band energies increase along the series Ni < Pt < Pd. The lowest-energy TD-DFT-calculated state for the Ni complex has a pronounced dz2-type contribution to the overall metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. For Pt and Pd, the dz2 orbital is energetically not available and a strongly mixed Cl-to-π*/phenyl-to-π*/M(dyz)-to-π* (XLCT/ILCT/MLCT) character is found. The complex [Pd(Me2dpb)Cl] showed a structured emission band in a frozen glassy matrix at 77 K, peaking at 468 nm with a quantum yield of almost unity as observed for the previously reported Pt derivative. No emission was observed from the Ni complex at 77 or 298 K. The TD-DFT-calculated states using the TPSSh functional were in excellent agreement with the observed absorption energies and also clearly assessed the nature of the so-called "dark", i.e., d‒d*, excited configurations to lie low for the Ni complex (≥3.18 eV), promoting rapid radiationless relaxation. For the Pd(II) and Pt(II) derivatives, the "dark" states are markedly higher in energy with ≥4.41 eV (Pd) and ≥4.86 eV (Pt), which is in perfect agreement with the similar photophysical behaviour of the two complexes at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kletsch
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany; (L.K.); (R.J.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Rose Jordan
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany; (L.K.); (R.J.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Alicia S. Köcher
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany; (L.K.); (R.J.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Stefan Buss
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-221-470-4006 (A.K.)
| | - Axel Klein
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany; (L.K.); (R.J.); (A.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.S.); (A.K.); Tel.: +49-221-470-4006 (A.K.)
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17
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Cheung WM, Chong MC, Sung HHY, Cheng SC, Williams ID, Ko CC, Leung WH. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of iridium complexes containing a bis-cyclometalated tridentate C^N^C ligand. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8512-8523. [PMID: 34060573 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to synthesize cyclometalated iridium complexes containing a tridentate C^N^C ligand, transmetallation of [Hg(HC^N^C)Cl] (1) (H2C^N^C = 2,6-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)pyridine) with various organoiridium starting materials has been studied. The treatment of 1 with [Ir(cod)Cl]2 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in acetonitrile at room temperature afforded a hexanuclear Ir4Hg2 complex, [Cl(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)(cod)IrHgIr(cod)Cl2]2 (2), which features Ir-Hg-Ir and Ir-Cl-Ir bridges. Refluxing 2 with sodium acetate in tetrahydrofuran (thf) resulted in cyclometalation of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand and formation of trinuclear [(C^N^C)(cod)IrHgIr(cod)Cl2] (3). On the other hand, refluxing [Ir(cod)Cl]2 with 1 and sodium acetate in thf yielded [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)(HgCl)] (4). Chlorination of 4 with PhICl2 gave [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)Cl]·HgCl2 (5·HgCl2) that reacted with tricyclohexylphosphine to yield Hg-free [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)Cl] (5). Chloride abstraction of 5 with silver(i) triflate (AgOTf) gave [Ir(C^N^C)(cod)(H2O)](OTf) (6) that can catalyze the cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate. Reaction of 1 and [Ir(CO)2Cl(py)] (py = pyridine) with sodium acetate in refluxing thf afforded [Ir(C^N^C)(HgCl)(py)(CO)] (7), in which the carbonyl ligand is coplanar with the C^N^C ligand. On the other hand, refluxing 1 with (PPh4)[Ir(CO)2Cl2] and sodium acetate in acetonitrile gave [Ir(C^N^C)(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)(CO)] (8), the carbonyl ligand of which is trans to the pyridyl ring of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand. Upon irradiation with UV light 8 in thf was isomerized to 8', in which the carbonyl is trans to a phenyl group of the bidentate HC^N^C ligand. The isomer pair 8 and 8' exhibited emission at 548 and 514 nm in EtOH/MeOH at 77 K with lifetime of 84.0 and 64.6 μs, respectively. Protonation of 8 with p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) afforded the bis(bidentate) tosylate complex [Ir(κ2C,N-HC^N^C)2(CO)(OTs)] (9) that could be reconverted to 8 upon treatment with sodium acetate. The electrochemistry of the Ir(C^N^C) complexes has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. Reaction of [Ir(PPh3)3Cl] with 1 and sodium acetate in refluxing thf led to isolation of the previously reported compound [Ir(κ2P,C-C6H4PPh2)2(PPh3)Cl] (10). The crystal structures of 2-5, 8, 8', 9 and 10 have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Man Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man-Chun Chong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Herman H-Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wa-Hung Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Eskelinen T, Buss S, Petrovskii SK, Grachova EV, Krause M, Kletsch L, Klein A, Strassert CA, Koshevoy IO, Hirva P. Photophysics and Excited State Dynamics of Cyclometalated [M(Phbpy)(CN)] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) Complexes: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8777-8789. [PMID: 34097403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated complexes [M(Phbpy)(CN)] (HPhbpy = 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine) of the group 10 metals (Ni, Pd, and Pt) bearing a carbanionic -C∧N∧N pincer ligand were synthesized and studied in a combined experimental and computational DFT approach. All three complexes were crystallographically characterized showing closely packed dimers with head-to-tail stacking and short metal-metal contacts in the solid state. The computational models for geometries, excited states, and electronic transitions addressed both monomeric (Ni-mono, Pd-mono, and Pt-mono) and dimeric (Ni-dim, Pd-dim, and Pt-dim) entities. Photophysical properties and excited state dynamics of all title complexes were investigated in solution and in the solid at 298 and 77 K. [Ni(Phbpy)(CN)] and [Pd(Phbpy)(CN)] are virtually nonemissive in solution at 298 K, whereas [Pt(Phbpy)(CN)] shows phosphorescence in CH2Cl2 (DCM) solution (λem = 562 nm) stemming from a mixed 3MLCT/ILCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer/intraligand charge transfer) state. At 77 K in a glassy frozen DCM:MeOH matrix, [Pd(Phbpy)(CN)] shows a remarkable emission (λem = 571 nm) with a photoluminescence quantum yield reaching almost unity, whereas [Ni(Phbpy)(CN)] is again nonemissive. Calculations on the monomeric models M-mono show that low-lying metal-centered states (MC, i.e., d-d* configuration) with dissociative character quench the photoluminescence. In the solid state, the complexes [M(Phbpy)(CN)] show defined photoluminescence bands (λem = 561 nm for Pd and 701 nm for Pt). Calculations on the dimeric models M-dim shows that the axial M···M interactions alter the photophysical properties of Pd-dim and Pt-dim toward MMLCT (metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited states with Pd-dim showing temperature-dependent emission lifetimes, suggesting thermally activated delayed fluorescence, whereas Pt-dim displayed phosphorescence with excimeric character. The metal-metal interactions were analyzed in detail with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Eskelinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Stefan Buss
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stanislav K Petrovskii
- Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Grachova
- Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maren Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Kletsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Klein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pipsa Hirva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
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DFT Investigation of the Molecular Properties of the Dimethylglyoximato Complexes [M(Hdmg)2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt). INORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics9060047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Important applications of the NiII, PdII and PtII complexes [M(Hdmg)2] (H2dmg = dimethylglyoxime) stem from their metal...metal stacked virtually insoluble aggregates. Given the virtual insolubility of the materials, we postulated that the rare reports on dissolved species in solution do not represent monomolecular species but oligomers. We thus studied the structural and spectral properties of the monomolecular entities of these compounds using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. The molecular geometries, IR and UV-vis spectra, and frontier orbitals properties were computed using LANL2DZ ecp and def2TZVP as basis sets and M06-2X as the functional. The results are compared with the available experimental and other calculated data. The optimised molecular geometries proved the asymmetric character of the two formed O–H…O bonds which connect the two Hdmg‒ ligands in the completely planar molecules. Calculated UV-vis spectra revealed the presence of three absorptions in the range 180 to 350 nm that are red-shifted along the series Ni–Pd–Pt. They were assigned to essentially ligand-centred π−π* transitions in part with metal(d) to ligand(π*) charge transfer (MLCT) contributions. The notorious d‒p transitions dominating the colour and electronics of the compounds in the solid-state and oligomeric stacks are negligible in our monomolecular models strongly supporting the idea that the previously reported spectroscopic observations or biological effects in solutions are not due to monomolecular complexes but rather to oligomeric dissolved species.
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Wu S, Wu Z, Ge Q, Zheng X, Yang Z. Antitumor activity of tridentate pincer and related metal complexes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5254-5273. [PMID: 34059868 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pincer complexes featuring tunable tridentate ligand frameworks are one of the most actively studied classes of metal-based complexes. Currently, growing attention is devoted to the cytotoxicity of pincer and related metal complexes. The antiproliferative activity of numerous pincer complexes has been reported. Pincer tridentate ligand scaffolds show different coordination modes and offer multiple options for directed structural modifications. This review summarizes the significant progress in the research studies of the antitumor activity of pincer and related platinum(ii), gold(iii), palladium(ii), copper(ii), iron(iii), ruthenium(ii), nickel(ii) and some other metal complexes, in order to provide a reference for designing novel metal coordination drug candidates with promising antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zaoduan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Qianyi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zehua Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
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21
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Haribabu J, Tamura Y, Yokoi K, Balachandran C, Umezawa M, Tsuchiya K, Yamada Y, Karvembu R, Aoki S. Synthesis and Anticancer Properties of Bis‐ and Mono(cationic peptide) Hybrids of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes: Effect of the Number of Peptide Units on Anticancer Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jebiti Haribabu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yuichi Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
| | - Kenta Yokoi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
| | - Chandrasekar Balachandran
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
- Research Institute of Biomedical Science Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Koji Tsuchiya
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015 India
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT, Alfaro-Arnedo E, López IP, Larráyoz IM, Pichel JG. Luminescent cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes with acyclic diaminocarbene ligands: structural, photophysical and biological properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4539-4554. [PMID: 33729268 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00480h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four new cyclometalated Pt(ii) complexes bearing acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC) ligands, [Pt(C^N)Cl{C(NHXyl)(NHR)}] [C^N = 2,6-difluorophenylpyridine (dfppy), phenylquinoline (pq); R = Pr 3a, 4a, CH2Ph 3b, 4b], were prepared by the nucleophilic attack on the isocyanide [Pt(C^N)Cl(CNXyl)] (C^N = dfppy 1, pq 2) by the corresponding amine RNH2 (R = Pr, CH2Ph). Complexes 3 show in their 1H NMR spectra in CDCl3 a notable concentration dependence, with a clear variation of the δH (NHXyl) signal, suggesting an assembling process implying donor-acceptor NHXylCl bonding, also supported by 1D-PGSE (Pulse Field Gradient Spin Echo) and 2D-DOSY (Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) NMR experiments in solution and X-ray diffraction studies. The intermolecular interactions in compounds 3a and 3b were studied by using Hirshfeld surface analysis and Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) methods on their X-ray structures. Their photophysical properties were investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopies and also by TD-DFT calculations performed on 3a and 4b. These complexes show green (3) or orange (4) phosphorescence, attributed to a mixed 3IL/3MLCT excited state. The carbene ligand does not affect the emission maxima but it produces an increase of the quantum yields in relation to the isocyanide in the precursors. In fluid solutions, the emission is not concentration-dependent, but the complexes may show aggregation induced emission as detailed for complexes 3a and 4a. In addition, cytotoxicity studies in the human cell lines A549 (lung carcinoma) and HeLa (cervix carcinoma) showed good activity for these complexes and 3a, 3b and 4a exhibit a strong effect on DNA electrophoretic mobility. To the best of our knowledge, compounds 3 and 4 represent the first examples of cycloplatinated complexes bearing acyclic diamino carbenes with antiproliferative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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23
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Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Cao H, Ma W, Tian X, Wu J, Zhou H, Tian Y. Functional Platinum(II) Complexes with Four-Photon Absorption Activity, Lysosome Specificity, and Precise Cancer Therapy. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2362-2371. [PMID: 33494602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton materials are in special demand in the field of photodynamic therapy and multiphoton fluorescence imaging. However, rational design methodology for these brands of materials is still nascent. This is despite transition-metal complexes favoring optimized nonlinear-optical (NLO) activity and heavy-atom-effected phosphorescent emission. Here, three four-photon absorption (4PA) platinum(II) complexes (Pt1-Pt3) are achieved by the incorporation of varied functionalized C^N^C ligands with high yields. Pt1-Pt3 exhibit triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions at ∼460 nm, which are verified multiple times by transient absorption spectra, time-dependent density functional theory calculations, and low-temperature emission spectra. Further, Pt1-Pt3 undergo 4PA. Notably, one of the complexes, Pt2, has maximum 4PA cross-sectional values of up to 15.2 × 10-82 cm8 s3 photon-3 under excitation of a 1600 nm femtosecond laser (near-IR II window). The 4PA cross sections vary when Pt2 is binding to lecithin and when it displays its lysosome-specific targeting behavior. On the basis of the excellent 4PA property of Pt2, we believe that those 4PA platinum(II) complexes have great potential applications in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chengkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
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24
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Recent progress on group 10 metal complexes of pincer ligands: From synthesis to activities and catalysis. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Kergreis A, Lord RM, Pike SJ. Influence of Ligand and Nuclearity on the Cytotoxicity of Cyclometallated C^N^C Platinum(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:14938-14946. [PMID: 32520417 PMCID: PMC7756510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of cyclometallated mono- and di-nuclear platinum(II) complexes and the parent organic ligand, 2,6-diphenylpyridine 1 (HC^N^CH), have been synthesized and characterized. This library of compounds includes [(C^N^C)PtII (L)] (L=dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 2 and triphenylphosphine (PPh3 ) 3) and [((C^N^C)PtII )2 (L')] (where L'=N-heterocycles (pyrazine (pyr) 4, 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) 5 or diphosphine (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) 6). Their cytotoxicity was assessed against four cancerous cell lines and one normal cell line, with results highlighting significantly increased antiproliferative activity for the dinuclear complexes (4-6), when compared to the mononucleated species (2 and 3). Complex 6 is the most promising candidate, displaying very high selectivity towards cancerous cells, with selectivity index (SI) values >29.5 (A2780) and >11.2 (A2780cisR), and outperforming cisplatin by >4-fold and >18-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Kergreis
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradford, West YorkshireBD7 1DPUK
| | - Rianne M. Lord
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradford, West YorkshireBD7 1DPUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Sarah J. Pike
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradford, West YorkshireBD7 1DPUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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Bertrand B, Botuha C, Forté J, Dossmann H, Salmain M. A Bis-Chelating O N O ^ / N N ^ Ligand for the Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Platinum(II)/Rhenium(I) Complexes: Tools for the Optimization of a New Class of Platinum(II) Anticancer Agents. Chemistry 2020; 26:12846-12861. [PMID: 32602602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The two independent and N N ^ coordination sites of a newly synthesized bis[2-(hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole] platform have been exploited to prepare four monometallic neutral ()PtII complexes carrying DMSO, pyridine, triphenylphosphine, or N-heterocyclic carbene as the fourth ligand. Then, the second N N ^ coordination site was used to introduce an IR-active rhenium tricarbonyl entity, affording the four corresponding heterobimetallic neutral PtII /ReI complexes, as well as a cationic PtII /ReI derivative. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that distortion of the organic platform occurred to accommodate the coordination geometry of both metal centers. No ligand exchange or transchelation occurred upon incubation of the PtII complexes in aqueous environment or in the presence of FeIII , respectively. The antiproliferative activity of the ligand and complexes was first screened on the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Then, the IC50 values of the most active candidates were determined on a wider panel of human cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and A2780), as well as on a nontumorigenic cell line (MCF-10A). Low micromolar activities were reached for the complexes carrying a DMSO ligand, making them the first examples of highly active, but hydrolytically stable, PtII complexes. Finally, the characteristic mid-IR signature of the {Re(CO)3 } fragment in the Pt/Re heterobimetallic complexes was used to quantify their uptake in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bertrand
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Candice Botuha
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Forté
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Salmain
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
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Qin S, Chong M, Cheung W, H.‐Y. Sung H, Williams ID, Leung W. Synthesis and Reactivity of Heterotrinuclear Platinum Cyclometalated Complexes Containing Bridging Nitrido Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Qin
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Man‐Chun Chong
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Man Cheung
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Herman H.‐Y. Sung
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wa‐Hung Leung
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China
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Roque‐Ramires MA, Shen L, Le Lagadec R. Synthesis of Non‐Symmetric Ruthenium(II) POCOP Pincer Complexes and Their Bimetallic Derivatives by π‐Coordination of Arenophile Fragments. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Roque‐Ramires
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | | | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
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Abstract
Our planet urgently needs sustainable solutions to alleviate the anthropogenic global warming and climate change. Homogeneous catalysis has the potential to play a fundamental role in this process, providing novel, efficient, and at the same time eco-friendly routes for both chemicals and energy production. In particular, pincer-type ligation shows promising properties in terms of long-term stability and selectivity, as well as allowing for mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loading. Indeed, pincer complexes have been applied to a plethora of sustainable chemical processes, such as hydrogen release, CO2 capture and conversion, N2 fixation, and biomass valorization for the synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels. In this work, we show the main advances of the last five years in the use of pincer transition metal complexes in key catalytic processes aiming for a more sustainable chemical and energy production.
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Feuerstein W, Breher F. Synthetic access to a phosphorescent non-palindromic pincer complex of palladium by a double oxidative addition – comproportionation sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12589-12592. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A highly phosphorescent non-palindromic (C^C^N) palladium complex may be prepared by means of a double oxidative addition – comproportionation sequence, which is a new approach for the synthesis of non-palindromic pincer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Feuerstein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Division Molecular Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Division Molecular Chemistry
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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