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Bieniek J, Nater DF, Eberwein SL, Schollmeyer D, Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Efficient and Sustainable Electrosynthesis of N-Sulfonyl Iminophosphoranes by the Dehydrogenative P-N Coupling Reaction. JACS AU 2024; 4:2188-2196. [PMID: 38938819 PMCID: PMC11200248 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Iminophosphoranes are commonly used reagents in organic synthesis and are, therefore, of great interest. An efficient and sustainable iodide-mediated electrochemical synthesis of N-sulfonyl iminophosphoranes from readily available phosphines and sulfonamides is reported. This method features low amounts of supporting electrolytes, inexpensive electrode materials, a simple galvanostatic setup, and high conversion rates. The broad applicability could be demonstrated by synthesizing 20 examples in yields up to 90%, having diverse functional groups including chiral moieties and biologically relevant species. Furthermore, electrolysis was performed on a 20 g scale and could be run in repetitive mode by recycling the electrolyte, which illustrates the suitability for large-scale production. A reaction mechanism involving electrochemical mediation by the iodide-based supporting electrolyte is proposed, completely agreeing with all of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
C. Bieniek
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Darryl F. Nater
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sara L. Eberwein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Klein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems
(IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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2
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Wei Q, Zhang Y, Lv C, Hu C, Su Z. Theoretical Study on Cooperation Catalysis of Chiral Guanidine/ Copper(I) in Asymmetric Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition/[2 + 2] Cascade Reaction. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37437267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with BP86-D3(BJ) functionals were employed to reveal the mechanism and stereoselectivity of chiral guanidine/copper(I) salt-catalyzed stereoselective three-component reaction among N-sulfonyl azide, terminal alkyne, and isatin-imine for spiroazetidinimines that was first reported by Feng and Liu (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 16852-16856). For the noncatalytic cascade reaction, the denitrogenation to generate ketenimine species was the rate-determining step, with an activation barrier of 25.8-34.8 kcal mol-1. Chiral guanidine-amide promoted the deprotonation of phenylacetylene, generating guanidine-Cu(I) acetylide complexes as active species. In azide-alkyne cycloaddition, copper acetylene coordinated to the O atom of the amide moiety in guanidium, and TsN3 was activated by hydrogen bonding, affording the Cu(I)-ketenimine species with an energy barrier of 3.5∼9.4 kcal mol-1. The optically active spiroazetidinimine oxindole was constructed via a stepwise four-membered ring formation, followed by deprotonation of guanidium moieties for C-H bonding in a stereoselective way. The steric effect of the bulky CHPh2 group and chiral backbone in the guanidine, combined with the coordination between the Boc group in isatin-imine with a copper center, played important roles in controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction. The major spiroazetidinimine oxindole product with an SS configuration was formed in a kinetically more favored way, which was consistent with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cidan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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3
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Sethi S, Jana NC, Behera S, Behera RR, Bagh B. Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Copper(I) Coordination Polymers in PPM Levels Using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Reusable Reaction Media: A Waste-Minimized Sustainable Approach. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:868-878. [PMID: 36643452 PMCID: PMC9835663 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two air-stable copper(I)-halide coordination polymers 1 and 2 with NNS and NNO ligand frameworks were synthesized and successfully utilized as efficient catalysts in an important organic reaction, namely, copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, which is generally conducted in a mixture of water and organic solvents. The azide-alkyne "click" reaction was successfully conducted in pure water at r.t. under aerobic conditions. Other green solvents, including ethanol and glycerol, were also effectively used. Finally, deep eutectic solvents as green and sustainable reaction media were successfully utilized. In deep eutectic solvents, complete conversion with excellent isolated yield was achieved in a short period of time (1 h) with low catalyst loading (1 mol %) at r.t. Full conversion could also be achieved within 24 h with ppm-level (50 ppm) catalyst loading at 70 °C. Optimized reaction conditions were used for the syntheses of a large number of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles with various functionalities. Triazole products were easily isolated by simple filtration. The reaction media, such as water and deep eutectic solvents, were recovered and recycled in three consecutive runs. The limited waste production is reflected in a very low E-factor (0.3-2.8). Finally, the CHEM21 green metrics toolkit was employed to evaluate the sustainability credentials of different optimized protocols in various green solvents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, and deep eutectic solvents.
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Fujiwara K, Kurose T, Yoshikawa K, Shang R, Kubo K, Kume S, Mizuta T. Improved Syntheses of Doubly Naphthalene-Bridged Diphosphine and its Diiminodiphosphorane Derivatives Linking Two Cu(I) Centers. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2023.116306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Tanaka K, Riu MLY, Valladares B, Cummins CC. Introducing N-Heterocyclic Iminophosphoranes (NHIPs): Synthesis by [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azophosphines with Alkynes and Reactivity Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13662-13666. [PMID: 35905506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Azophosphines (Ar-N═N-PR2) were prepared from N-aryl-N'-(trimethylsilyl)diazenes (Ar-N═N-SiMe3) and R2PCl by Me3SiCl elimination or oxidation of phosphinohydrazines (Ar-NH-NH-PR2) by 2,5-dialkyl-1,4-benzoquinones. Azophosphines underwent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with cyclooctyne and dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate to give N-heterocyclic iminophosphoranes (NHIPs), which are structurally similar to cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes. The cycloaddition reaction is compatible with various phosphorus atom substituents including phenyl (NHIP-1,4,6), isopropyl (NHIP-2), cyclohexyl (NHIP-3), and dimethylamino (NHIP-5) groups. The pKBH+ values of the NHIPs in acetonitrile range from 13.13 to 23.14. On the basis of the Huynh electronic parameter, NHIP-1 and NHIP-2 have σ-donor strengths comparable with that of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. NHIP-1 underwent facile 1,2-addition with pentafluoropyridine to form a rare fluorophosphorane. The treatment of NHIP-1 with triphenylsilane resulted in P-N bond cleavage, accompanied by the reduction of phosphorus(V) to phosphorus(III). A homoleptic, cationic CuI-NHIP-1 complex was also prepared. The potential utility of π-donating NHIPs was demonstrated by the stabilization of a reactive iminoborane (Cl-B≡N-SiMe3). The facile scalable synthesis, tunability of steric demands, and basicity of NHIPs suggest that this new heterocycle class may find a wide range of applications in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin-Louis Y Riu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian Valladares
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Guthardt R, Oetzel L, Lang T, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Reactions of Mesityl Azide with Ferrocene‐Based N‐Heterocyclic Germylenes, Stannylenes and Plumbylenes, Including PPh
2
‐Functionalised Congeners. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200996. [PMID: 35510599 PMCID: PMC9400874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of ferrocene‐based N‐heterocyclic tetrylenes [{Fe(η5−C5H4−NSitBuMe2)2}E] (E=Ge, Sn, Pb) towards mesityl azide (MesN3) is compared with that of PPh2‐functionalised congeners exhibiting two possible reaction sites, namely the EII and PIII atom. For E=Ge and Sn the reaction occurs at the EII atom, leading to the formation of N2 and an EIV=NMes unit. The germanimines are sufficiently stable for isolation. The stannanimines furnish follow‐up products, either by [2+3] cycloaddition with MesN3 or, in the PPh2‐substituted case, by NMes transfer from the SnIV to the PIII atom. Whereas [{Fe(η5−C5H4−NSitBuMe2)2}Pb] and other diaminoplumbylenes studied are inert even under forcing conditions, the PPh2‐substituted congener forms an addition product with MesN3, thus showing a behaviour similar to that of frustrated Lewis pairs. The germylenes of this study afford copper(I) complexes with CuCl, including the first structurally characterised linear dicoordinate halogenido complex [CuX(L)] with a heavier tetrylene ligand L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guthardt
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
- Present address: School of Chemistry Monash University PO Box 23 VIC 3800 Melbourne Australia
| | - Lisa Oetzel
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Tobias Lang
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry University of Kassel Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40 34132 Kassel Germany
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7
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González-Lainez M, Gallegos M, Munarriz J, Azpiroz R, Passarelli V, Jiménez MV, Pérez-Torrente JJ. Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) by Functionalized NHC-Based Polynuclear Catalysts: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Organometallics 2022; 41:2154-2169. [PMID: 35971402 PMCID: PMC9374069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Copper(I) [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]n (L = OMe,
NEt2, NHtBu) compounds supported by flexible
functionalized NHC-based polydentate ligands have been prepared in
a one-pot procedure by reacting the corresponding imidazolium salt
with an excess of copper powder and Ag2O. An X-ray diffraction
analysis has revealed that
[Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]n is
a linear coordination polymer formed by bimetallic [Cu(μ-Br)]2 units linked by the lutidine-based NHC-py-NEt2 ligand, which acts as a heteroditopic ligand with a 1κC-2κ2N,N′ coordination
mode. We propose that the polymeric compounds break down in the solution
into more compact tetranuclear [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2L)]2 compounds
with a coordination mode identical to the functionalized NHC ligands.
These compounds have been found to exhibit high catalytic activity
in the Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
In particular, [Cu2(μ-Br)2(tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)]2 efficiently
catalyzes the click reaction of a range of azides and alkynes, under
an inert atmosphere at room temperature in neat conditions at a very
low catalyst loading, to quantitatively afford the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted
1,2,3-triazole derivatives in a few minutes. The cycloaddition reaction
of benzyl azide to phenylacetylene can be performed at 25–50
ppm catalyst loading by increasing the reaction time and/or temperature.
Reactivity studies have shown that the activation of the polynuclear
catalyst precursor involves the alkyne deprotonation by the NHC moiety
of the polydentate ligand to afford a copper(I)-alkynyl species bearing
a functionalized imidazolium ligand. DFT calculations support the
participation of the dinuclear species [(CuBr)2(μ-tBuImCH2pyCH2NEt2)], resulting
from the fragmentation of the tetranuclear compound, as the catalytically
active species. The proposed reaction pathway proceeds through zwitterionic
dinuclear intermediates and entails the active participation of both
copper atoms, as well as the NHC moiety as an internal base, which
activates the reacting alkyne via deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Lainez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julen Munarriz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón Azpiroz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Passarelli
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Pérez-Torrente
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Nonlinear Optical and Ion Sensor Properties of Novel Molecules Conjugated by Click Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081516. [PMID: 35458266 PMCID: PMC9025167 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure, luminescence behavior, and electronic energy level of an organic optoelectronic materials are important parameters for its synthesis. The electro-optical properties can be changed by modifying the structure of the molecule to make the electronic energy level adjustable. In this article, a series of organic conjugated micro-molecules are successfully synthesized by linking small compound units. This metal-free [2 + 2] click chemistry process generates donor–acceptor chromophore substances with high yield, high solubility, and adjustable energy levels, which can be widely used for sensors and nonlinear optics in different fields. A-TCNE, A-TCNQ, and A-F4-TCNQ molecules are characterized comprehensively via UV-Vis-NIR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The unique nonlinear optical phenomena and powerful intra-molecular charge–transfer interactions of these new materials give them fascinating potential for application as optoelectronic materials.
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García-Garrido SE, Presa Soto A, García-Álvarez J. Iminophosphoranes (R3P NR′): From terminal to multidentate ligands in organometallic chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Patterson MR, Dias HVR. Tetranuclear and trinuclear copper(I) pyrazolates as catalysts in copper mediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). Dalton Trans 2021; 51:375-383. [PMID: 34897336 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Homoleptic, tetranuclear copper(I) pyrazolates {[3,5-(t-Bu)2Pz]Cu}4, {[3-(CF3)-5-(t-Bu)Pz]Cu}4, and {[4-Br-3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Cu}4 are excellent stand-alone catalysts for azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC). This work demonstrates that a range of pyrazolates, including those with electron donating and electron-withdrawing groups to sterically demanding substituents on the pyrazolyl backbones, can serve as effective ligand supports on tetranuclear copper catalysts. However, in contrast to the tetramers and also highly fluorinated {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3, trinuclear copper(I) complexes such as {[3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Cu}3 and {[3-(CF3)-5-(CH3)Pz]Cu}3 supported by relatively electron rich pyrazolates display poor catalytic activity in CuAAC. The behavior and degree of aggregation of several of these copper(I) pyrazolates in solution were examined using vapor pressure osmometry. Copper(I) complexes such as {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Cu}3 and {[3-(CF3)-5-(t-Bu)Pz]Cu}4 with electron withdrawing pyrazolates were found to break up in solution to different degrees producing smaller aggregates while those such as {[3,5-(i-Pr)2Pz]Cu}3 and {[3,5-(t-Bu)2Pz]Cu}4 with electron rich pyrazolates remain intact. In addition, kinetic experiments were performed to understand the unusual activity of tetranuclear copper(I) pyrazolate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika R Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
| | - H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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11
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Khatua M, Goswami B, Kamal, Samanta S. Azide-Alkyne "Click" Reaction in Water Using Parts-Per-Million Amine-Functionalized Azoaromatic Cu(I) Complex as Catalyst: Effect of the Amine Side Arm. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17537-17554. [PMID: 34806366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of Cu(II) complexes, 1-4 and 6, were synthesized through a reaction of amine-functionalized pincer-like ligands, HL1,2, La,b, and a bidentate ligand L1 with CuCl2·2H2O. The chemical reduction of complex 1 using 1 equiv of sodium l-ascorbate resulted in a dimeric Cu(I) complex 5 in excellent yield. All of the complexes, 1-6, were thoroughly characterized using various physicochemical characterization techniques, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, and density functional theory calculations. Ligands HL1,2 and La,b behaved as tridentated donors by the coordination of the amine side arm in their respective Cu(II) complexes, and the amine side arm remained as a pendant in Cu(I) complexes. All of these complexes (1-6) were explored for copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction at room temperature in water under air. Complex 5 directly served as an active catalyst; however, complexes 1-4 and 6 required 1 equiv of sodium l-ascorbate to generate their corresponding active Cu(I) catalyst. It has been observed that azo-based ligand-containing Cu(I)-complexes are air-stable and were highly efficient for the CuAAC reaction. The amine side arm in the ligand backbone has a dramatic role in accelerating the reaction rate. Mechanistic investigations showed that the alkyne C-H deprotonation was the rate-limiting step and the pendant amine side arm intramolecularly served as a base for Cu-coordinated alkyne deprotonation, leading to the azide-alkyne 2 + 3 cycloaddition reaction. Thus, variation of the amine side arm in complexes 1-4 and use of the most basic diisopropyl amine moiety in complex 4 has resulted in an unique amine-functionalized azoaromatic Cu(I) system for CuAAC reaction upon sodium l-ascorbate reduction. The complex 4 has shown excellent catalysis at its low parts-per-million level loading in water. The catalytic protocol was versatile and exhibited very good functional group tolerance. It was also employed efficiently to synthesize a number of useful functional triazoles having medicinal, catalytic, and targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
| | - Bappaditya Goswami
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
| | - Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu, India 181221
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu, India 181221
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12
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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