1
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Chval Z. Ir(I)-Bi(III) Donor-Acceptor Adducts Stabilized by Dispersion Interactions between the Metal Pincer Ligands and Their Possible Self-Assembly Forming Molecular 1D Semiconductors. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12417-12425. [PMID: 38923937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Structure, stability, and electronic properties of the bimetallic {[IrI(terpy)(Me)]-[BiIIINNN]}n monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric structures (n = 1-3 and ∞; terpy = terpyridine; Me = methyl; BiNNN = bismuth triamide) and their derivatives (designated as (Bi·Ir)n structures) were studied theoretically by DFT cluster and periodic calculations. Stable Bi·Ir adducts (monomers) were formed with short Bi-Ir bonds (<2.7 Å) and Gibbs free binding energies larger than 20 kcal/mol for all systems. The substitution of the pincer ligands of Ir(I) and Bi(III) complexes by the electron-donating (NH2) and electron-withdrawing (NO2, F, CF3) groups, respectively, enhanced the Ir → Bi charge transfer, substantially stabilizing the Bi·Ir monomers. The monomers from the unsubstituted complexes can be considered as dispersion stabilized adducts, and they may form spontaneously (Bi·Ir)n layered oligomers/polymers with semiconducting properties. The self-assembly of monomers into oligomers/polymers is hindered by bulkier protecting groups on the Bi(III) complex, such as tBu and SiMe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Chval
- Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, J. Boreckého 27, 37011 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Fetoh A, Fantuzzi F, Lichtenberg C. The Chlorido-Bismuth Dication: A Potent Lewis Acid Captured in a Hepta-Coordinate Species with a Stereochemically Active Lone Pair. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12089-12099. [PMID: 38900030 PMCID: PMC11220759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The stabilization of simple, highly reactive cationic species in molecular complexes represents an important strategy to isolate and characterize compounds with uncommon or even unprecedented structural motifs and properties. Here we report the synthesis, isolation, and full characterization of chlorido-bismuth dications, stabilized only by monodentate dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) ligands: [BiCl(dmso)6][BF4]2 (1) and [BiCl(μ2-dmso)(dmso)4]2[BF4]4 (2). These compounds show unusual distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometries along with high Lewis acidities and have been analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations. Attempts to generate the bromido- and iodido-analogs gave dmso-stabilized tricationic bismuth species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fetoh
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, El Gomhouria,
Mansoura Qism 2, Dakahlia Governorate 11432 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School
of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University
of Kent, Park Wood Road, Canterbury CT2 7NH, U.K.
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
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3
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Coburger P, Buzanich AG, Emmerling F, Abbenseth J. Combining geometric constraint and redox non-innocence within an ambiphilic PBiP pincer ligand. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6036-6043. [PMID: 38665539 PMCID: PMC11040644 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the first pincer ligand featuring a strictly T-shaped group 15 element and its coordination behaviour towards transition metals is described. The platform is itself derived from a trianionic redox non-innocent NNN scaffold. In addition to providing a rigid coordination environment to constrain a Bi centre in a T-shaped geometry to manipulate its frontier molecular orbital constitution, the NNN chelate displays highly covalent bonding towards the geometrically constrained Bi centre. The formation of intriguing ambiphilic Bi-M bonding interactions is demonstrated upon formation of a pincer complex as well as a multimetallic cluster. All compounds are comprehensively characterised by spectroscopic methods including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and complemented by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coburger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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4
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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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5
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Qiu J, Bateman CN, Lu S, George GC, Li X, Gorden JD, Vasylevskyi S, Cozzolino AF. Solution Studies of a Water-Stable, Trivalent Antimony Pnictogen Bonding Anion Receptor with High Binding Affinities for CN -, OCN -, and OAc . Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37499143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The solution phase anion binding behavior of a water-stable bidentate pnictogen bond donor was studied. A modest change in the visible absorption spectrum allowed for the determination of the binding constants. High binding constants were observed with cyanide, cyanate, and acetate, and these were corroborated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The receptor could be recovered free from the anion following treatment with methyl triflate, confirming that it remains intact. The tight binding of cyanide and water stability were exploited to use this system as a supramolecular catalyst in a phase-transfer Strecker reaction, further demonstrating the utility of pnictogen bonding as a tool in noncovalent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Curt N Bateman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gary C George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - John D Gorden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Anthony F Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Box 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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6
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Hannah TJ, McCarvell WM, Kirsch T, Bedard J, Hynes T, Mayho J, Bamford KL, Vos CW, Kozak CM, George T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Planar bismuth triamides: a tunable platform for main group Lewis acidity and polymerization catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4549-4563. [PMID: 37152250 PMCID: PMC10155930 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric deformation in main group compounds can be used to elicit unique properties including strong Lewis acidity. Here we report on a family of planar bismuth(iii) complexes (cf. typically pyramidal structure for such compounds), which show a geometric Lewis acidity that can be further tuned by varying the steric and electronic features of the triamide ligand employed. The structural dynamism of the planar bismuth complexes was probed in both the solid and solution phase, revealing at least three distinct modes of intermolecular association. A modified Gutmann-Beckett method was used to assess their electrophilicity by employing trimethylphosphine sulfide in addition to triethylphosphine oxide as probes, providing insights into the preference for binding hard or soft substrates. Experimental binding studies were complemented by a computational assessment of the affinities and dissection of the latter into their intrinsic bond strength and deformation energy components. The results show comparable Lewis acidity to triarylboranes, with the added ability to bind two bases simultaneously, and reduced discrimination against soft substrates. We also study the catalytic efficacy of these complexes in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. The polymers obtained show excellent dispersity values and high molecular weights with low catalyst loadings used. The complexes retain their performance under industrially relevant conditions, suggesting they may be useful as less toxic alternatives to tin catalysts in the production of medical grade materials. Collectively, these results establish planar bismuth complexes as not only a novel neutral platform for main group Lewis acidity, but also a potentially valuable one for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - W Michael McCarvell
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tamina Kirsch
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Toren Hynes
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mayho
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Cyler W Vos
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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7
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Asok N, Gaffen JR, Baumgartner T. Unique Phosphorus-Based Avenues for the Tuning of Functional Materials. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:536-547. [PMID: 36791028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusRecent ground-breaking advances in synthetic chemistry have transformed main-group molecules from simple laboratory curiosities into powerful materials for a range of applications in all realms of life. Electron-accepting or -deficient materials, in particular, have been the focus of development since their generally limited availability and stability have been major hurdles in establishing new practical applications. In addition to the general requirements for the design of these materials, a deeper understanding of their inherent electronics and molecular interactions is a requirement for the successful expansion of their utility. Previously, the incorporation of electron-deficient main-group elements, such as boron, into a conjugated organic framework was considered to be an effective route toward the synthesis of high-performing electron-accepting materials. However, challenging conditions such as the need for bulky substituents for kinetic stabilization, air-free and moisture-sensitive synthesis, and restricted storage abilities have led to the investigation of other elements across the periodic table to be used in a similar vein. Lately, heavier main-group elements such as Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, and Te have also proven to be advantageous for electron-accepting materials as they exhibit polarizable molecular orbitals that are easily accessible to electrons or nucleophiles. This has laid the foundation for materials chemistry research on a variety of applications, including optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs, organic photovoltaics, energy storage such as in batteries and capacitors, fluorescent sensors with both biological and physiological applications, organocatalysis and synthesis, and many more. Among the main-group-element-based materials, organophosphorus species are privileged as their frontier orbitals are easily altered by chemical modification or/and structural and geometrical manipulations at the phosphorus center itself, without the need for kinetic stabilization, or through electronic modification of the conjugated system. The five-membered phosphorus-based heterocycle, phosphole, is a particularly interesting motif in this context, and extensive studies on the corresponding materials have uncovered the rich fundamentals of the σ*-π* interaction that imparts intriguing accepting properties while sustaining morphological and physiological stability for utilization in real-life scenarios. Moreover, beyond the σ*-π* interaction in phospholes that is key to many of their acceptor properties as a material, the use of phosphorus also gives rise to easily accessible, low-lying antibonding orbitals. They pave the way for Lewis acid phosphorus species that, despite being considered to be electron-rich species in general, open up several possibilities for intriguing chemical reactivity through hypervalency. Herein, we representatively discuss some recent advancements through the various approaches that leverage the unique structures and electronics of organophosphorus species toward the design of materials with outstanding electronic, chemical, and structural properties and reactivities for the functional material world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanthara Asok
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joshua R Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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8
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Smith J, Gabbaï FP. Are Ar 3SbCl 2 Species Lewis Acidic? Exploration of the Concept and Pnictogen Bond Catalysis Using a Geometrically Constrained Example. Organometallics 2023; 42:240-245. [PMID: 38333362 PMCID: PMC10848295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of our investigations into the Lewis acidic behavior of antimony derivatives, we have decided to study the properties of 5-phenyl-5,5-dichloro-λ5-dibenzostibole (1), a dichlorostiborane with an antimony atom confined to a five-membered heterocycle. Our work shows that the resulting geometrical constraints elevate the Lewis acidity of the antimony atom, as confirmed by the crystal structure of 1-THF and the solution study of the interaction of 1 with Ph3PO. The enhanced Lewis acidic properties of 1, which exceed those of simple dichlorostiboranes such as Ph3SbCl2, also become manifest in pnictogen bonding catalysis experiments involving the reductions of imines with Hantzsch ester. The influence of geometrical constraints in the chemistry of this compound is also supported by a computational activation strain analysis as well as by an energy decomposition analysis of a model Me3PO adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse
E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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Alharbi MM, van Ingen Y, Roldan A, Kaehler T, Melen RL. Synthesis and lewis acidity of fluorinated triaryl borates. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1820-1825. [PMID: 36661186 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of fluorinated triaryl borates B(OArF)3 (ArF = 2-FC6H4, 3-FC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 2,4-F2C6H3, 3,5-F2C6H3, 2,3,4-F3C6H2, 2,4,6-F3C6H2, 3,4,5-F3C6H2) have been prepared and isolated from the reactions of the mono-, di-, or tri-fluorophenol with BCl3. The Lewis acidity of these borates has been determined by NMR spectroscopic and theoretical methods and compared to their well-established borane counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael M Alharbi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, College of Science, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Tanja Kaehler
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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10
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Warring LS, Walley JE, Dickie DA, Tiznado W, Pan S, Gilliard RJ. Lewis Superacidic Heavy Pnictaalkene Cations: Comparative Assessment of Carbodicarbene-Stibenium and Carbodicarbene-Bismuthenium Ions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18640-18652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 270, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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11
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Schorpp M, Yadav R, Roth D, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato Stibenium: Lewis Superacidity by Antimony(III)-Antimony(V) Electromerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207963. [PMID: 35925742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lewis superacids enable the activation of highly inert substrates. However, the permanent presence of a Lewis superacidic center comes along with a constantly increased intolerance toward functional groups or ambient conditions. Herein, we describe a strategy to unleash Lewis superacidity by electromerism. Experimental and computational results indicate that coordinating a Lewis base to Δ-calix[4]pyrrolato-antimony(III) triggers a ligand redox-noninnocent coupled transfer into antimony(V)-state that exhibits Lewis superacidic features. Lewis acidity by electromerism establishes a concept of potential generality for powerful yet robust reagents and on-site substrate activation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Hynes T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Mesomeric Tuning at Planar Bi centres: Unexpected Dimerization and Benzyl C‐H Activation in [CN2]Bi Complexes. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200244. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Dalhousie University Department of Chemistry Chemistry Building, 6274 Coburg Road B3H 4R2 Halifax CANADA
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13
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Schorpp M, Yadav R, Roth D, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato Stibenium: Lewis Superacidity by Antimony(III)‐Antimony(V) Electromerism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Daniel Roth
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Lutz Greb
- Freie Universitat Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische Chemie Institut für Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34-36 14195 Berlin GERMANY
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14
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Bedard J, Roberts NJ, Shayan M, Bamford KL, Werner-Zwanziger U, Marczenko KM, Chitnis SS. (PNSiMe 3 ) 4 (NMe) 6 : A Robust Tetravalent Phosphaza-adamantane Scaffold for Molecular and Macromolecular Construction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204851. [PMID: 35384216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetraarylmethanes and adamantanes are important rigid covalent connectors that play a four-way scaffolding role in molecular and materials chemistry. We report the synthesis of a new tetravalent phosphaza-adamantane cage, (PNSiMe3 )4 (NMe)6 (2), that shows high thermal, air, and redox stability due to its geometry. It nevertheless participates in covalent four-fold functionalization reactions along its periphery. The combination of a robust core and reactive corona makes 2 a convenient inorganic scaffold upon which tetrahedral molecular and macromolecular chemistry can be constructed. This potential is demonstrated by the synthesis of a tetrakis(bis(phosphine)iminium) ion (in compound 3) and the first all P/N poly(phosphazene) network (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Shayan
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ulrike Werner-Zwanziger
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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15
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Tidwell JR, Martin CD. Investigating the Reactions of BiCl 3, a Diiminopyridine Ligand, and Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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16
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Bedard J, Roberts N, Shayan M, Bamford KL, Werner-Zwanziger U, Marczenko KM, Chitnis SS. (PNSiMe3)4(NMe)6: A Robust Tetravalent Phosphaza‐adamantane Scaffold for Molecular and Macromolecular Construction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Dalhousie University Department of Chemistry Chemistry Building, 6274 Coburg Road B3H 4R2 Halifax CANADA
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17
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Heteroelement organobismuth compounds in 2010–2020: A review. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Andrada DM, Salvador P. Unveiling the Electronic Structure of the Bi(+1)/Bi(+3) Redox Couple on NCN and NNN Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17657-17668. [PMID: 34766771 PMCID: PMC8653152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
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Low-valent group
15 compounds stabilized by pincer ligands have
gained particular interest, given their direct access to fine-tune
their reactivity by the coordination pattern. Recently, bismuth has
been employed in a variety of catalytic transformations by taking
advantage of the (+1/+3) redox couple. In this work, we present a
detailed quantum–chemical study on the electronic structure
of bismuth pincer complexes from two different families, namely, bis(ketimine)phenyl
(NCN) and triamide bismuthinidene (NNN). The use of the so-called
effective oxidation state analysis allows the unambiguous assignation
of the bismuth oxidation state. In contrast to previous studies, our
calculations suggest a Bi(+1) assignation for NCN pincer ligands,
while Bi(+3) character is found for NNN pincer complexes. Notably,
regardless of its oxidation state, the central bismuth atom disposes
of up to two lone pairs for coordinating Lewis acids, as indicated
by very high first and second proton affinity values. Besides, the
Bi–NNN systems can also accommodate two Lewis base ligands,
indicating also ambiphilic behavior. The effective fragment orbital
analysis of Bi and the ligand allows monitoring of the intricate electron
flow of these processes, revealing the noninnocent nature of the NNN
ligand, in contrast with the NCN one. By the dissection of the electron
density into effective fragment orbitals, we are able to quantify
and rationalize the Lewis base/acid character. Effective oxidation state analysis sheds
light on the electronic
structure of chemical systems. The oxidation state of bismuthinidene
pincer complexes can be assigned as Bi(+1) or Bi(+3) depending on
the nature of the ligands. Despite this assignation, the reactivity
pattern as Lewis base or acid is similar. The occupation of the effective
fragment orbitals gives a straightforward method to quantify the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Sharma D, Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. Reversing Lewis acidity from bismuth to antimony. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8889-8892. [PMID: 34378571 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the boundaries between the neutral and cationic models of (Mesityl)2EX (E = Sb, Bi and X = Cl-, OTf-) have facilitated reversing the Lewis acidity from bismuth to antimony. We use this concept to demonstrate a higher efficiency of (Mesityl)2SbOTf over (Mesityl)2BiOTf in the catalytic reduction of phosphine oxides to phosphines. The experiments supported with computations described herein will find use in designing new Lewis acids relevant to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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20
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6682-6690. [PMID: 33290596 PMCID: PMC7986408 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the first examples of carbodicarbene (CDC)-stabilized bismuth complexes, which feature low-coordinate cationic bismuth centers with C=Bi multiple-bond character. Monocations [(CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl][SbF6 ] (8) and [(CDC)BiBr2 (THF)2 ][SbF6 ] (11), dications [(CDC)Bi(Ph)][SbF6 ]2 (9) and [(CDC)BiBr(THF)3 ][NTf2 ]2 (12), and trication [(CDC)2 Bi][NTf2 ]3 (13) have been synthesized via sequential halide abstractions from (CDC)Bi(Ph)Cl2 (7) and (CDC)BiBr3 (10). Notably, the dications and trication exhibit C ⇉ Bi double dative bonds and thus represent unprecedented bismaalkene cations. The synthesis of these species highlights a unique non-reductive route to C-Bi π-bonding character. The CDC-[Bi] complexes (7-13) were compared with related NHC-[Bi] complexes (1, 3-6) and show substantially different structural properties. Indeed, the CDC ligand has a remarkable influence on the overall stability of the resulting low-coordinate Bi complexes, suggesting that CDC is a superior ligand to NHC in heavy pnictogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universitt MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße35043MarburgGermany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319CharlottesvilleVA22904USA
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21
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Walley JE, Warring LS, Wang G, Dickie DA, Pan S, Frenking G, Gilliard RJ. Carbodicarbene Bismaalkene Cations: Unravelling the Complexities of Carbene versus Carbone in Heavy Pnictogen Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904 USA
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22
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Lipshultz JM, Li G, Radosevich AT. Main Group Redox Catalysis of Organopnictogens: Vertical Periodic Trends and Emerging Opportunities in Group 15. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1699-1721. [PMID: 33464903 PMCID: PMC7934640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of organopnictogen redox catalytic methods have emerged-especially within the past 10 years-that leverage the plentiful reversible two-electron redox chemistry within Group 15. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers the context to understand the dramatic developments in organopnictogen catalysis over the past decade with an eye toward future development. An exposition of the fundamental differences in the atomic structure and bonding of the pnictogens, and thus the molecular electronic structure of organopnictogen compounds, is presented to establish the backdrop against which organopnictogen redox reactivity-and ultimately catalysis-is framed. A deep appreciation of these underlying periodic principles informs an understanding of the differing modes of organopnictogen redox catalysis and evokes the key challenges to the field moving forward. We close by addressing forward-looking directions likely to animate this area in the years to come. What new catalytic manifolds can be developed through creative catalyst and reaction design that take advantage of the intrinsic redox reactivity of the pnictogens to drive new discoveries in catalysis?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Lichtenberg C. Molecular bismuth(iii) monocations: structure, bonding, reactivity, and catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4483-4495. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structurally defined, molecular bismuth(iii) cations show remarkable properties in coordination chemistry, Lewis acidity, and redox chemistry, allowing for unique applications in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Am Hubland
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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24
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Moon HW, Maity A, Radosevich AT. Ancillary Tethering Influences σ3-P vs σ5-P Speciation and Enables Intermolecular S–H Oxidative Addition to Nontrigonal Phosphorus Compounds. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ayan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Fekete C, Barrett J, Benkő Z, Heift D. Dibismuthates as Linking Units for Bis-Zwitterions and Coordination Polymers. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13270-13280. [PMID: 32897714 PMCID: PMC7509842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Adducts of bismuth
trihalides BiX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and the PS3 ligand (PS3 = P(C6H4-o-CH2SCH3)3) react with HCl to form inorganic/organic
hybrids with the general formula [HPS3BiX4]2. On the basis of their solid-state
structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, these compounds
exhibit discrete bis-zwitterionic assemblies consisting of two phosphonium
units [HPS3]+ linked
to a central dibismuthate core [Bi2X8]2– via S→Bi dative interactions. Remarkably, the phosphorus
center of the PS3 ligand undergoes
protonation with hydrochloric acid. This is in stark contrast to the
protonation of phosphines commonly observed with hydrogen halides
resulting in equilibrium. To understand the important factors in this
protonation reaction, 31P NMR experiments and DFT computations
have been performed. Furthermore, the dibismuthate linker was utilized
to obtain the coordination polymer {[AgPS3BiCl3(OTf)]2(CH3CN)2}∞, in which dicationic [Ag(PS3)]22+ macrocycles containing
five-coordinate silver centers connect the dianionic [Bi2Cl6(OTf)2]2– dibismuthate
fragments. The bonding situation in these dibismuthates has been investigated
by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations (NBO analysis,
AIM analysis, charge distribution). The potential
of dibismuthates [Bi2X8]2− as building blocks for the synthesis of bis-zwitterions and coordination
polymers has been shown. The structures of these compounds and the
bonding in the dibismuthate linkers have been studied by single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Fekete
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamie Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominikus Heift
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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26
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Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. Recent developments in the chemistry of non-trigonal pnictogen pincer compounds: from bonding to catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9728-9740. [PMID: 34094237 PMCID: PMC8162179 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of well-established meridionally coordinating, tridentate pincer ligands with group 15 elements affords geometrically constrained non-trigonal pnictogen pincer compounds. These species show remarkable activity in challenging element-hydrogen bond scission reactions, such as the activation of ammonia. The electronic structures of these compounds and the implications they have on their electrochemical properties and transition metal coordination are described. Furthermore, stoichiometric and catalytic bond forming reactions involving B-H, N-H and O-H bonds as well as carbon nucleophiles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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