1
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Zhu Y, Borstelmann J, Bertleff O, Bergner J, Wei Z, Neiss C, Görling A, Kivala M, Petrukhina MA. Unveiling the Multielectron Acceptor Properties of π-Expanded Pyracylene: Reversible Boat to Chair Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14715-14723. [PMID: 38741481 PMCID: PMC11140751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the chemical reduction of a hybrid pyracylene-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HPH) nanographene was investigated with different alkali metals (Na, K, Rb) to reveal its remarkable multielectron acceptor abilities. The UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy monitoring of the stepwise reduction reactions supports the existence of all intermediate reduction states up to the hexaanion for HPH. Tuning the experimental conditions enabled the synthesis of the HPH anions with gradually increasing reduction states (up to -5) isolated with different alkali metal ions as crystalline materials. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure analysis demonstrates that the highly negatively charged HPH anions (-4 and -5) exhibit a drastic geometry change from boat-shaped (observed in the neutral parent, mono- and dianions) to a chair conformation, which was proved to be fully reversible by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations show that this geometry change is induced by an enhanced interaction between the coordinated metal ions and negatively charged HPH core in the chair conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Jan Borstelmann
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Oliver Bertleff
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander
Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Christian Neiss
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander
Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander
Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Erlangen
National High Performance Computing Center (NHR@FAU), Martensstr. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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2
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Castellanos E, Benner F, Demir S. Linear, Electron-Rich Erbium Single-Molecule Magnet with Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9888-9898. [PMID: 38738864 PMCID: PMC11134505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Judicious design of ligand scaffolds to highly anisotropic lanthanide ions led to substantial advances in molecular spintronics and single-molecule magnetism. Erbium-based single-molecule magnets (SMMs) are rare, which is attributed to the prolate-shaped ErIII ion requiring an equatorial ligand field for enhancing its single-ion magnetic anisotropy. Here, we present an electron-rich mononuclear Er SMM, [K(crypt-222)][Er(dbCOT)2], 1 (where dbCOT = dibenzocyclooctatetraene), that was obtained from a salt metathesis reaction of ErCl3 and K2dbCOT. The dipotassium salt, K2dbCOT, was generated through a two-electron reduction of the bare dbCOT0 ligand employing potassium graphite and was crystallized from DME to give the new solvated complex, [K(DME)]2[dbCOT]n, 2. 1 was analyzed through crystallography, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, magnetometry, and CASSCF calculations. The structure of 1 consists of an anionic metallocene complex featuring a linear (180.0°) geometry with an ErIII ion sandwiched between dianionic dbCOT ligands and an outer-sphere K+ ion encapsulated in 2.2.2-cryptand. Two pronounced redox events at negative potentials allude to the formation of a trianionic erbocene complex, [Er(dbCOT)2]3-, on the electrochemical time scale. 1 shows slow magnetic relaxation with an effective spin-reversal barrier of Ueff = 114(2) cm-1, which is close in magnitude to the calculated energies of the first and second excited states of 96.9 and 109.13 cm-1, respectively. 1 exhibits waist-constricted hysteresis loops below 4 K and constitutes the first example of an erbocene-SMM bearing fused aromatic rings to the central COT ligand. Notably, 1 comprises the largest COT scaffold implemented in erbocene SMMs, yielding the most electron-rich homoleptic erbium metallocene SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Florian Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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3
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Zhu Y, Mahoney J, Babson AJ, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Gakiya-Teruya M, McNeely J, Rogachev AY, Shatruk M, Petrukhina MA. Homoleptic Rare-Earth-Metal Sandwiches with Dibenzo[ a, e]cyclooctatetraene Dianions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9579-9587. [PMID: 38374612 PMCID: PMC11134502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A family of rare-earth complexes [RE(III) = Y, La, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Er] with doubly reduced dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (DBCOT) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that all products of the [RE(DBCOT)(THF)4][RE(DBCOT)2] composition consist of the anionic sandwich [RE(DBCOT)2]- and the cationic counterpart [RE(DBCOT)(THF)4]+. Within the sandwich, two elongated π decks are slightly bent toward the metal center (avg. 7.3°) with a rotation angle of 35.9-37.6°. The RE(III) ion is entrapped between the central eight-membered rings of DBCOT2- in a η8 fashion. The trends in the RE-COT bond lengths are consistent with the variations of the ionic radii of RE(III) centers. The 1H NMR spectra of the diamagnetic Y(III) and La(III) analogues illustrate the distinct solution behavior for the cationic and anionic parts in this series. Magnetic measurements for the Dy analogue reveal single-molecule magnetism, which was rationalized by considering the effect of crystal-field splitting for both building units analyzed by electronic structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - James Mahoney
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Aaron J. Babson
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Miguel Gakiya-Teruya
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James McNeely
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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4
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Kasprzak A. Supramolecular Chemistry of Sumanene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318437. [PMID: 38231540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Sumanene is a buckybowl molecule that is continuously attracting the attention of the scientific community because of its unique geometrical and physicochemical properties. This Minireview systematically summarizes advances and considerations regarding the applied supramolecular chemistry of sumanene. This work highlights the major fields in which potential or real applications of sumanene molecule have been reported to date, such as the design of sumanene-containing functional supramolecular materials and architectures, sumanene-based drug-delivery systems, or sumanene-tethered ion-selective molecular receptors. An assessment of the current status in the applied supramolecular chemistry of sumanene is provided, together with an emphasis on the key advances being made. Discussion on those milestones that are still to be achieved within this emerging field is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Castellanos E, Demir S. Linear, Electron-Rich, Homoleptic Rare Earth Metallocene and Its Redox Activity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2095-2104. [PMID: 36689470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The first homoleptic sandwich complex of dibenzocyclooctatetraene (dbCOT), representing a large cyclooctatetraene (COT) ligand with two fused benzene moieties, for any metal was accessed through salt metathesis of YCl3 with K2dbCOT in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis on red-brown [K(crypt-222)][Y(dbCOT)2], 1, revealed a remarkably linear anionic yttrocene complex featuring a centroid-yttrium-centroid angle of 180.0°. The anionic moiety adopts a pseudo D2d geometry, where the carbon atoms of the central COT ring exhibit a staggered geometry. In total, 36 π-electrons are stored on both dbCOT anions, rendering it the largest isolated sandwich complex containing only fused aromatic rings. The solution-state structure of 1 was probed through a series of techniques involving cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis, and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including 89Y NMR. The density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis uncovered an ionic bonding interaction between the (dbCOT)2- ligands and YIII ion. NICS calculations support the experimentally observed aromatic character of 1, despite the deviation from planarity found in the dbCOT moieties. The cyclic voltammograms allude to the accessibility of a radical oxidation state, dbCOT3-•, based on a quasi-reversible feature. Excitingly, the chemical one-electron reduction of 1 through exposure to potassium graphite yielded a paramagnetic molecule, which was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Notably, this EPR spectrum is the first one for any sandwich complex containing a COT radical. Remarkably, 1 is thermally stable, and its isolation may provide access to mono- and multinuclear complexes comprising heavier metals with applications in small-molecule activation, single-molecule magnetism, and molecular nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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6
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Pennachio M, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Tsybizova A, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA. Interplay of Charge and Aromaticity Upon Chemical Reduction of p-Quinquephenyl with Alkali Metals. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Alexandra Tsybizova
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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7
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Frisch S, Neiß C, Lindenthal S, Zorn NF, Rominger F, Görling A, Zaumseil J, Kivala M. Tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene: A Near-IR Fluorophore with Four-Stage Amphoteric Redox Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203101. [PMID: 36287191 PMCID: PMC10107686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel, benign synthetic strategy towards soluble tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene (TPNA) decorated with triisopropylsilylethynyl substituents has been established. The compound is perfectly stable under ambient conditions in air and features intense and strongly bathochromically shifted UV/vis absorption and emission bands reaching to near-IR region beyond 900 nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed four facilitated reversible redox events comprising two oxidations and two reductions. These remarkable experimental findings were corroborated by theoretical studies to identify the TPNA platform a particularly useful candidate for the development of functional near-IR fluorophores upon appropriate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Kumar R, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207486. [PMID: 35819871 PMCID: PMC9545420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Institute of Physics Chair of Solid State and Materials Science Augsburg University Universitätsstrasse 1 86159 Augsburg Germany
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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9
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Bergner J, Walla C, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Kivala M. Inducing Curvature to Pyracylene upon π‐Expansion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201554. [PMID: 35652474 PMCID: PMC9543126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a successive π‐expansion of pyracylene towards boat‐shaped polycyclic scaffolds. The unique structural features of the resulting compounds were revealed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Depending on the extent of π‐expansion the compounds display intense bathochromically shifted absorption bands in their UV/Vis spectra and are prone to several redox events as documented by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental observations are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory, suggesting progressive narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap and distinct evolution of the electronic structure and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian Walla
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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Kumar R, Chmielewski P, Lis T, Volkmer D, Stępień M. Tridecacyclene Tetraimide: An Easily Reduced Cyclooctatetraene Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Faculty of Chemistry POLAND
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Augsburg University Institute of Physics, Chair of Solid State and Materials Science GERMANY
| | - Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw Department of Chemistry ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw POLAND
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11
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Wei Z, Bergner J, Neiß C, Doloczki S, Görling A, Kivala M, Petrukhina MA. Reversible structural rearrangement of π-expanded cyclooctatetraene upon two-fold reduction with alkali metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3206-3209. [PMID: 35174826 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of a π-expanded COT derivative, octaphenyltetrabenzocyclooctatetraene (1), with lithium or sodium metals in the presence of secondary ligands affords a new doubly-reduced product (1TR2-). The X-ray diffraction study revealed a reductive core rearrangement accompanied by the formation of a single C-C bond and severe twist of the central tetraphenylene core. The reversibility of two-electron reduction and core transformation is further confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - John Bergner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. .,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Susanne Doloczki
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry I Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Theoretical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. .,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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12
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Tasić M, Ivković J, Carlström G, Melcher M, Bollella P, Bendix J, Gorton L, Persson P, Uhlig J, Strand D. Electro-mechanically switchable hydrocarbons based on [8]annulenes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:860. [PMID: 35165264 PMCID: PMC8844043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure hydrocarbons with shape and conjugation properties that can be switched by external stimuli is an intriguing prospect in the design of new responsive materials and single-molecule electronics. Here, we develop an oligomeric [8]annulene-based material that combines a remarkably efficient topological switching upon redox changes with structural simplicity, stability, and straightforward synthesis: 5,12-alkyne linked dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraenes (dbCOTs). Upon reduction, the structures accommodate a reversible reorganization from a pseudo-conjugated tub-shape to a conjugated aromatic system. This switching in oligomeric structures gives rise to multiple defined states that are deconvoluted by electrochemical, NMR, and optical methods. The combination of stable electromechanical responsivity and ability to relay electrons stepwise through an extended (pseudo-conjugated) π-system in partially reduced structures validate alkyne linked dbCOTs as a practical platform for developing new responsive materials and switches based on [8]annulene cores. Pure hydrocarbons with properties that can be switched by external stimuli are interesting for the design and development of new responsive materials. Here, the authors develop an oligomeric [8]annulene-based material that combines topological switching upon redox changes with structural simplicity, stability, and straightforward synthesis.
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13
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Pugliese ER, Benner F, Castellanos E, Delano F, Demir S. Heteroleptic Rare-Earth Tris(metallocenes) Containing a Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Dianion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2444-2454. [PMID: 35042339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isolable heteroleptic tris(metallocenes) containing five-membered and larger rings remain extremely scarce. The utilization of tripositive rare-earth-metal ions with ionic radii >1 Å allowed access to unprecedented and sterically congested dibenzocyclooctatetraenyl (dbCOT) metallocenes, [K(crypt-222)][Cptet2RE(η2-dbCOT)] (RE = Y (1), Dy (2); Cptet = tetramethylcyclopentadienyl), through a salt metathesis reaction involving Cptet2RE(BPh4) and the potassium salt of the dbCOT dianion. The solid-state structures were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and IR spectroscopy and provided evidence for the first crystallographically characterized (dbCOT)2- anion in a complex containing d- or f-block metals. Remarkably, the (Cptet)- ligands force a distortion from planarity within the (dbCOT)2- moiety, engendering a rare η2-bonding motif, as opposed to the classical η8 conformation observed in complexes bearing a (COT)2- ion. The η2 coordination mode was proven crystallographically between 100 and 298 K and computationally (DFT and NBO). Furthermore, nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations uncovered significant ring current within the dbCOT ligand. The solution-state properties of 1 and 2 were analyzed via cyclic voltammetry, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of 1 and 2 exhibit a quasi-reversible feature indicating the accessibility of complexes with dbCOT in two oxidation states (dbCOT2-/3-•). Importantly, the dysprosium congener, 2, is a zero-field single-molecule magnet (SMM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Pugliese
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Florian Benner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Ernesto Castellanos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Francis Delano
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Selvan Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
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14
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Kroeger AA, Karton A. Graphene-induced planarization of cyclooctatetraene derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:96-105. [PMID: 34677827 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stable equilibrium compounds containing a planar antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene (COT) ring are promising candidates for organic electronic devices such as organic semiconductor transistors. The planarization of COT by incorporation into rigid planar π-systems, as well as by oxidation or reduction has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, we explore an alternative approach of planarizing COT derivatives by adsorption onto graphene. We show that strong π-π stacking interactions between graphene and COT derivatives induce a planar structure with an antiaromatic central COT ring. In addition to being reversible, this strategy provides a novel approach for planarizing COT without the need for incorporation into a rigid structure, atomic substitution, oxidation, or reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja A Kroeger
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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15
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Pennachio M, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Liu S, Rogachev AY, Petrukhina MA. Doubly-Reduced Pentacene in Different Coordination Environments: X-ray Crystallographic and Theoretical Insights into Structural and Electronic Changes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104194. [PMID: 34890088 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reduction of pentacene (C22H14, 1) with Group 1 metals ranging from Li to Cs revealed that 1 readily undergoes a two-fold reduction to afford a doubly-reduced 12- anion in THF. With the help of 18-crown-6 ether used as a secondary coordinating agent, five π-complexes of 12- with different alkali metal counterions have been isolated and fully characterized. This series of complexes enables the first evaluation of alkali-metal ion binding patterns and structural changes of the 12- dianion based on the crystallographically confirmed examples. The difference in coordination of the smallest Li+ ion vs. heavier Group 1 congeners has been demonstrated. In addition, the use of benzo-15-crown-5 in the reaction of 1 with Na metal allowed the isolation of the unique solvent-separated ion product with a "naked" dianion, 12-. The detailed structural analyses of the series revealed the C-C bond alteration and core deformation of pentacene upon two-fold reduction and complexation. The negative charge localization at the central six-membered ring of 12- identified by theoretical calculations corroborates with the X-ray crystallographic results. Subsequent in-depth theoretical analysis provided a detailed description of changes in the electronic structure and aromaticity of pentacene upon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng Zhou
- University at Albany, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Zheng Wei
- University at Albany, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Marina A Petrukhina
- University of Albany, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, 12222, Albany, UNITED STATES
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16
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Hirao T, Amaya T, Petrukhina MA. Structural Consequences of Two-Fold Deprotonation of Sumanene: Embedding Two Cp-rings into a Nonplanar Carbon Framework. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Toshikazu Hirao
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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17
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Desmaizieres G, Speer ME, Thiede I, Gaiser P, Perner V, Kolek M, Bieker P, Winter M, Esser B. Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene-Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000725. [PMID: 33660343 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic redox polymers are attractive electrode materials for more sustainable rechargeable batteries. To obtain full-organic cells with high operating voltages, redox polymers with low potentials (<2 V versus Li|Li+ ) are required for the negative electrode. Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (DBCOT) is a promising redox-active group in this respect, since it can be reversibly reduced in a two-electron process at potentials below 1 V versus Li|Li+ . Upon reduction, its conformation changes from tub-shaped to planar, rendering DBCOT-based polymers also of interest to molecular actuators. Here, the syntheses of three aliphatic DBCOT-polymers and their electrochemical properties are presented. For this, a viable three-step synthetic route to 2-bromo-functionalized DBCOT as polymer precursor is developed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in solution and of thin films of the DBCOT-polymers demonstrate their potential as battery electrode materials. Half-cell measurements in batteries show pseudo capacitive behavior with Faradaic contributions, which demonstrate that electrode composition and fabrication will play an important role in the future to release the full redox activity of the DBCOT polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Desmaizieres
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Martin E Speer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Inna Thiede
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, Bonn, 53121, Germany
| | - Philipp Gaiser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Verena Perner
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Martin Kolek
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Peter Bieker
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Münster (HI MS), IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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