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Morris RH. Reactivity umpolung (reversal) of ligands in transition metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2808-2827. [PMID: 38353155 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms. Labelling a metal and ligand with Seebach donor and acceptor labels helps to identify whether a reaction involving the intermolecular attack on the ligand is displaying native reactivity or reactivity umpolung. This has been done for complexes of nitriles, carbonyls, isonitriles, dinitrogen, Fischer carbenes, alkenes, alkynes, hydrides, methyls, methylidenes and alkylidenes, silylenes, oxides, imides/nitrenes, alkylidynes, methylidynes, and nitrides. The electronic influence of the metal and co-ligands is discussed in terms of the energy of (HOMO) d electrons. The energy can be related to the pKLACa (LAC is ligand acidity constant) of the theoretical hydride complexes [H-[M]-L]+ formed by the protonation of pair of valence d electrons on the metal in the [M-L] complex. Preliminary findings indicate that a negative pKLACa indicates that nucleophilic attack by a carbanion or amine on the ligand will likely occur while a positive pKLACa indicates that electrophilic attack by strong acids on the ligand will usually occur when the ligand is nitrile, carbonyl, isonitrile, alkene and η6-arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
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2
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Syntheses, characterizations and structures of ruthenium carbene and allenylidene complexes supported by 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Me3tacn) ligands. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, Gómez-Gallego M, Sierra MA. Advances in the synthesis and reactivity of group 6 metal allenyls. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tse SKS, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Jia G. Vinylidene, allenylidene, cyclic oxycarbene, and η 2-alkyne complexes from reactions of (η 5-C 5Me 5)OsCl(PPh 3) 2 with alkynes and alkynols. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of Cp*OsCl(PPh3)2 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with alkynes and alkynols are described. Treatment of Cp*OsCl(PPh3)2 with phenylacetylene and trimethylsilylacetylene gave the vinylidene complexes Cp*OsCl(=C=CHPh)(PPh3) and Cp*OsCl(=C=CH2)(PPh3), respectively. Treatment of Cp*OsCl(PPh3)2 with the internal alkyne dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate produced the η2-alkyne complex Cp*OsCl(η2-MeO2C≡CCO2Me)(PPh3). Treatment of Cp*OsCl(PPh3)2 with the propargylic alcohol HC≡CC(OH)Ph2 gave the osmium allenylidene complex Cp*OsCl(=C = C=CPh2)(PPh3). The outcomes of the reactions of Cp*OsCl(PPh3)2 with ω-alkynols HC≡C(CH2)nOH are dependent on the length of the -(CH2)n- linker. The reaction with 3-butyn-1-ol produced the cyclic oxycarbene complex Cp*OsCl{=C(CH2)3O}(PPh3) exclusively. The reactions with 4-pentyn-1-ol produced a mixture of the hydroxyalkyl vinylidene complex Cp*OsCl{=C=CH(CH2)3OH}(PPh3) and the cyclic oxycarbene complex Cp*OsCl{=C(CH2)4O}(PPh3) in about 10:1 molar ratio. The reaction with 5-hexyn-1-ol gave exclusively the hydroxyalkyl vinylidene complex Cp*OsCl{=C=CH(CH2)4OH}(PPh3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kai San Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Herman Ho-Yung Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ian Duncan Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Lee KF, Bai W, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Rhenium-Promoted C-C Bond-Cleavage Reactions of Internal Propargyl Alcohols. Chemistry 2018; 24:9760-9764. [PMID: 29878488 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of C-C bond cleavage reactions of internal propargyl alcohols to give vinylidene complexes are described. Treatment of [Re(dppm)3 ]I with RC≡CC(OH)R'R'' (R=aryl, alkyl; C(OH)R'R''=C(OH)Ph2, C(OH)Me2 , C(OH)HPh, C(OH)H2 ) produced the vinylidene complexes ReI(=C=CHR)(dppm)2 with the elimination of C(O)R'R''. Computational studies support that the reactions proceed through a β-alkynyl elimination of alkoxide intermediates Re{OC(R')(R'')C≡CR}(dppm)2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Fun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Hattori H, Koo DH, May JA. Direct Chlorination of Trispyrazolyl Borate Ligands in Tp-Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hattori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Dong Hyun Koo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jeremy A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Fleming Building Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Synthesis, structural characterization and catalytic activity of indenyl complexes of ruthenium bearing fluorinated phosphine ligands. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alturaifi HA, Gerriow H, Gluyas JB, Mjörnstedt S, Raftery J, Low PJ, Whiteley MW. Synthesis, structure and redox chemistry of the aminoallenylidene complex [Mo{C C C(Me)NEt2}(dppe)(η-C7H7)][BPh4]. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tsai SH, Lin YC, Liu YH. Reactions of Ruthenium Complexes Containing Pentatetraenylidene Ligand. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3072-3083. [PMID: 27617893 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two ruthenium acetylide complexes [Ru]-C≡C-C≡C-C(OR)(C3 H5 )2 (2, R=H and 2 a, R=CH3 ; [Ru]=Cp(PPh3 )2 Ru) each with two cyclopropyl rings were synthesized from TMS-C≡C-C≡C-C(OH)(C3 H5 )2 (1; TMS=trimethylsilyl). Treatments of 2 and 2 a with allyl halide in the presence of KPF6 afforded the vinylidene complexes 3 and 3 a, respectively. When NH4 PF6 was used, instead of KPF6 , additional ring-opening reaction took place on one of the three-membered ring. Treatment of [Ru]Cl with 1,3-butadiyne (6), bearing an epoxide ring, afforded acetylide complex 7 with a furyl ring. Treatment of 2 a with Ph3 CPF6 presumably afforded pentatetraenylidene complex {[Ru]=C=C=C=C=C(C3 H5 )2 }[PF6 ] (10), which was not isolated. Additions of various alcohols in a solution of 10 generated a number of disubstituted allenylidene complexes {[Ru]=C=C=C(OR)-C=C(C3 H5 )2 }[PF6 ] (11). Treatment of 11 with K2 CO3 afforded the acetylide complex 12 bearing a carbonyl group, characterized by single X-ray diffraction analysis. Addition of a primary amine to 10 caused cleavage of the farthermost C=C bond and several allenylidene complexes {[Ru]=C=C=C(Me)(NHR)}[PF6 ] (18) were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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11
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Chan KW, Bai W, Lee KF, Lee KH, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lin Z, Jia G. Synthesis of Rhenium Vinylidene and Carbyne Complexes from Reactions of [Re(dppm)3]I with Terminal Alkynes and Alkynols. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Fun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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El-Tarhuni S, Manhães LM, Morrill C, Raftery J, Randhawa JK, Whiteley MW. Synthesis of cyclopentadienyl iron alkoxycarbene complexes via vinylidene intermediates: X-ray structures of [Fe{C(OMe)Me}(dppe)Cp][I] and [Fe{C(CH2)3O}(dppe)Cp][PF6]. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Jiménez-Tenorio M, Puerta MC, Valerga P. Activation of Propargyl Alcohols by TpRu Complexes Bearing a Bidentate NHC Ligand. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jiménez-Tenorio
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería
Metalúrgica y Quı́mica Inorgánica-INBIO,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Puerta
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería
Metalúrgica y Quı́mica Inorgánica-INBIO,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Valerga
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería
Metalúrgica y Quı́mica Inorgánica-INBIO,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Spörler S, Strinitz F, Rodehutskors P, Müller L, Waterloo AR, Dürr M, Hübner E, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Tykwinski RR, Burzlaff N. Carbon-rich cyclopentadienyl ruthenium allenylidene complexes. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium allenylidene complexes based on carbon-rich polyaromatic moieties have been synthesized with interesting intermolecular π-interactions.
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15
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García-de la Arada I, Díez J, Gamasa M, Lastra E. Alkyne activation by half–sandwich ruthenium(II) complex [RuCl(η5-C9H7){P(OEt)3}(PPh3)]. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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