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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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2
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Lentz N, Sodreau A, Acuña A, Mallet-Ladeira S, Maerten E, Sotiropoulos JM, Rojas Guerrero RS, Madec D. Synthesis and structures of homoleptic germylenes and stannylenes with sulfonimidamide ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6841-6846. [PMID: 37144521 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An unusual series of germylenes and stannylenes with homoleptic symmetric and unsymmetric N-substituted sulfonimidamide ligands PhSO(NiPr)(NHiPr) 1 and PhSO(NMes)(NHiPr) 2 have been prepared by protonolysis reaction of Lappert's metallylenes [M(HMDS)2] (M = Ge or Sn) with two equivalents of the appropriate sulfonimidamide. The homoleptic germylenes [PhSO(NiPr)2]2Ge 3 and [PhSO(NMes)(NiPr)]2Ge 4, and stannylenes [PhSO(NiPr)2]2Sn 5 and [PhSO(NMes)(NiPr)]2Sn 6 were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction analysis. DFT calculations have been performed to understand the electronic properties brought by the sulfonimidamide ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lentz
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA (Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée), UMR/CNRS 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Alexandre Sodreau
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA (Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée), UMR/CNRS 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Alejandra Acuña
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA (Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée), UMR/CNRS 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT, UAR 2599), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Eddy Maerten
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA (Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée), UMR/CNRS 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Université de Pau et des Pays l'Adour et CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc 2 avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau, France
| | - René Segundo Rojas Guerrero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Madec
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LHFA (Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée), UMR/CNRS 5069, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
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3
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Sarkar D, Weetman C, Dutta S, Schubert E, Jandl C, Koley D, Inoue S. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Germa-acylium Ion: Reactivity and Utility in Catalytic CO2 Functionalizations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15403-15411. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Emeric Schubert
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Zhou X, Vasko P, Hicks J, Fuentes MÁ, Heilmann A, Kolychev EL, Aldridge S. Cooperative N-H bond activation by amido-Ge(ii) cations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9495-9504. [PMID: 32608471 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and tertiary phosphine-stabilized germylium-ylidene cations, [R(L)Ge:]+, featuring tethered amido substituents at R have been synthesized via halide abstraction. Characterization in the solid state by X-ray crystallography shows these systems to be monomeric, featuring a two-coordinate C,N- or P,N-ligated germanium atom. The presence of the strongly Lewis acidic cationic germanium centre and proximal amide function allows for facile cleavage of N-H bonds in 1,2-fashion: the products resulting from reactions with carbazole feature a tethered secondary amine donor bound to a three-coordinate carbazolyl-GeII centre. In each case, addition of the components of the N-H bond occurs to the same face of the germanium amide function, consistent with a coordination/proton migration mechanism. Such as sequence is compatible with the idea that substrate coordination via the pπ orbital at germanium reduces the extent of N-to-Ge π donation from the amide, thereby enhancing the basicity of the proximal N-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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5
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Wollenburg M, Bajohr J, Marchese AD, Whyte A, Glorius F, Lautens M. Palladium-Catalyzed Disilylation and Digermanylation of Alkene Tethered Aryl Halides: Direct Access to Versatile Silylated and Germanylated Heterocycles. Org Lett 2020; 22:3679-3683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wollenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bajohr
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Whyte
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Mangan RJ, Rit A, Sindlinger CP, Tirfoin R, Campos J, Hicks J, Christensen KE, Niu H, Aldridge S. Activation of Protic, Hydridic and Apolar E-H Bonds by a Boryl-Substituted Ge II Cation. Chemistry 2019; 26:306-315. [PMID: 31660651 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a boryl-substituted germanium(II) cation, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ , (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl) featuring a supporting N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor, has been explored through chloride abstraction from the corresponding (boryl)(NHC)GeCl precursor. Crystallographic studies in the solid state and UV/Vis spectra in fluorobenzene solution show that this species dimerizes under such conditions to give [(IPrMe){(HCNDipp)2 B}Ge=Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]2+ (IPrMe = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene), which can be viewed as an imidazolium-functionalized digermene. The dimer is cleaved in the presence of donor solvents such as [D8 ]thf or [D5 ]pyridine, to give monomeric adducts of the type [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(L)]+ . In the case of the thf adduct, the additional donor is shown to be sufficiently labile that it can act as a convenient in situ source of the monomeric complex [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)]+ for oxidative bond-activation chemistry. Thus, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }(IPrMe)(thf)]+ reacts with silanes and dihydrogen, leading to the formation of GeIV products, whereas the cleavage of the N-H bond in ammonia ultimately yields products containing C-H and B-N bonds. The facile reactivity observed in E-H bond activation is in line with the very small calculated HOMO-LUMO gap (132 kJ mol-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mangan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Haoyu Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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7
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Sun X, Simler T, Yadav R, Köppe R, Roesky PW. A Stable Aromatic Tetrasilacyclobutadiene Dication. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14987-14990. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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8
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Zaremba R, Dranka M, Trzaskowski B, Chęcińska L, Horeglad P. Probing the M–CNHC Bond and Its Effect on the Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of R2MOR(NHC) (M = Al, Ga, In) Complexes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Zaremba
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Dranka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lilianna Chęcińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Horeglad
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Schwarz E, Mueller SK, Weinberger G, Torvisco A, Flock M. Synthesis and Theoretical Investigation of Diphosphastannylenes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schwarz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan K. Mueller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Weinberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Flock
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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12
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Seow C, Ismail MLB, Xi HW, Li Y, Lim KH, So CW. A Bis(germyliumylidene)silver(I) Complex Dication. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celestine Seow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Muhammad Luthfi Bin Ismail
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Hong-Wei Xi
- Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Kok Hwa Lim
- Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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13
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Nie P, Yu Q, Zhu H, Wen T. Ruthenium and Osmium Germyl Complexes Derived from the Reactions of MXCl(PPh
3
)
3
(M = Ru, Os; X = Cl, H) with Terphenylchlorogermylene (C
6
H
3
‐2,6‐Trip
2
)GeCl (Trip = 2,4,6‐
i
Pr
3
C
6
H
2
). Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Nie
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
| | - Ting‐Bin Wen
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 361005 Xiamen P. R. China
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