1
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Liu X, McPherson JN, Andersen CE, Jørgensen MSB, Larsen RW, Yutronkie NJ, Wilhelm F, Rogalev A, Giménez-Marqués M, Mínguez Espallargas G, Göb CR, Pedersen KS. A zero-valent palladium cluster-organic framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1177. [PMID: 38331922 PMCID: PMC10853280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquiring spatial control of nanoscopic metal clusters is central to their function as efficient multi-electron catalysts. However, dispersing metal clusters on surfaces or in porous hosts is accompanied by an intrinsic heterogeneity that hampers detailed understanding of the chemical structure and its relation to reactivities. Tethering pre-assembled molecular metal clusters into polymeric, crystalline 2D or 3D networks constitutes an unproven approach to realizing ordered arrays of chemically well-defined metal clusters. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a {Pd3} cluster-based organometallic framework from a molecular triangulo-Pd3(CNXyl)6 (Xyl = xylyl; Pd3) cluster under chemically mild conditions. The formally zero-valent Pd3 cluster readily engages in a complete ligand exchange when exposed to a similar, ditopic isocyanide ligand, resulting in polymerization into a 2D coordination network (Pd3-MOF). The structure of Pd3-MOF could be unambiguously determined by continuous rotation 3D electron diffraction (3D-ED) experiments to a resolution of ~1.0 Å (>99% completeness), showcasing the applicability of 3D-ED to nanocrystalline, organometallic polymers. Pd3-MOF displays Pd03 cluster nodes, which possess significant thermal and aerobic stability, and activity towards hydrogenation catalysis. Importantly, the realization of Pd3-MOF paves the way for the exploitation of metal clusters as building blocks for rigidly interlocked metal nanoparticles at the molecular limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - James N McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Carl Emil Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mike S B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - René Wugt Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan J Yutronkie
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Fabrice Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrei Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Christian R Göb
- Rigaku Europe SE, Hugenottenallee 167, 63263, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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2
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Gavrilov GA, Kinzhalov MA. Isocyanide-Phosphine Complexes of Palladium(II) Dihalides: Synthesis, Structure, and Resistance to Ligand Disproportionation Reactions. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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4
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Sutton GD, Olumba ME, Nguyen YH, Teets TS. The diverse functions of isocyanides in phosphorescent metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17851-17863. [PMID: 34787613 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we highlight many examples of photoluminescent metal complexes supported by isocyanides, with an emphasis on recent developments including several from our own group. Work in this field has shown that the isocyanide can play important structural roles, both as a terminal ligand and as a bridging ligand for polynuclear structures, and can influence the excited-state character and excited-state dynamics. In addition, there are many examples of isocyanide-supported complexes where the isocyanide serves as a chromophoric ligand, meaning the low-energy excited states that are important in the photochemistry are partially or completely localized on the isocyanide. Finally, an emerging trend in the design of luminescent compounds is to use the isocyanide as an electrophilic precursor, converted to an acyclic carbene by nucleophilic addition which imparts certain photophysical advantages. This Perspective aims to show the diverse roles played by isocyanides in the design of luminescent compounds, showcasing the recent developments that have led to a substantial growth in fundamental knowledge, function, and applications related to photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Sutton
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Morris E Olumba
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Yennie H Nguyen
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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5
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Usui R, Sunada Y. Triangular Palladium Cluster from Activation of the Si-Si Bond in a Disilane with Phosphine Pendants. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15101-15105. [PMID: 34558907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A disilane that contains two diphenylphosphino moieties, (Ph2PCH2)Ph2Si-SiPh2(CH2PPh), was readily synthesized from the reaction of ClPh2Si-SiPh2Cl with (tmeda)Li(CH2PPh2). Treatment of the thus-obtained disilane with the palladium(0) precursor [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 led to the exclusive formation of a trinuclear palladium cluster in which three palladium atoms are arranged in a triangular fashion. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the obtained triangular cluster revealed that novel silylphosphido chelating ligands were formed via a skeletal rearrangement of the ligand framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuke Sunada
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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6
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Scott NWJ, Ford MJ, Husbands DR, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Reactivity of a Dinuclear Pd I Complex [Pd 2(μ-PPh 2)(μ 2-OAc)(PPh 3) 2] with PPh 3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc) 2/nPPh 3 Catalyst System. Organometallics 2021; 40:2995-3002. [PMID: 34539028 PMCID: PMC8441971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
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[PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] is
the reduction product
of PdII(OAc)2(PPh3)2,
generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)2’ with
two equivalents of PPh3. Here, we report that the reaction
of [PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3 results
in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd0(PPh3)3] and a phosphinito-bridged PdI-dinuclear
complex, namely [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2]. The latter complex is proposed to form by
abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism
for the formal reduction of a putative PdII disproportionation
species to the observed PdI complex is postulated. Upon
reaction of the mixture of [Pd0(PPh)3] and [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2] with 2-bromopyridine,
the former Pd0 complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition
reaction, while the latter dinuclear PdI complex converts
slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd3(μ-X)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]X, with an overall
4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity
associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous
‘Pd(OAc)2’/nPPh3 catalyst system,
with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Ford
- Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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7
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Li X, Li J, Wang X, Wu L, Wang Y, Maestri G, Malacria M, Liu X. Photoelectric properties of aromatic triangular tri-palladium complexes and their catalytic applications in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11834-11842. [PMID: 34369501 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01597d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectric properties and catalytic activities of substituted triphenylphosphine and sulfur/selenium ligand supported aromatic triangular tri-palladium complexes 1-4, abbreviated as [Pd3]+, were investigated. The cyclic voltammogram of [Pd3]+ in CH3CN-nBu4NPF6 showed a single quasi-reversible wave which was consistent with their robust property and provided preliminary proof for their electron transfer processes in catalysis. With excitation at 267 nm, [Pd3]+ exhibited strong ratiometric fluorescence at 550 and 780 nm at a temperature gradient from 77 K to 287 K. These peculiar triangular tri-palladium complexes showed excellent catalytic activities and exclusive reactivity with aryl iodides over the other halogenated aromatics in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The electronic and steric hindrance effects of substituents on the aryl iodides and aryl boronic acids including heteroaromatics like pyridine, pyrazine and thiophenes were explored and most substrates achieved up to 99% of yields. (2-[1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-ylbenzothiazole) which was analogous to the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors was also synthesized with our tri-palladium catalyst and gave good isolated yield (94%). The study of the catalytic process revealed that the mechanism of the reaction may involve the replacement of the sulphur ligand on [Pd3]+ by iodine from aryl iodides, which was beneficial for the matching of C-I bond energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Li
- Department of chemistry and chemical engineering, Liaocheng University, 252059, Liaocheng, China.
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8
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Drance MJ, Wang S, Gembicky M, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Probing for Four-Coordinate Zerovalent Iron in a π-Acidic Ligand Field: A Functional Source of FeL4 Enabled by Labile Dinitrogen Binding. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Milan Gembicky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Knorn M, Lutsker E, Reiser O. Isonitriles as supporting and non-innocent ligands in metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7730-7752. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isonitriles are unique ligands for metal catalysis, owing to the possibility of their steric and electronic tuning as well as their non-innocent nature to undergo transformations with nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugen Lutsker
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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10
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Koizumi TA, Tanaka K, Tsuchido Y, Tanabe M, Ide T, Osakada K. Bimolecular fusion of [Pd 3(μ-CN-C 6H 3Me 2-2,6) 3(CN-C 6H 3Me 2-2,6) 3] induced by Ph 2GeH 2: formation of the redox-active Pd 6Ge 2 complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7541-7545. [PMID: 31069356 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Ph2GeH2 with a planar tripalladium(0) complex, [Pd3(μ-CN-C6H3Me2-2,6)3(CN-C6H3Me2-2,6)3], selectively afforded a hexagonal bipyramidal Pd6Ge2 complex, [Pd6(μ-GePh2)2(CN-C6H3Me2-2,6)8(μ-CN-C6H3Me2-2,6)2]. The molecule is stabilized by bridging coordination of isonitrile and GePh2 ligands, although all the Pd-Pd bonds are weak, as revealed by DFT calculations. The resulting complex undergoes two successive redox processes at E1/2 = -1.35 and -1.03 V (vs. Fc+/Fc), which correspond to the stepwise oxidation of the Pd(0)6 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Take-Aki Koizumi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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11
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Li DH, He XX, Xu C, Huang FD, Liu N, Shen DS, Liu FS. N-Heterocarbene Palladium Complexes with Dianisole Backbones: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalysis. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Xu-Xian He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Fei-Dong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
| | - Feng-Shou Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528458, China
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12
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Mahmudov KT, Kukushkin VY, Gurbanov AV, Kinzhalov MA, Boyarskiy VP, da Silva MFCG, Pombeiro AJ. RETRACTED: Isocyanide metal complexes in catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Mandla KA, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Regioselective Formation of (
E
)‐β‐Vinylstannanes with a Topologically Controlled Molybdenum‐Based Alkyne Hydrostannation Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6853-6857. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Mandla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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14
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Mandla KA, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Regioselective Formation of (
E
)‐β‐Vinylstannanes with a Topologically Controlled Molybdenum‐Based Alkyne Hydrostannation Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Mandla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Section of Synthesis, Materials and Chemical Biology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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15
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Balcells D, Nova A. Designing Pd and Ni Catalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions by Minimizing Off-Cycle Species. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Ainara Nova
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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Chen YC, Chou HM, Kao IH, Chang YC, Hong FE. Secondary phosphine oxides assisted palladium complexes catalyzed catellani reaction for the formation of carbazole derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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