1
|
Khrizanforova VV, Fayzullin RR, Kartashov SV, Morozov VI, Khrizanforov MN, Gerasimova TP, Budnikova YH. Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction and Formic Acid Oxidation by Formal Nickel(I) Complexes of Di-isopropylphenyl Bis-iminoacenaphthene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400168. [PMID: 38380792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Processing CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels stands as one of the most crucial tasks in addressing the global challenge of the greenhouse effect. In this study, we focused on the complex (dpp-bian)NiBr2 (where dpp-bian is di-isopropylphenyl bis-iminoacenaphthene) as a precatalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into CH4 as the sole product. Cyclic voltammetry results indicate that the realization of a catalytically effective pattern requires the three-electron reduction of (dpp-bian)NiBr2. The chemically reduced complexes [K(THF)6]+[(dpp-bian)Ni(COD)]- and [K(THF)6]+[(dpp-bian)2Ni]- were synthesized and structurally characterized. Analyzing the data from the electron paramagnetic resonance study of the complexes in solutions, along with quantum-chemical calculations, reveals that the spin density is predominantly localized at their metal centers. The superposition of trajectory maps of the electron density gradient vector field∇ ρ r ${\nabla \rho \left({\bf r}\right)}$ and the electrostatic force density fieldF e s r ${{{\bf F}}_{{\rm e}{\rm s}}\left({\bf r}\right)}$ per electron, as well as the atomic charges, discloses that, within the first coordination sphere, the interatomic charge transfer occurs from the metal atom to the ligand atoms and that the complex anions can thus be formally described by the general formulae (dpp-bian)2-Ni+(COD) and (dpp-bian)2 -Ni+. It was also shown that the reduced nickel complexes can be oxidized by formic acid; resulting from this reaction, the two-electron and two-proton addition product dpp-bian-2H is formed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Khrizanforova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Kartashov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Morozov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail N Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donnelly LJ, Lin JB, Gelfand BS, Chang CY, Piers WE. Ruthenium polyhydrides supported by rigid PCP pincer ligands: dynamic behaviour and reactions with CO 2. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1862-1869. [PMID: 38179611 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Two rigid β-elimination immune PCcarbeneP pincer ligands, differing in their electron donor properties by variation of the substitution pattern on the aromatic linker arms, were complexed to ruthenium to form the dichlorides LRRuCl2 (R = H or NMe2). These compounds were converted to hydrido chlorides by treatment with dihydrogen (H2) and a base. By converting to tert-butoxide derivatives in situ under an atmosphere of H2, the poly hydride PCalkylP complexes LHRRu(H)3 compounds were generated. In these complexes, H2 has added across the RuC bond in the PCcarbeneP starting materials. The polyhydrides are dynamic in solution and extensive NMR studies helped to elucidate the speciation and fluxional processes operative in this dynamic system. The polyhydride complexes react rapidly with CO2 to give the PCcarbeneP formato hydride complexes LRRu(H)-κ2-O2CH. For R = H, the 1,2-hydride shift from the anchoring alkyl of the PCalkylP carbon to the metal is reversible, but for R = NMe2 it is irreversible. The CO2 incorporated into the formato ligand of these compounds exchanges with free CO2via a bimolecular mechanism that is more rapid for R = NMe2 than for R = H; plausible explanations for this observation are proffered. Experiments designed to evaluate the efficacy of the R = NMe2 formato hydride complex as a catalyst precursor for CO2 hydrogenation to formate salts reveal poor performance in comparison to state-of-the-art ruthenium-based catalysts. This is due primarily to the precipitation of a dimeric μ-κ2-κ1-CO3 carbonate complex that is not an active catalyst for the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jian-Bin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Chia Yun Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Richards CA, Rath NP, Neely JM. Carbene-Like Reactivity in an Iron Azametallacyclobutene Complex: Insights from Electronic Structure. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13266-13270. [PMID: 35969221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe our investigation into the electronic structure of the first isolated monometallic iron azametallacyclobutene complex. Computational analysis through density functional theory calculations reveals electron delocalization throughout the four atoms of the ring system, in line with experimental observations and supporting the classification of this complex as a conjugated metallacycle. The results of this study also point to significant contribution from an imine-substituted iron carbene resonance structure to the overall bonding picture for the azametallacyclobutene. Accordingly, this complex participates in carbene-like reactivity in the presence of an isocyanide substrate to generate a ketenimine product. The related reaction with carbon monoxide leads to the isolation of a five-membered metallacycle that is analogous to the proposed intermediate in ketenimine formation, and confirms the α-carbon as the site of reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri─St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Jamie M Neely
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ayyappan R, Abdalghani I, Da Costa RC, Owen GR. Recent developments on the transformation of CO 2 utilising ligand cooperation and related strategies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11582-11611. [PMID: 35839074 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01609e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A portfolio of value-added chemicals, fuels and building block compounds can be envisioned from CO2 on an industrial scale. The high kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of CO2, however, present a significant barrier to its utilisation as a C1 source. In this context, metal-ligand cooperation methodologies have emerged as one of the most dominant strategies for the transformation of the CO2 molecule over the last decade or so. This review focuses on the advancements in CO2 transformation using these cooperative methodologies. Different and well-studied ligand cooperation methodologies, such as dearomatisation-aromatisation type cooperation, bimetallic cooperation (M⋯M'; M' = main group or transition metal) and other related strategies are also discussed. Furthermore, the cooperative bond activations are subdivided based on the number of atoms connecting the reactive centre in the ligand framework (spacer/linker length) and the transition metal. Several similarities across these seemingly distinct cooperative methodologies are emphasised. Finally, this review brings out the challenges ahead in developing catalytic systems from these CO2 transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Ayyappan
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
| | - Issam Abdalghani
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
| | | | - Gareth R Owen
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Whited MT. Pincer-supported metal/main-group bonds as platforms for cooperative transformations. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16443-16450. [PMID: 34705001 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-rich late metals and electropositive main-group elements (metals and metalloids) can be combined to provide an ambiphilic façade for exploring metal-ligand cooperation, yet the instability of the metal/main-group bond frequently limits the study and application of such units. Incorporating main-group donors into pincer frameworks, where they are stabilized and held in proximity to the transition-metal partner, can allow discovery of new modes of reactivity and incorporation into catalytic processes. This Perspective summarizes common modes of cooperativity that have been demonstrated for pincer frameworks featuring metal/main-group bonds, highlighting similarities among boron, aluminium, and silicon donors and identifying directions for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Whited
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Škoch K, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Ehlert S, Müller M, Grimme S, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis-Pair Neighbors at the Xanthene Framework: Epimerization at Phosphorus and Cooperative Formation of Macrocyclic Adduct Structures. Chemistry 2021; 27:12104-12114. [PMID: 34076908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of a pair of P-stereogenic mesityl(alkynyl)phosphanyl groups at the 4- and 5-positions of a 9,9-dimethylxanthene framework gave mixtures of the respective rac- and meso-bisphosphanyl diastereoisomers. They slowly epimerized in a thermally induced reaction with Gibbs activation barriers of about 25 kcal mol-1 at room temperature (measured and DFT calculated). The reaction of the meso-mesityl(tert-butylethynyl)phosphanyl derivative with two molar equivalents of Piers' borane [HB(C6 F5 )2 ] led to the formation of the alkylidene-bridged geminal bisphosphane/borane-frustrated Lewis pair system. The compound was obtained enriched (>85 %) in the rac diastereoisomer. With a variety of bifunctional donor substrates, the rac-bis-P/B FLP formed macrocyclic compounds. They were all formally derived from meso-configurated diastereoisomers of the bisphosphanylxanthene backbone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Škoch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraβe 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Manzano RA, Tinnermann H, Sung S, Leforestier B, Krämer T, Young RD. Access to and Reactivity of Fe
0
, Fe
−I
, Fe
I
, and Fe
II
PC
carbene
P Pincer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Baptiste Leforestier
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick UK
- Department of Chemistry Maynooth University Ireland
| | | | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wiedmaier NR, Schubert H, Mayer HA, Wesemann L. Carbocyclic pincer carbene complexes of ruthenium: syntheses and reversible hydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11814-11820. [PMID: 34369545 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02266k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium carbene pincer complex 2 was synthesized treating the benzo annulated cycloheptatriene bisphosphine 1 with RuCl3. Addition of three equivalents of hydrogen to the carbocyclic carbene complex 2 was achieved in reaction of 2 with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. Hydrogenated complex 4, exhibiting a rigid chair conformation in solution, was dehydrogenated by heating a toluene solution of complex 4 to reflux for 5-7 d. In reaction with ethylene, complex 4 transfers one equivalent of hydrogen, forming ethane and alkyl complex 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Wiedmaier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Q, Manzano RA, Tinnermann H, Sung S, Leforestier B, Krämer T, Young RD. Access to and Reactivity of Fe 0 , Fe -I , Fe I , and Fe II PC carbene P Pincer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18168-18177. [PMID: 34145715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite their promising metal-ligand cooperative reactivity, PCcarbene P pincer ligands are rarely reported for first-row transition-metal centres. Using a dehydration methodology, we report access to an Fe0 PCcarbene P pincer complex (1) that proceeds via an isolated α-hydroxylalkyl hydrido complex (3). Reversible carbonyl migration to the carbene position in 1 is found to allow coordination chemistry and E-H bond addition (E=H, B, Cl) across the iron-carbene linkage, representing a unique mechanism for metal-ligand cooperativity. The PCcarbene P pincer ligand is also found to stabilize formal FeII , FeI , and Fe-I oxidation states, as demonstrated with synthesis and characterization of the complexes [11-X][BArF 20 ] (X=Br, I), 12, and K[13]. Compound K[13] is found to be highly reactive, and abstracts hydrogen from a range of aliphatic C-H sources. Computational analysis by DFT suggests that the formal FeI and Fe-I complexes contain significant carbene radical character. The ability of the PCcarbene P ligand scaffold to partake in metal-ligand cooperativity and to support a range of iron oxidation states renders it as potentially useful in many catalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard A Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baptiste Leforestier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Ireland
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Ireland
| | - Rowan D Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Whited MT, Zhang J, Conley AM, Ma S, Janzen DE, Kohen D. Bimetallic, Silylene-Mediated Multielectron Reductions of Carbon Dioxide and Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1615-1619. [PMID: 32991759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A metal/ligand cooperative approach to the reduction of small molecules by metal silylene complexes (R2 Si=M) is demonstrated, whereby silicon activates the incoming substrate and mediates net two-electron transformations by one-electron redox processes at two metal centers. An appropriately tuned cationic pincer cobalt(I) complex, featuring a central silylene donor, reacts with CO2 to afford a bimetallic siloxane, featuring two CoII centers, with liberation of CO; reaction of the silylene complex with ethylene yields a similar bimetallic product with an ethylene bridge. Experimental and computational studies suggest a plausible mechanism proceeding by [2+2] cycloaddition to the silylene complex, which is quite sensitive to the steric environment. The CoII /CoII products are reactive to oxidation and reduction. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a strategy for metal/ligand cooperative small-molecule activation that is well-suited to 3d metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Whited
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College St., Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College St., Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Anna M Conley
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College St., Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Senjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College St., Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Daron E Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Daniela Kohen
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College St., Northfield, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mangin LP, Michaud G, Zargarian D. A Wacker-Type Strategy for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical POC sp3E-Nickel Pincer Complexes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc P. Mangin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Michaud
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Davit Zargarian
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Whited MT, Zhang J, Conley AM, Ma S, Janzen DE, Kohen D. Bimetallic, Silylene‐Mediated Multielectron Reductions of Carbon Dioxide and Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Whited
- Department of Chemistry Carleton College 1 N. College St. Northfield MN USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Carleton College 1 N. College St. Northfield MN USA
| | - Anna M. Conley
- Department of Chemistry Carleton College 1 N. College St. Northfield MN USA
| | - Senjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry Carleton College 1 N. College St. Northfield MN USA
| | - Daron E. Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry St. Catherine University St. Paul MN USA
| | - Daniela Kohen
- Department of Chemistry Carleton College 1 N. College St. Northfield MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tinnermann H, Young RD. C−N, C−S and S−S Bond Cleavage by Rhodium PC
carbene
P Pincer Complexes. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2873-2878. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith JD, Durrant G, Ess DH, Gelfand BS, Piers WE. H/D exchange under mild conditions in arenes and unactivated alkanes with C 6D 6 and D 2O using rigid, electron-rich iridium PCP pincer complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10705-10717. [PMID: 34094323 PMCID: PMC8162389 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of an iridium polyhydride complex (Ir-H4) supported by an electron-rich PCP framework is described. This complex readily loses molecular hydrogen allowing for rapid room temperature hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) at the hydridic positions and the α-C-H site of the ligand with deuterated solvents such as benzene-d6, toluene-d8 and THF-d8. The removal of 1-2 equivalents of molecular H2 forms unsaturated iridium carbene trihydride (Ir-H3) or monohydride (Ir-H) compounds that are able to create further unsaturation by reversibly transferring a hydride to the ligand carbene carbon. These species are highly active hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) catalysts using C6D6 or D2O as deuterium sources for the deuteration of a variety of substrates. By modifying conditions to influence the Ir-Hn speciation, deuteration levels can range from near exhaustive to selective only for sterically accessible sites. Preparative level deuterations of select substrates were performed allowing for procurement of >95% deuterated compounds in excellent isolated yields; the catalyst can be regenerated by treatment of residues with H2 and is still active for further reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - George Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Yu S, Noble A, Bedford RB, Aggarwal VK. Methylenespiro[2.3]hexanes via Nickel-Catalyzed Cyclopropanations with [1.1.1]Propellane. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20325-20334. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Robin B. Bedford
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Varinder K. Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Scharf LT, Kowsari A, Scherpf T, Feichtner KS, Gessner VH. Cooperative Bond Activation Reactions with Nickel and Palladium Carbene Complexes with a PCcarbeneS Pincer Ligand. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Kowsari
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scharf LT, Feichtner K, Gessner VH. Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed Cyclometallation of a Carbene Complex: Synthesis and Mechanism. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lapierre EA, Piers WE, Lin JB, Gendy C. Synthesis and Structures of Stable Pt II and Pt IV Alkylidenes: Evidence for π-Bonding and Relativistic Stabilization. Chemistry 2019; 25:4305-4308. [PMID: 30723967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Isolable cationic PtII and PtIV alkylidenes, proposed intermediates in catalytic organic transformations, are reported. The bonding in these species was probed by experimental, structural, spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational methods, providing direct evidence for π-bonding, the often-theorized relativistic stabilization of these species, and the influence of oxidation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne A Lapierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jian-Bin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chris Gendy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sung S, Tinnermann H, Krämer T, Young RD. Direct oxide transfer from an η2-keto ligand to generate a cobalt PCcarbeneP(O) pincer complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9920-9924. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the direct carbonyl cleavage in a κ3-P′,(η2-C,O),P′′ ligand by a monomeric cobalt centre through metal–ligand cooperativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
- Ireland
| | - Rowan D. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
LaPierre EA, Piers WE, Gendy C. Redox-state dependent activation of silanes and ammonia with reverse polarity (PCcarbeneP)Ni complexes: electrophilic vs. nucleophilic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16789-16797. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A rigidified PCalkylP ligand allowed for the synthesis and characterization of cationic and radical PCCarbeneP nickel complexes in which the carbene anchor of the pincer framework is electrophilic rather than nucleophilic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne A. LaPierre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive NW
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Warren E. Piers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive NW
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Chris Gendy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- 2500 University Drive NW
- Calgary
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|