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Arumugam A, Senadi GC. Visible-light photocatalyzed C-N bond activation of tertiary amines: a three-component approach to synthesize quinazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1245-1253. [PMID: 38248577 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A metal-free three-component approach has been developed to prepare 2,4-disubstituted quinazolines from o-acylanilines, trialkylamines and ammonium chloride under visible-light using eosin Y as the photocatalyst. The notable features of this work include (i) the use of tertiary amines as an alkyl synthon and triethanolamine as a C2-OH synthon; (ii) good functional group tolerance with 52%-98% yields; (iii) proof of concept with o-amino benzaldehyde as a substrate to deliver 2-methyl quinazoline 3pa; and (iv) gram-scale synthesis of compounds 3ga, 3ja and 3ma. A reductive quenching mechanism was proposed based on the control studies and redox potential values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajithkumar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gopal Chandru Senadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603 203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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3
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Yadav R, Janßen P, Schorpp M, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato-germane-(thf) 2: Unlocking the Anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel Reactivity of Germanium(IV) by Ligand Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17746-17754. [PMID: 37549106 PMCID: PMC10436272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel configured p-block element species possess intrinsically high reactivity and are thus challenging to isolate. Consequently, numerous elements in this configuration, including square-planar germanium(IV), remain unexplored. Herein, we follow a concept to reach anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel reactivity by ligand dissociation from a rigid calix[4]pyrrole germane in its bis(thf) adduct. While the macrocyclic ligand assures square-planar coordination in the uncomplexed form, the labile thf donors provide robustness for isolation on a multigram scale. Unique properties of a low-lying acceptor orbital imparted to germanium(IV) can be verified, e.g., by isolating an elusive anionic hydrido germanate and exploiting it for challenging bond activations. Aldehydes, water, alcohol, and a CN triple bond are activated for the first time by germanium-ligand cooperativity. Unexpected behaviors against fluoride ion donors disclose critical interferences of a putative redox-coupled fluoride ion transfer during the experimental determination of Lewis acidity. Overall, we showcase how ligand lability grants access to the uncharted chemistry of anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel germanium(IV) and line up this element as a member in the emerging class of structurally constrained p-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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4
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Zhai J, Zhou B, Wu H, Jia S, Chu M, Han S, Xia W, He M, Han B. Photocatalytic Cleavage of C(sp 3 )-N Bond in Trialkylamines to Dialkylamines and Olefins. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201119. [PMID: 35819857 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of a new and green strategy for C(sp3 )-N bond cleavage is very interesting. Herein, photocatalytic cleavage of the C(sp3 )-N bond of trialkylamines was achieved, with concurrent formation of dialkylamines and olefins. It was found that a rationally designed 2D-Bi2 WO6 @1D-LaPO4 heterostructure was very efficient for the reaction due to its high light collection efficiency and unique catalytic properties. The strategy could be used for different trialkylamines, including triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, and ethyl-di-isopropylamine. The mechanistic investigation indicated that the catalyst with heterostructure was not only favorable for charge carrier separation but also rendered excited electrons with high reduction capacity. This work opens a way for C(sp3 )-N bond cleavage of trialkylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Baowen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Shuaiqiang Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Mengen Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Shitao Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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5
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Henry AT, Cosby TPL, Boyle PD, Baines KM. Selective dimerization of α-methylstyrene by tunable bis(catecholato)germane Lewis acid catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15906-15913. [PMID: 34714312 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a variety of bis(catecholato)germanes is reported. The Lewis acidity of the bis(catecholato)germanes was assessed using the experimental Gutmann-Beckett method and computational FIA and GEI methods. The oligomerization of alkenes using bis(catecholato)germanes demonstrates the use of these complexes in catalysis. The use of donor additives in the dimerization of α-methylstyrene resulted in selectivity control comparable to transition metal catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Henry
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Taylor P L Cosby
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul D Boyle
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kim M Baines
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Gendy C, Mikko Rautiainen J, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Low-Valent Germanylidene Anions: Efficient Single-Site Nucleophiles for Activation of Small Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:14405-14409. [PMID: 34403540 PMCID: PMC8596740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare mononuclear and helical chain low-valent germanylidene anions supported by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene and hypermetallyl ligands were synthesised by stepwise reduction from corresponding germylene precursors via stable and isolable germanium radicals. The electronic structures of the anions can be described with ylidene and ylidone resonance forms with the Ge-C π-electrons capable of binding even weak electrophiles. The germanylidene anions reacted with CO2 to give μ-CO2 -κC:κO complexes, a rare coordination mode for low-valent germanium and inaccessible for the related neutral germylones. These results implicate low-valent germanylidene anions as efficient single-site nucleophiles for activation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gendy
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - J. Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Aaron Mailman
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of ChemistryNanoScience CentreUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box. 3540014JyväskyläFinland
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7
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Wang S, Li X, Zang J, Liu M, Zhang S, Jiang G, Ji F. Palladium-Catalyzed Multistep Tandem Carbonylation/N-Dealkylation/Carbonylation Reaction: Access to Isatoic Anhydrides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2672-2679. [PMID: 31887040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient synthesis of isatoic anhydride derivatives was developed via palladium-catalyzed multistep tandem carbonylation/N-dealkylation/carbonylation reaction with alkyl as the leaving group and tertiary anilines as nitrogen nucleophiles. This approach features good functional group compatibility and readily available starting materials. Furthermore, it provided a convenient approach for the synthesis of biologically and medicinally useful evodiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Jiawang Zang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Guilin University of Technology , 12 Jiangan Road , Guilin 541004 , China
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8
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Talavera M, Meißner G, Rachor SG, Braun T. C–F activation reactions at germylium ions: dehydrofluorination of fluoralkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4452-4455. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The germylium ions [GeR3]+ catalyze dehydrodefluorination reactions of fluorinated alkanes when germanes are used as hydrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talavera
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Gisa Meißner
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Simon G. Rachor
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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