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Bao M, Bohórquez ARR, Arman H, Doyle MP. Photoinduced [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions of vinyldiazo compounds for the construction of heterocyclic and bicyclic rings. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12042-12046. [PMID: 39092125 PMCID: PMC11290432 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03558e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly selective formal [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of vinyldiazoacetates with azoalkenes from α-halohydrazones, as well as with cyclopentadiene and furan, occurs with light irradiation at room temperature, producing highly functionalized heterocyclic and bicyclic compounds in good yields and excellent diastereoseletivity. Under blue light these vinyldiazoacetate reagents selectively form unstable cyclopropenes that undergo intermolecular cycloaddition reactions at a faster rate than their competitive ene dimerization. [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of vinyldiazoacetates with in situ formed azoalkenes produces bicyclo[4.1.0]tetrahydropyridazine derivatives and, together with their cycloaddition using cyclopentadiene and furan that form tricyclic compounds, they occur with high chemoselectivity and diastereocontrol, good functional group tolerance, and excellent scalability. Subsequent transformations portray the synthetic versatility of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander A. A. 678 Piedecuesta Colombia
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
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2
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Bao M, Łuczak K, Chaładaj W, Baird M, Gryko D, Doyle MP. Photo-cycloaddition reactions of vinyldiazo compounds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4574. [PMID: 38811537 PMCID: PMC11137122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic rings are important structural scaffolds encountered in both natural and synthetic compounds, and their biological activity often depends on these motifs. They are predominantly accessible via cycloaddition reactions, realized by either thermal, photochemical, or catalytic means. Various starting materials are utilized for this purpose, and, among them, diazo compounds are often encountered, especially vinyldiazo compounds that give access to donor-acceptor cyclopropenes which engage in [2+n] cycloaddition reactions. Herein, we describe the development of photochemical processes that produce diverse heterocyclic scaffolds from multisubstituted oximidovinyldiazo compounds. High chemoselectivity, good functional group tolerance, and excellent scalability characterize this methodology, thus predisposing it for broader applications. Experimental and computational studies reveal that under light irradiation these diazo reagents selectively transform into cyclopropenes which engage in cycloaddition reactions with various dipoles, while under thermal conditions the formation of pyrazole from vinyldiazo compounds is favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Klaudia Łuczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chaładaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marriah Baird
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Heterocyclic rings are the fundamental building blocks of biological systems and have wide applications in synthetic chemistry and medicinal science. The development of novel synthetic methodology for heterocyclic skeletons from a variety of starting materials has made great progress in the past decades. Meanwhile, highly strained cyclopropenes as reactive reagents in organic transformations have drawn much attention from chemists. The rich chemical reactivity and reaction routes have been well investigated, and some review articles related to the reactivity of cyclopropenes and the construction of carbocycles and acyclic compounds have appeared in these years. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the progress in the construction of heterocyclic rings starting from various cyclopropenes including the reactions of commonly available stable cyclopropenes, in situ generated reactive cyclopropenes and cyclopropene precursors during this decade. Firstly, the transformations of common cyclopropenes into donor-type vinyl metal carbenes via transition metal induced ring opening, direct metalation of the CC bond of metal complexes, and cycloaddition reactions with 1,3-dipoles are described. Next, the annulation reactions of reactive cyclopropenes generated in situ with donor-acceptor reagents, intramolecular nucleophilic addition, and the cycloaddition reactions with 1,3-dipoles are introduced. Then, the transformation of cyclopropene precursors such as alkyl 1-chloro- or 1-alkoxy-2-aroylcyclopropanecarboxylates into five-membered heteroaromatic compounds is also mentioned. In addition, a brief outlook of the opportunity and challenges in the field of bio-orthogonal reactions related to cyclopropenes is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China. .,Hebei Key Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, 530 North College Road, Handan 056005, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Tachrim ZP, Wang L, Murai Y, Hashimoto M. New Trends in Diaziridine Formation and Transformation (a Review). Molecules 2021; 26:4496. [PMID: 34361648 PMCID: PMC8348119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on diaziridine, a high strained three-membered heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms that plays an important role as one of the most important precursors of diazirine photoaffinity probes, as well as their formation and transformation. Recent research trends can be grouped into three categories, based on whether they have examined non-substituted, N-monosubstituted, or N,N-disubstituted diaziridines. The discussion expands on the conventional methods for recent applications, the current spread of studies, and the unconventional synthesis approaches arising over the last decade of publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetryana Puteri Tachrim
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuta Murai
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
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Zheng H, Faghihi I, Doyle MP. Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective [3+3]‐Cycloaddition of β‐Aryl/Alkyl Vinyl Diazoacetates with Nitrones. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Isa Faghihi
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Michael P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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Challenges in the Highly Selective [3 + 1]-Cycloaddition of an Enoldiazoacetamide to Form a Donor-Acceptor Cis-Cyclobutenecarboxamide. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123520. [PMID: 34207747 PMCID: PMC8229219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A substituted donor-acceptor cyclobutenecarboxamide is synthesized with modest enantiocontrol through a chiral copper(I) complex catalyzed [3 + 1]-cycloaddition reaction of α-acyl diphenylsulfur ylides with 3-siloxy-2-diazo-3-butenamides. With a methyl substituent on the 4-position of the 3-butenamide, the cis-vicinal-3,4-disubstituted cyclobutenecarboxamide is formed with >20:1 diastereocontrol. Donor-acceptor 3-methyl-2-siloxycyclopropenecarboxamide is rapidly formed from the reactant enoldiazoamide and undergoes catalytic ring opening to give only the Z-γ-substituted metallo-enolcarbene. Elimination from 3-siloxy-2-diazo-3-pentenamide to form the conjugated 3-siloxy-2,4-pentadienamide is competitive but minimized at low temperature.
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Abstract
Three- and four-membered rings, widespread motifs in nature and medicinal chemistry, have fascinated chemists ever since their discovery. However, due to energetic considerations, small rings are often difficult to assemble. In this regard, homogeneous gold catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to construct these highly strained carbocycles. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of all the major advances and discoveries made in the gold-catalyzed synthesis of cyclopropanes, cyclopropenes, cyclobutanes, cyclobutenes, and their corresponding heterocyclic or heterosubstituted analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Quı́mica Analı́tica i Quı́mica Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Allegra Franchino
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Quı́mica Analı́tica i Quı́mica Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Garcı A-Morales
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Quı́mica Analı́tica i Quı́mica Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Quı́mica Analı́tica i Quı́mica Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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8
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Wang R, Marichev KO, Dong K, Jensen JA, Doyle MP. Chiral 3-Acylglutaric Acid Derivatives from Strain-Induced Nucleophilic Retro-Claisen Ring-Opening Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9475-9490. [PMID: 32674577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A nucleophilic retro-Claisen ring-opening of donor-acceptor cyclobutenes, formed with high stereocontrol by [3 + 1]-cycloaddition of TIPS-protected enoldiazoacetates with α-acyl sulfur ylides, has been developed. Removal of the TIPS group to form the isolable β-keto ester precedes the strain-induced ring-opening. Various amines, alcohols, thiols, and amino acid derivatives are effective nucleophiles, and their products are formed in very high yields via stoichiometric reactions. The chirality of the reactant donor-acceptor cyclobutenes is fully retained in the ring-opening reactions. The 3-acylglutaric acid products are converted to various valuable structures, including amido-diols, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivatives, and heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kostiantyn O Marichev
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kuiyong Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Joseph A Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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9
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Zhang D, Wang X, Zhang M, Hu W. Rhodium-Catalyzed Sequential Cycloisomerization/Aldol Addition of Cyclopropene Carboxylic Acids with Isatins. Org Lett 2020; 22:5600-5604. [PMID: 32628497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unique, rhodium-catalyzed reaction of cyclopropene carboxylic acids with isatins has been developed, which takes place through a trapping process of transient cyclic carboxylic oxonium ylides. This reaction tolerates a wide variety of cyclopropene carboxylic acids and N-protected or unprotected isatins and represents a new, direct strategy to access valuable γ-substituted γ-butenolide architectures containing an oxindole moiety in very high yields under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengchu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Dong K, Xu X, Doyle MP. Copper(i)-catalyzed highly enantioselective [3 + 3]-cycloaddition of γ-alkyl enoldiazoacetates with nitrones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00539h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral copper(i) catalysts are preferred over chiral dirhodium(ii) catalysts for [3 + 3]-cycloaddition reactions of γ-alkyl-substituted enoldiazoacetates compounds with nitrones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyong Dong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Michael P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- San Antonio
- USA
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11
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Abstract
As readily accessible strained carbocycles, cyclopropenes show a diverse range of reactivities, and a lot of novel and useful transformations have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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12
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Chiral donor-acceptor azetines as powerful reactants for synthesis of amino acid derivatives. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5328. [PMID: 31757976 PMCID: PMC6874555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling reactions of amines and alcohols are of central importance for applications in chemistry and biology. These transformations typically involve the use of a reagent, activated as an electrophile, onto which nucleophile coupling results in the formation of a carbon-nitrogen or a carbon–oxygen bond. Several promising reagents and procedures have been developed to achieve these bond forming processes in high yields with excellent stereocontrol, but few offer direct coupling without the intervention of a catalyst. Herein, we report the synthesis of chiral donor–acceptor azetines by highly enantioselective [3 + 1]-cycloaddition of enoldiazoacetates with aza-ylides and their selective coupling with nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles via 3-azetidinones to form amino acid derivatives, including those of peptides and natural products. The overall process is general for a broad spectrum of nucleophiles, has a high degree of electronic and steric selectivity, and retains the enantiopurity of the original azetine. Chiral 3-azetidinones are structural analogues of medicinally relevant β-lactams, however their synthesis and reactivity are underexplored. Here, the authors show a highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed [3 + 1]-cycloaddition generating 2-azetidines, which react with nucleophiles yielding amino acids via 3-azetidinones.
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