Synthesis of Acyl Fluorides via DAST-Mediated Fluorinative C-C Bond Cleavage of Activated Ketones

Methyl Pyruvate Oxime as a Carbonyl Synthon: Synthesis of Ureas, Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, and Anilides

A new strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas, carbamates, thiocarbamates, and anilides was developed with methyl pyruvate oxime as the carbonyl synthon. The intrinsic reactivity of the reagent enabled consecutive disubstitution involving direct amidation and one-pot deoximative substitution with various nucleophiles. The utility of the method was demonstrated with the synthesis of bioactive molecules.

C-C Bond Cleavage-Induced C- to N-Acyl Transfer for Synthesis of Amides

A new approach for the preparation of amides was developed using C-C bond cleavage that initiates C- to N-acyl transfer, employing activated ketones as acylation reagents and amine nucleophiles. The reaction was operational under the coupling reagent system that is commonly utilized for peptide bond formations. The method enables practical preparation of amides using linear and cyclic ketone substrates under mild conditions.

Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization

Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.

A deconstruction-reconstruction strategy to access 1-naphthol derivatives: application to the synthesis of aristolactam scaffolds

A deconstruction-reconstruction strategy for the synthesis of multisubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is delineated herein. The deconstruction step enables the synthesis of o-cyanomethylaroyl fluorides that are bifunctional substrates holding both a pro-nucleophile and an electrophile. The construction step involves a formal [4 + 2] benzannulation using o-cyanomethylaroyl fluorides and active methylenes. The utility of this synthetic method is also demonstrated by the synthesis of a tetracyclic aristolactam derivative.

A Strategic Synthesis of Fluoroethers via Ring-Opening Fluorinative Beckmann Fragmentation

An SN1-type fluorination method for monofluoroethers is developed. The key to this reaction is fluorinative C-C bond cleavage that is driven by oxygen-assisted Beckmann fragmentation. To enable this transformation, cyclic α-aryloxyoximes derived from 3-coumaranone and 1-indanones were investigated as substrates, using N,N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) as a dual-role reagent of an oxime activator and fluoride donor. This method features the synthesis of an underdeveloped chemical motif with simple and mild operating conditions.

Ring-Opening Fluorination of Carbo/Heterocycles and Aromatics: Construction of Complex and Diverse Fluorine-Containing Molecules

Fluorine-containing molecules have attracted much attention in medicinal, agrochemical, and materials sciences because they offer unique physical and biological properties. Therefore, many efficient fluorination reactions have been developed over the years. Recent advancements in fluorination chemistry have expanded the range of substrates, and regioselectivity/stereoselectivity control has also been achieved. Ring-opening fluorination is an efficient method to construct complex fluorine-containing molecules with diversity, starting from simple cyclic compounds. This review aims to summarize developments in ring-opening fluorination, particularly with larger-sized cyclic compounds. Fluorine introduction and bond cleavage of cyclic compounds such as carbocycles, heterocycles, and aromatics provide efficient access to fluorine-containing compounds that are difficult to be synthesized by conventional methods.

Fluorocarbonylation via palladium/phosphine synergistic catalysis

Despite the growing importance of fluorinated organic compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science, the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules is still a challenge, and no catalytic fluorocarbonylation of aryl/alkyl boron compounds has been reported to date. Herein, we present the development of palladium and phosphine synergistic redox catalysis of fluorocarbonylation of potassium aryl/alkyl trifluoroborate. Trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate (TFMS), which was used as a trifluoromethoxylation reagent, an easily handled and bench-scale reagent, has been employed as an efficient source of COF₂. The reaction operates under mild conditions with good to excellent yields and tolerates diverse complex scaffolds, which allows efficient late-stage fluorocarbonylation of marked small-molecule drugs. Mechanistically, the key intermediates of labile Brettphos-Pd(II)-OCF₃ complex and difluoro-Brettphos were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, including X-ray crystallography. A detailed reaction mechanism involving the synergistic redox catalytic cycles Pd(II)/(0) and P(III)/(V) was proposed, and multifunction of phosphine ligand was identified based on ¹⁹F NMR, isotope tracing, synthetic, and computational studies.

Ring-Opening Fluorination of Isoxazoles

A ring-opening fluorination of isoxazoles has been developed. Upon treatment of isoxazoles with an electrophilic fluorinating agent (Selectfluor), fluorination followed by deprotonation leads to tertiary fluorinated carbonyl compounds. This method features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and a simple experimental procedure. Diverse transformations of the resulting α-fluorocyanoketones were also demonstrated, furnishing a variety of fluorinated compounds.

Diversity-Oriented Synthesis Catalyzed by Diethylaminosulfur-Trifluoride-Preparation of New Antitumor Ecdysteroid Derivatives

Fluorine represents a privileged building block in pharmaceutical chemistry. Diethylaminosulfur-trifluoride (DAST) is a reagent commonly used for replacement of alcoholic hydroxyl groups with fluorine and is also known to catalyze water elimination and cyclic Beckmann-rearrangement type reactions. In this work we aimed to use DAST for diversity-oriented semisynthetic transformation of natural products bearing multiple hydroxyl groups to prepare new bioactive compounds. Four ecdysteroids, including a new constituent of Cyanotis arachnoidea, were selected as starting materials for DAST-catalyzed transformations. The newly prepared compounds represented combinations of various structural changes DAST was known to catalyze, and a unique cyclopropane ring closure that was found for the first time. Several compounds demonstrated in vitro antitumor properties. A new 17-N-acetylecdysteroid (13) exerted potent antiproliferative activity and no cytotoxicity on drug susceptible and multi-drug resistant mouse T-cell lymphoma cells. Further, compound 13 acted in significant synergism with doxorubicin without detectable direct ABCB1 inhibition. Our results demonstrate that DAST is a versatile tool for diversity-oriented synthesis to expand chemical space towards new bioactive compounds.

Ring-opening fluorination of bicyclic azaarenes

We have discovered a ring-opening fluorination of bicyclic azaarenes. Upon treatment of bicyclic azaarenes such as pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines with electrophilic fluorinating agents, fluorination of the aromatic ring is followed by a ring-opening reaction. Although this overall transformation can be classified as an electrophilic fluorination of an aromatic ring, it is a novel type of fluorination that results in construction of tertiary carbon-fluorine bonds. The present protocol can be applied to a range of bicyclic azaarenes, tolerating azines and a variety of functional groups. Additionally, mechanistic studies and enantioselective fluorination have been examined.

Rapid Access to Fluorinated Anilides via DAST-Mediated Deoxyfluorination of Arylhydroxylamines

A new strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated anilides in the absence of metals and oxidants has been developed. This deoxyfluorination of N-arylhydroxylamines with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) proceeded smoothly under mild conditions, and the ortho- or para-fluorinated aromatic amine products were prepared in moderate to good yields. Structurally diverse fluorinated anilides, including heterocyclic and pharmaceutically relevant molecules, can be efficiently constructed by this protocol.

TBN-triggered, manipulable annulations of o-hydroxyarylenaminones for divergent syntheses of oximinochromanones and oximinocoumaranones

Divergent synthesis provides an indispensable route to rapid acquisition of structurally diverse chemical scaffolds from identical starting materials. Herein, we describe unprecedented divergent annulations of o-hydroxyarylenaminones promoted by tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) under mild conditions. Two different types of benzo-oxa-heterocycle, including oximinochromanones and oximinocoumaranones, were smoothly assembled with a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility.

Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride: A Novel, Low-Cost, Stable Double Thiolation Reagent for Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines

We report a novel, inexpensive double thiolation reagent that sulfurizes a broad range of imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines under mild conditions. Importantly, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, as a common nucleophilic fluorinating reagent, was utilized as a novel thiolation reagent.

Synthesis of 2-(Cyanomethyl)benzoic Esters via Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage of Indanones

A novel synthesis of 2-(cyanomethyl)benzoic esters from indanone derivatives has been established. This reaction proceeds via a deprotonation of alcohols with a chemical base, followed by a nucleophilic addition to indanones and Beckmann fragmentation. In addition, this reaction could also work under electrochemical conditions, and no external chemical bases were needed. This mild method offers a novel strategy for the late-stage functionalization of various natural alcohols.

Carboxylic Acid Deoxyfluorination and One-Pot Amide Bond Formation Using Pentafluoropyridine (PFP)

This work describes the application of pentafluoropyridine (PFP), a cheap commercially available reagent, in the deoxyfluorination of carboxylic acids to acyl fluorides. The acyl fluorides can be formed from a range of acids under mild conditions. We also demonstrate that PFP can be utilized in a one-pot amide bond formation via in situ generation of acyl fluorides. This one-pot deoxyfluorination amide bond-forming reaction gives ready access to amides in yields of ≤94%.

Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides via a Selective Fluorinative Beckmann Fragmentation

A fluorinative Beckmann fragmentation of α-oximinoamides was devised to provide synthetically useful carbamoyl fluorides. High selectivity for fragmentation over a potentially competing Beckmann rearrangement was observed. This protocol has a distinct mechanism and thus a different substrate scope compared with other synthetic methods. α-Oximinoamides derived from the readily available secondary amines, lactams, or isatins were converted into structurally diverse carbamoyl fluorides.

Acyl Fluorides from Carboxylic Acids, Aldehydes, or Alcohols under Oxidative Fluorination

We describe a novel reagent system to obtain acyl fluorides directly from three different functional group precursors: carboxylic acids, aldehydes, or alcohols. The transformation is achieved via a combination of trichloroisocyanuric acid and cesium fluoride, which facilitates the synthesis of various acyl fluorides in high yield (up to 99%). It can be applied to the late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules that contain a carboxylic acid, an aldehyde, or an alcohol group.