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Banerjee S, Punniyamurthy T. Palladium-Catalyzed Weak-Chelation-Assisted C4-Nitration of Indoles with tert-Butyl Nitrite: Formal Access to Aminated Indoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:988-993. [PMID: 38277494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed weak-chelation-assisted C4-selective nitration of indoles has been accomplished employing tert-butyl nitrite in the presence of oxone under molecular oxygen at a moderate temperature. Aerobic conditions, C4-selectivity, substrate scope, conversion to valuable aminated indoles, and late-stage natural product modifications are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonbidya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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2
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Zhang X, Liu C, Wei W, Zhang Z, Liang T. Iodine-dependent oxidative regioselective aminochalcogenation of indolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1152-1155. [PMID: 38189976 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A directing-group-free strategy for oxidative regioselective aminochalcogenation of indolines with amines and dichalconides is presented. This strategy combines tandem coupling sequences and oxidative dehydrogenation methods in a multi-component reaction, enabling the fast construction of a series of C2,3- or C2,5-aminochalcogenated indole derivatives. Moreover, the application of this synthetic approach is demonstrated through the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and the derivatization of the products, highlighting its potential and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenrui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanxing Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang XL, Wang MY, Liu HJ, Wang YQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective C4-H Acyloxylation of Indoles with Carboxylic Acids via a Transient Directing Groups Strategy. Org Lett 2024; 26:41-45. [PMID: 38149590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient method for the synthesis of C4 oxy-substituted indoles is an appealing yet challenging task. Herein, we report a general palladium-catalyzed TDG approach for the direct C4-H acyloxylation of indoles. The protocol features atom and step economy, excellent regioselectivity, and good tolerance of functional groups. Moreover, the reaction can accommodate a range of carboxylic acids including benzoic acids, phenylacetic acids, and aliphatic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Jin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China
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Zheng C, Jiang ZJ, Jin K, Wang Q, Bai JF, Xu G, Gao Z. Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective Deuteration of Indole's C4-Position with Transient Directing Groups. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37993979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
As a representative scaffold of alkaloids, indoles have been extensively subjected to deuteration, but the regioselective C4 labeling has not been achieved due to its low reactivity. In this work, a Pd-catalyzed deuterium labeling at the indole's C4 position has been developed under the strategy of transient directing, using D2O as a deuterium source. The substituent effect is found to be crucial in facilitating this H/D exchange process, where the reversing C-D bond formation favors an electron-enriched ligation contrary to its C-H halogenation counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zheng
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi-Jiang Jiang
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
| | - Ke Jin
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
| | - Qian Wang
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
| | - Jian-Fei Bai
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. of China
| | - Zhanghua Gao
- NingboTech-Cuiying Joint Laboratory of Stable Isotope Technology, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
- Ningbo Cuiying Chemical Technology Co. Ltd., Ningbo 315100, P. R. of China
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Yadav SK, Jeganmohan M. Nickel-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of 1,6-Diynes with Indolines/Indoles through Dual C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14454-14469. [PMID: 37791905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed site-selective tandem cyclization of 1,6-diynes with substituted indolines or indoles through consecutive dual C-H bond activation is described. In the reaction, substituted fused indole and carbazole derivatives were observed in good to excellent yields, in which three consecutive C-C bonds formed in one pot. Later, in the presence of DDQ, the aromatization of the indoline derivative was converted to the indole derivative. A possible reaction mechanism involving dual C-H bond activation as a key step was proposed to account for the present reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu India
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Liu SC, Fang DC. DFT Studies on the Mechanisms of Carboamination/Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes Mediated by Pd(IV) Intermediates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14540-14549. [PMID: 37773964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the mechanism of carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes mediated by Pd(IV) intermediates. Both reactions share a common Pd(IV) intermediate, serving as the starting point for either the carboamination or the diamination pathway. The formation of this Pd(IV) intermediate encompasses a transition state that substantially impacts the turnover frequency (TOF) of catalytic cycles, with an apparent activation free-energy barrier of 26.1 kcal mol-1. Carboamination of unactivated alkenes proceeds through the coordination of a toluene molecule, C-H activation, inner reductive elimination, and the separation of the carboamination product from this intermediate, while diamination of unactivated alkenes involves the formation of the ion nucleophile, SN2 attack, and the separation of the diamination product. A comparison of the free-energy profiles for carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes can elucidate the origin of the chemoselectivity, and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) wave function analyses have been performed to analyze the contributions of the outer C-N bonding in the diamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Li JF, Yin B, Wang JJ. Mechanistic Insights into Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselective C4-Alkenylation of 3-Acetylindole: A Detailed Theoretical Study. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14125-14136. [PMID: 36256734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic study of Co(III)-catalyzed C4-alkenylation of 3-acetylindole (1a) was done based on calculations at density functional theory (DFT) and correlated wave function levels. The whole catalytic cycle consists of four steps: C-H activation, olefin insertion, β-hydride elimination, and regeneration of the catalyst. The theoretical results support olefin insertion as the rate-determining step leading to the experimentally observed regioselectivity of the C4 site over the C2 site. By the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) geometries and the NCl plot, the preference for the C4 site over the C2 site could be attributed to the weaker repulsive interaction between the indole moiety and olefin in the transition states of the olefin insertion step for the former. The reliability of the theoretical mechanistic results is further confirmed through the DFT calculation of other related indole derivatives and olefin substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Bing Yin
- Lab of Theoretical Molecular Magnetism (LTMM), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ji-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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Zhang J, Fan J, Guo Z, Wu Y, Wu J, Xie M. Palladium‐catalyzed Atroposelective Interannular C‐H Arylation of Biaryl Aldehydes with Aryl Iodides Enabled by a Transient Directing Group Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yehe Wu
- Anhui Normal University CHINA
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Xu W, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Lu X, Zhou Y, Zhang FL. Direct Assembly of Diverse Unsymmetrical Tertiary 9-Fluorenols via Transient Directing Group-Enabled Palladium-Catalyzed Dual C-H Bond Activation of α-Ketoesters. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10807-10814. [PMID: 35921192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An expeditious construction of an unsymmetrical tertiary 9-fluorenol skeleton was accomplished starting from readily available α-ketoester and aryl iodide. Inexpensive commercially available substituted aniline was utilized as a potent monodentate transient directing group (TDG) to assist palladium-catalyzed direct ortho-C-H arylation and tandem dual C-H activation of α-ketoesters to form two carbon-carbon bonds. To demonstrate practical applications, the reaction was enlarged to the gram scale, and subsequent one-step derivatization allowed facile access to structurally diversified useful derivatives. A series of control experiments were carried out to shed light on the possible catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Yongdi Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China
| | - Xuelian Lu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan430070, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen518057, Guangdong, China
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Aslam M, Devkota S, Jamshaid S, Lee YR. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C4 Functionalization of Indoles with Quinones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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