1
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Qian P, Zhu D, Wang X, Sun Q, Zhang S. Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Imidation Enabled by Benzoic Acid Derived Radicals. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6395-6404. [PMID: 38621116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We developed an electrochemical approach for benzylic C(sp3)-H imidation by virtue of the in situ generated oxygen-centered radicals (OCRs). The electrochemical imidation provides a complementary approach to giving distinct imide products compared with previous acyloxylation products. This protocol exhibits good site selectivity and broad substrate generality. Moreover, the utility of the OCR-mediated protocol was extended to the electrochemical oxidation of silane, and its robustness was also highlighted by the imidation of complex substrates, which would otherwise be inaccessible for previous approaches. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to rationalize the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-Derived, Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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2
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Liu J, Du J, Zhang LB, Li M, Guo W. Electrochemical Benzylic C-H Amination via N-Aminopyridinium. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6465-6473. [PMID: 38644574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical protocol for benzylic C(sp3)-H aminopyridylation via direct C-H/N-H cross-coupling of alkylarenes with N-aminopyridinium triflate has been developed. This method features excellent site-selectivity, broad substrate scope, redox reagent-free and facile scalability. The generated benzylaminopyridiniums can be readily converted to benzylamines via electroreductive N-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jinyao Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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3
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Jia H, Li N, Tang C, Ni W, Zhao X, Sun J, Wu F, Shen X, Zhai H. α-Acyloxylation of Ketones/Cyclic Ethers Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents as Oxidants and Nucleophilic Sources. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2055-2063. [PMID: 38207340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
This study describes a catalyst-free α-acyloxylation of ketones and a KBr-mediated α-acyloxylation of cyclic ethers. These conversions are effectively mediated by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents serving dual roles as the oxidant and nucleophilic source. Consequently, esters are produced directly in moderate to excellent yields. The proposed method features good functional group compatibility, a broad substrate scope, and high synthetic efficiency and is remarkably environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Nan Li
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Chunmei Tang
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Wenjing Ni
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Fufang Wu
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Xiaobao Shen
- Biomass Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Atkins AP, Chaturvedi AK, Tate JA, Lennox AJJ. Pulsed electrolysis: enhancing primary benzylic C(sp 3)-H nucleophilic fluorination. Org Chem Front 2024; 11:802-808. [PMID: 38298566 PMCID: PMC10825853 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo01865b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is an efficient and powerful tool for the generation of elusive reactive intermediates. The application of alternative electrolysis waveforms provides a new level of control for dynamic redox environments. Herein, we demonstrate that pulsed electrolysis provides a favourable environment for the generation and fluorination of highly unstable primary benzylic cations from C(sp3)-H bonds. By introduction of a toff period, we propose this waveform modulates the electrical double layer to improve mass transport and limit over-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Atul K Chaturvedi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
| | - Joseph A Tate
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Jealott's Hill Bracknell RG426EY UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS Bristol UK
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5
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Choi A, Goodrich OH, Atkins AP, Edwards MD, Tiemessen D, George MW, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Direct Amidation. Org Lett 2024; 26:653-657. [PMID: 38227550 PMCID: PMC10825869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Amide bonds are ubiquitous and found in a myriad of functional molecules. Although formed in a reliable and robust fashion, alternative amide bond disconnections provide flexibility and synthetic control. Herein we describe an electrochemical method to form the non-amide C-N bond from direct benzylic C(sp3)-H amidation. Our approach is applied toward the synthesis of secondary amides by coupling secondary benzylic substrates with substituted primary benzamides. The reaction has been scaled up to a multigram scale in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Choi
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - David Tiemessen
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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6
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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7
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Bhati KS, Suwalka D, Verma VP, Jassal AK, Kumari N, Sharma S. Cell Voltage-Dependent Structural Dichotomy: Electrochemical C-H Acyloxylation and N-Acylation of 2 H-Indazoles. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37450634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient electrochemical method that utilizes modulation of the cell voltage to cause structural alterations in 2H-indazole is introduced. This method enables the C-3 acyloxylation of 2H-indazole and promotes the transfer of the acyl group from C-3 to N-1, allowing the N-acylation of 2H-indazoles. Additionally, the application of the μ-electro flow reactor was demonstrated, showcasing its effectiveness in achieving gram-scale production of 3x within a short residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh Bhati
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Dinesh Suwalka
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Niwai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali 304022, India
| | - Amanpreet Kaur Jassal
- Department of Chemistry, U.G.C. Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Neetu Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
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8
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Wen L, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Liu C, Xu S, Feng P, Li H. Electrochemical Difunctionalization of gem-Difluoroalkenes: A Metal-Free Synthesis of α-Difluoro(alkoxyl/azolated) Methylated Ethers. Org Lett 2023; 25:3308-3313. [PMID: 37129411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A scalable electrochemical difunctionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes to structurally versatile difluoro motifs was achieved. This methodology features reagent-free conditions, good functional group tolerance, and a relatively broad substrate scope. Meanwhile, the electrolysis protocol is easy to handle, and the products show good regio- and chemoselectivity. The reaction mechanism was also preliminarily studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Wen
- PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Naifu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shihai Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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9
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Leech MC, Nagornîi D, Walsh JM, Kiaku C, Poole DL, Mason J, Goodall ICA, Devo P, Lam K. eFluorination Using Cheap and Readily Available Tetrafluoroborate Salts. Org Lett 2023; 25:1353-1358. [PMID: 36856464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A practical electrochemical method for the rapid, safer, and mild synthesis of tertiary hindered alkyl fluorides from carboxylic acids has been developed without the need for hydrofluoric acid salts or non-glass reactors. In this anodic fluorination, collidinium tetrafluoroborate acts as both the supporting electrolyte and fluoride donor. A wide range of functional groups has been shown to be compatible, and the possibility of scale-up using flow electrochemistry has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Leech
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitrii Nagornîi
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie M Walsh
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Kiaku
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Darren L Poole
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Mason
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C A Goodall
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Perry Devo
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Lam
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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10
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Hong JE, Yoon J, Baek W, Kim K, Kwak JH, Park Y. Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Lactonization of 2-Alkylbenzoic Acids toward Phthalides. Org Lett 2023; 25:298-303. [PMID: 36583568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report direct electrochemical C(sp3)-H lactonization of 2-alkylbenzoic acids toward phthalides. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of 2-alkylbenzoic acids bearing primary to tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds by utilizing a graphite anode, dichloromethane (DCM) solvent, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) cosolvent, and n-Bu4NClO4 electrolyte. Our synthetic approach offers a simple, intuitive, and atom-economical protocol to synthesize various phthalides (25 examples, up to 92% yield) and obtain other 5- and 6-membered lactones (10 examples, up to 83% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyumin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
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11
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Study of the Electrochemical Behavior of N-Substituted-4-Piperidones Curcumin Analogs: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315043. [PMID: 36499370 PMCID: PMC9736124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of N-methyl- and N-benzyl-4-piperidone curcumin analogs were studied experimentally and theoretically. The studied compounds present different substituents at the para position in the phenyl rings (-H, -Br, -Cl, -CF3, and -OCH3). We assessed their electrochemical behavior by differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry, while we employed density functional theory (DFT) M06 and M06-2x functionals along with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set calculations to study them theoretically. The results showed that compounds suffer a two-electron irreversible oxidation in the range of 0.72 to 0.86 V, with surface concentrations ranging from 1.72 × 10-7 to 5.01 × 10-7 mol/cm2. The results also suggested that the process is diffusion-controlled for all compounds. M06 DFT calculations showed a better performance than M06-2x to obtain oxidation potentials. We found a good correlation between the experimental and theoretical oxidation potential for N-benzyl-4-piperidones (R2 = 0.9846), while the correlation was poor for N-methyl-4-piperidones (R2 = 0.3786), suggesting that the latter suffer a more complex oxidation process. Calculations of the BDEs for labile C-H bonds in the compounds suggested that neither of the two series of compounds has a different tendency for a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) oxidation process. It is proposed that irreversible behavior is due to possible dimerization of the compounds by Shono-type oxidation.
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12
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S. Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds Play the Dual Role of Starting Material and Oxidation Inhibitor for Hydrazides in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15077-15085. [PMID: 36347012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electrooxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to produce hydrazones as an alternate for conventional pathways has an enormous dignity. Under the aegis of electricity, instead of hazardous metal catalysts and external oxidants, we unveil an electrochemical process for electrooxidation of various benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds in aqueous media in all pH ranges that subsequently produce hydrazones with further reactions. This electrooxidative reaction strategy provides an acceptable condition for synthesizing hydrazones with various functional groups in good efficiency and amenable to gram-scale synthesis. The electrochemical oxidation condition proves an excellent level of compatibility with super cheap electrolyte NaCl for the oxidation of benzylic C(sp3)-H position despite the highly oxidizable hydrazide group remaining intact in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
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