1
|
Kim M, Noh K, Kim P, Kim JH, Choi BW, Singh R, Choi JH, Han SB, Kim SS, Lee EY, Bae MA, Shin D, Kim M, Ahn JH. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New 2,6,7-Substituted Purine Derivatives as Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists for Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9389-9405. [PMID: 38787938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
TLR7/8 agonists are versatile immune stimulators capable of treating various diseases such as viral infections, autoimmune, and cancer. Despite the structural similarity of TLR7/8, their immune stimulation mechanisms and time-course responses significantly differ. In this study, a new series of TLR7-selective agonists was synthesized utilizing the economical building block 2,6-dichloropurine. Compound 27b showed the most potent activity on hTLR7 with an EC50 of 17.53 nM and demonstrated high hTLR7 selectivity (224 folds against TLR8). 27b effectively stimulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages and enhanced intranasal vaccine efficacy against influenza A virus in vivo. Assessment of humoral and mucosal antibody titers confirmed that 27b elevates IgG and IgA levels, protecting against both homologous and heterologous influenza viral infections. These findings suggest that 27b is a promising candidate as a vaccine adjuvant to prevent viral infections or as a robust immunomodulator with prolonged activity for treating immune-suppressed diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungseob Noh
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeongkeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soon Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Shin
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- JD Bioscience, 208 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mairinger S, Jackwerth M, Soukup O, Blaickner M, Decristoforo C, Nics L, Pahnke J, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Langer O. Advancing 6-bromo-7-[ 11C]methylpurine to clinical use: improved regioselective radiosynthesis, non-clinical toxicity data and human dosimetry estimates. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:34. [PMID: 38683266 PMCID: PMC11058743 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) is a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) to measure multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) transport activity in different tissues. Previously reported radiosyntheses of [11C]BMP afforded a mixture of 7- and 9-[11C]methyl regioisomers. To prepare for clinical use, we here report an improved regioselective radiosynthesis of [11C]BMP, the results of a non-clinical toxicity study as well as human dosimetry estimates based on mouse PET data. RESULTS [11C]BMP was synthesised by regioselective N7-methylation of 6-bromo-7H-purine (prepared under good manufacturing practice) with [11C]methyl triflate in presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine magnesium chloride in a TRACERlab™ FX2 C synthesis module. [11C]BMP was obtained within a total synthesis time of approximately 43 min in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 20.5 ± 5.2%, based on starting [11C]methyl iodide, with a radiochemical purity > 99% and a molar activity at end of synthesis of 197 ± 130 GBq/μmol (n = 28). An extended single-dose toxicity study conducted in male and female Wistar rats under good laboratory practice after single intravenous (i.v.) administration of unlabelled BMP (2 mg/kg body weight) revealed no test item related adverse effects. Human dosimetry estimates, based on dynamic whole-body PET data in female C57BL/6J mice, suggested that an i.v. injected activity amount of 400 MBq of [11C]BMP will deliver an effective dose in the typical range of 11C-labelled radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS [11C]BMP can be produced in sufficient amounts and acceptable quality for clinical use. Data from the non-clinical safety evaluation showed no adverse effects and suggested that the administration of [11C]BMP will be safe and well tolerated in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Jackwerth
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Blaickner
- Department Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology, Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM) and Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nevrlka F, Bědroň A, Valenta M, Tranová L, Stýskala J. Study of Direct N7 Regioselective tert-Alkylation of 6-Substituted Purines and Their Modification at Position C6 through O, S, N, and C Substituents. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:17368-17378. [PMID: 38645315 PMCID: PMC11024948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
A new N7 direct regioselective method allowing the introduction of tert-alkyl groups into appropriate 6-substituted purine derivatives is developed. This method is based on a reaction of N-trimethylsilylated purines with a tert-alkyl halide using SnCl4 as a catalyst. In this work, we study the structure and optimal reaction conditions leading to the N7 isomer and in some cases also to the N9 isomer. The main goal is devoted to preparing 7-(tert-butyl)-6-chloropurine as a suitable compound for other purine transformations. The stability of the tert-butyl group at the N7 position is tested for classic model reactions, leading to the preparation of new 6,7-disubstituted purine derivatives, which is also interesting from the point of view of possible biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Nevrlka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bědroň
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Valenta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Tranová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Stýskala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okamura T, Kikuchi T, Ogawa M, Zhang MR. Improved synthesis of 6-bromo-7-[ 11C]methylpurine for clinical use. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:10. [PMID: 38334858 PMCID: PMC10857989 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), an energy-dependent efflux pump, is expressed widely in various tissues and contributes to many physiological and pathophysiological processes. 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]7m6BP) is expected to be useful for the assessment of MRP1 activity in the human brain and lungs. However, the radiochemical yield (RCY) in the synthesis of [11C]7m6BP was low, limiting its clinical application, because the methylation of the precursor with [11C]CH3I provided primarily the undesired isomer, 6-bromo-9-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]9m6BP). To increase the RCY of [11C]7m6BP, we investigated conditions for improving the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity of the methylation reaction. RESULTS [11C]7m6BP was manually synthesized via the methylation of 6-bromopurine with [11C]CH3I in various solvents and at different temperatures in the presence of potassium carbonate for 5 min. Several less polar solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity from 1:1 to 2:1, compared with the conventionally used solvents for the alkylation of 6-halopurines, acetone, acetonitrile, and N,N-dimethylformamide. However, a higher temperature (140 °C or 180 °C) was needed to progress the 11C-methylation in the less polar solvents, and the manual conditions could not be directly translated to an automated synthesis. [11C]Methyl triflate ([11C]CH3OTf) was thus used as a methylating agent to increase the conversion at a lower temperature. The 11C-methylation using [11C]CH3OTf at 100 °C proceeded efficiently in THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt with maintenance of the improved selectivity. Starting from 28 to 34 GBq [11C]CO2, [11C]7m6BP was produced with 2.3-2.6 GBq for THF, 2.7-3.3 GBq for AcOEt, and 2.8-3.9 GBq for 2-MeTHF at approximately 30 min after the end of bombardment (n = 3 per solvent). The isolated RCYs (decay corrected) for THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt were 24-28%, 29-35%, and 22-31% (n = 3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity in the methylation reaction, and the improved method provided [11C]7m6BP with sufficient radioactivity for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Okamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 7-1-1 Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0031, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan Z, He H, Yuan D, Yan Q, Wang W, Jiang H, Wang H, Chen F. Regioselective O-alkylation of 2-pyridones by TfOH-catalyzed carbenoid insertion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:106-109. [PMID: 36477214 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective alkylation of 2-pyridone could solve a challenge in chemistry and streamline the synthesis of important molecules. Here we report the regioselective O-alkylation of 2-pyridones by TfOH-catalyzed carbenoid insertion. In the catalytic system, alkylation of 2-pyridone was achieved with unprecedented regioselectiviy (>99 : 1). This protocol is characterized by mild reaction conditions, metal-free, and simplicity. Moreover, this method provides the desired products in good yield and demonstrates a broad substrate scope in this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Hangli He
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Dabiao Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Qiongjiao Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Haipeng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China. .,School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China. .,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zambri MT, Hou TR, Taylor MS. Synergistic Organoboron/Palladium Catalysis for Regioselective N-Allylations of Azoles with Allylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2022; 24:7617-7621. [PMID: 36201424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for regioselective palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of ambident nitrogen heterocycles, employing simple allylic alcohols as electrophile precursors, is described. An organoboron co-catalyst serves both to activate the azole-type nucleophile toward selective N-functionalization and to accelerate the formation of a π-allylpalladium complex from the allylic alcohol. The method can be applied to various heterocycle types, including 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles, tetrazoles, pyrazoles, and purines, and can be extended to substituted allylic alcohol partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Zambri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Teh Ren Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desai SP, Zambri MT, Taylor MS. Borinic Acid Catalyzed Regioselective N-Alkylation of Azoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5385-5394. [PMID: 35385283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for regioselective N-alkylation of ambident, azole-type heterocycles with alkene or epoxide electrophiles is described. In the presence of diphenylborinic acid (Ph2BOH) and an amine cocatalyst, heterocyclic nucleophiles such as 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles, substituted tetrazoles, and purine are activated toward selective N-functionalization. The scope of electrophilic partners includes enones, 2-vinylpyridine, phenyl vinyl sulfone, a dehydroalanine derivative, and epoxides. Mechanistic studies, including in situ 11B NMR spectroscopy and kinetic analysis, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Matthew T Zambri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang J, Liu S, Huang Y, Xu XH, Qing FL. Photoredox catalyzed C-H trifluoroethylamination of heteroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1346-1349. [PMID: 34986214 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first C-H trifluoroethylamination of heteroarenes with previously unknown N-trifluoroethyl hydroxylamine reagents was achieved under photoredox catalyzed conditions. In the presence of an iridium(III) photoredox catalyst, a variety of heteroarenes, such as indoles, benzofurans, and benzothiophenes, were smoothly converted to the trifluoroethylaminated products in moderate to high yields and with excellent regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nagao K, Ohmiya H. Carbocation Generation by Organophotoredox Catalysis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tranová L, Stýskala J. Study of the N7 Regioselective Glycosylation of 6-Chloropurine and 2,6-Dichloropurine with Tin and Titanium Tetrachloride. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13265-13275. [PMID: 34528791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
6-Chloropurine and 2,6-dichloropurine were regioselectively glycosylated at position 7 to give the corresponding peracetylated N7-nucleosides, which can be suitable for other purine transformations. In this work, we study the distribution of N7/N9-isomers produced via the Vorbrüggen method under different conditions, using an N-trimethylsilylated purine derivative and SnCl4 or TiCl4 as a catalyst. The main effort is devoted to reversing the disadvantageous predominant selectivity of most glycosylation reactions at the N9 position and thus to determining conditions that maximize the regioselectivity of glycosylation toward the desired N7-isomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Tranová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Stýskala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Desai SP, Taylor MS. Diarylborinic Acid-Catalyzed Regioselective Ring Openings of Epoxy Alcohols with Pyrazoles, Imidazoles, Triazoles, and Other Nitrogen Heterocycles. Org Lett 2021; 23:7049-7054. [PMID: 34459605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for regioselective ring openings of 3,4- and 2,3-epoxy alcohols with ambident nitrogen heterocycles is described. Using a diarylborinic acid catalyst, a single regioisomer is favored in couplings of nucleophile and electrophile partners that display low regioselectivity under conventional conditions. The method provides access to aromatic heterocycles bearing stereochemically defined, functionalized alkyl substituents, a product class similar in structure to medicinally relevant compounds such as the acyclic nucleoside analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrey P Desai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shoji T, Fukushima K, Menjo T, Yamada Y, Hanasaki T, Kikushima K, Takenaga N, Dohi T. Triflimide-Promoted Nucleophilic C-Arylation of Halopurines to Access N 7-Substituted Purine Biaryls. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:886-891. [PMID: 34148910 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized nucleobases are utilized in a wide range of fields; therefore, the development of new synthesis methods is essential for their continued application. With respect to the C6-arylation of halopurines, which possess a substituent at the N7-position, only a small number of successful cases have been reported, which is predominately a result of large steric hinderance effects. Herein, we report efficient and metal-free C6-arylations and SNAr reactions of N7-substituted chloropurines in aromatic and heteroatom nucleophiles promoted by triflimide (Tf2NH) in fluoroalcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Fukushima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Takayuki Menjo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | - Tomonori Hanasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | - Toshifumi Dohi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bie F, Yao Y, Cao H, Shi Y, Yan P, Ma J, Han Y, Liu X. Convenient synthesis of N-1-alkyl benzimidazoles via Pd catalyzed C–N bond formation and cyclization. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1939056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Bie
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Yao
- Zaozhuang Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Han Cao
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yan
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Ying Han
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Engineering and Technology Institute of LuNan Coal Chemical Engineering, ZaoZhuang University, Zaozhuang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alam RM, Keating JJ. Regioselective N-alkylation of the 1 H-indazole scaffold; ring substituent and N-alkylating reagent effects on regioisomeric distribution. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1939-1951. [PMID: 34386104 PMCID: PMC8353588 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The indazole scaffold represents a promising pharmacophore, commonly incorporated in a variety of therapeutic drugs. Although indazole-containing drugs are frequently marketed as the corresponding N-alkyl 1H- or 2H-indazole derivative, the efficient synthesis and isolation of the desired N-1 or N-2 alkylindazole regioisomer can often be challenging and adversely affect product yield. Thus, as part of a broader study focusing on the synthesis of bioactive indazole derivatives, we aimed to develop a regioselective protocol for the synthesis of N-1 alkylindazoles. Initial screening of various conditions revealed that the combination of sodium hydride (NaH) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (in the presence of an alkyl bromide), represented a promising system for N-1 selective indazole alkylation. For example, among fourteen C-3 substituted indazoles examined, we observed > 99% N-1 regioselectivity for 3-carboxymethyl, 3-tert-butyl, 3-COMe, and 3-carboxamide indazoles. Further extension of this optimized (NaH in THF) protocol to various C-3, -4, -5, -6, and -7 substituted indazoles has highlighted the impact of steric and electronic effects on N-1/N-2 regioisomeric distribution. For example, employing C-7 NO2 or CO2Me substituted indazoles conferred excellent N-2 regioselectivity (≥ 96%). Importantly, we show that this optimized N-alkylation procedure tolerates a wide structural variety of alkylating reagents, including primary alkyl halide and secondary alkyl tosylate electrophiles, while maintaining a high degree of N-1 regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Alam
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Kane Building, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - John J Keating
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- School of Chemistry, Kane Building, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Building, University College Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kobayashi R, Shibutani S, Nagao K, Ikeda Z, Wang J, Ibáñez I, Reynolds M, Sasaki Y, Ohmiya H. Decarboxylative N-Alkylation of Azoles through Visible-Light-Mediated Organophotoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:5415-5419. [PMID: 34139122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organophotoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling between azole nucleophiles and aliphatic carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters is demonstrated. This protocol efficiently installs various tertiary or secondary alkyl fragments onto the nitrogen atom of azole nucleophiles under mild and transition-metal-free conditions. The pyridinium additive successfully inhibits the formation of elimination byproducts from the carbocation intermediate. This reaction is applicable to the synthesis of a protein-degrader-like molecule containing an azole and a thalidomide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Kobayashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shotaro Shibutani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zenichi Ikeda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junsi Wang
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ignacio Ibáñez
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 2-26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gillespie JE, Morrill C, Phipps RJ. Regioselective Radical Arene Amination for the Concise Synthesis of ortho-Phenylenediamines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9355-9360. [PMID: 34128670 PMCID: PMC8251697 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
formation of arene C–N bonds directly from C–H
bonds is of great importance and there has been rapid recent development
of methods for achieving this through radical mechanisms, often involving
reactive N-centered radicals. A major challenge associated
with these advances is that of regiocontrol, with mixtures of regioisomeric
products obtained in most protocols, limiting broader utility. We
have designed a system that utilizes attractive noncovalent interactions
between an anionic substrate and an incoming radical cation in order
to guide the latter to the arene ortho position.
The anionic substrate takes the form of a sulfamate-protected aniline
and telescoped cleavage of the sulfamate group after amination leads
directly to ortho-phenylenediamines, key building
blocks for a range of medicinally relevant diazoles. Our method can
deliver both free amines and monoalkyl amines allowing access to unsymmetrical,
selectively monoalkylated benzimidazoles and benzotriazoles. As well
as providing concise access to valuable ortho-phenylenediamines,
this work demonstrates the potential for utilizing noncovalent interactions
to control positional selectivity in radical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Gillespie
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Charlotte Morrill
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu X, Cao H, Bie F, Yan P, Han Y. C N bond formation and cyclization: A straightforward and metal-free synthesis of N-1-alkyl-2-unsubstituted benzimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
18
|
Bookser BC, Weinhouse MI, Burns AC, Valiere AN, Valdez LJ, Stanczak P, Na J, Rheingold AL, Moore CE, Dyck B. Solvent-Controlled, Site-Selective N-Alkylation Reactions of Azolo-Fused Ring Heterocycles at N1-, N2-, and N3-Positions, Including Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, Purines, [1,2,3]Triazolo[4,5]pyridines, and Related Deaza-Compounds. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6334-6353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, Crystallography Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, Urey Hall 5128, mail code 0358, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Crystallography Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, Urey Hall 5128, mail code 0358, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lambrecht MJ, Kelly JW, Shenvi RA. Mechanism of Action of the Cytotoxic Asmarine Alkaloids. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1299-1306. [PMID: 29653046 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The asmarines are a family of cytotoxic natural products whose mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we used chemical synthesis to reverse engineer the asmarines and understand the functions of their individual components. We found that the potent asmarine analog "delmarine" arrested the mammalian cell cycle in the G1 phase and that both cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity were rescued by cotreatment with ferric and ferrous salts. Cellular iron deprivation was clearly indicated by changes in iron-responsive protein markers, and cytotoxicity occurred independently of radical oxygen species (ROS) production. Chemical synthesis allowed for annotation of the distinct structural motifs required for these effects, especially the unusual diazepine, which we found enforced an iron-binding tautomer without distortion of the NCNO dihedral angle out of plane. With this information and a correlation of cytotoxicity with logP, we could replace the diazepine by lipophilic group appendage to N9, which avoided steric clash with the N6-alkyl required to access the aminopyridine. This study transformed the asmarines, scarce marine metabolites, into easily synthesized, modular chemotypes that may complement or succeed iron-selective binders in clinical trials and use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo Z, Jiang Z, Jiang W, Lin D. C–H Amination of Purine Derivatives via Radical Oxidative Coupling. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3710-3718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People′s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People′s Republic of China
| | - Dongen Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People′s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
García PA, Valles E, Díez D, Castro MÁ. Marine Alkylpurines: A Promising Group of Bioactive Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010006. [PMID: 29301246 PMCID: PMC5793054 DOI: 10.3390/md16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites with a purine motif in their structure are presented in this review. The alkylpurines are grouped according to the size of the alkyl substituents and their location on the purine ring. Aspects related to the marine source, chemical structure and biological properties are considered together with synthetic approaches towards the natural products and bioactive analogues. This review contributes to studies of structure–activity relationships for these metabolites and highlights the potential of the sea as a source of new lead compounds in diverse therapeutic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A García
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Elena Valles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Díez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María-Ángeles Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim H, Hwang YJ, Han I, Joo JM. Regioselective C–H alkenylation of imidazoles and its application to the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted benzimidazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6879-6882. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02405g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed C5-selective alkenylation of imidazoles has been developed and applied to the synthesis of alkenyl imidazoles and multi-substituted benzimidazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Y, Izquierdo S, Vidossich P, Lledós A, Shafir A. NH-Heterocyclic Aryliodonium Salts and their Selective Conversion into N
1-Aryl-5-iodoimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7152-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Susana Izquierdo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu Y, Izquierdo S, Vidossich P, Lledós A, Shafir A. NH-Heterocyclic Aryliodonium Salts and their Selective Conversion into N
1-Aryl-5-iodoimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Susana Izquierdo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pietro Vidossich
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schenkel LB, Olivieri PR, Boezio AA, Deak HL, Emkey R, Graceffa RF, Gunaydin H, Guzman-Perez A, Lee JH, Teffera Y, Wang W, Youngblood BD, Yu VL, Zhang M, Gavva NR, Lehto SG, Geuns-Meyer S. Optimization of a Novel Quinazolinone-Based Series of Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) Antagonists Demonstrating Potent in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2794-809. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B. Schenkel
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Philip R. Olivieri
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alessandro A. Boezio
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Holly L. Deak
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Renee Emkey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Russell F. Graceffa
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Angel Guzman-Perez
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Josie H. Lee
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Yohannes Teffera
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Weiya Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Beth D. Youngblood
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Violeta L. Yu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Maosheng Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Narender R. Gavva
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Sonya G. Lehto
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Stephanie Geuns-Meyer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Lead Discovery, §Molecular Structure,
and ∥Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| |
Collapse
|