1
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Pan S, Xie Q, Wang X, Huang R, Lu Y, Ni C, Hu J. Controllable Double Difluoromethylene Insertions into S-Cu Bonds: (Arylthio)tetrafluoroethylation of Aryl Iodides with TMSCF 2Br. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400839. [PMID: 38358953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A new method of constructing "ArSCF2CF2Cu" from ArSCu and TMSCF2Br (TMS=trimethylsilyl) has been developed. The cross-coupling reactions of the obtained "ArSCF2CF2Cu" with diverse aryl iodides (Ar'I) provide an efficient access to Ar'CF2CF2SAr. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the "ArSCF2CF2Cu" species were generated through controllable double difluoromethylene insertions into ArS-Cu bonds rather than the 1,2-addition of ArSCu to tetrafluoroethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuhao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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2
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Hyeon Ka C, Kim S, Jin Cho E. Visible Light-Induced Metal-Free Fluoroalkylations. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300036. [PMID: 36942971 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylation is a crucial synthetic process that enables the modification of molecules with fluoroalkyl groups, which can enhance the properties of compounds and have potential applications in medicine and materials science. The utilization of visible light-induced, metal-free methods is of particular importance as it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods and eliminates the potential risks associated with metal-catalyst toxicity. This Account describes our studies on visible light-induced, metal-free fluoroalkylation processes, which include the use of organic photocatalysts or EDA complexes. We have utilized organophotocatalysts such as Nile red, tri(9-anthryl)borane, and an indole-based tetracyclic complex, as well as catalyst-free EDA chemistry through photoactive halogen bond formation or an unconventional transient ternary complex formation with nucleophilic fluoroalkyl source. A variety of π-systems including arenes/heteroarenes, alkenes, and alkynes have been successfully fluoroalkylated under the developed reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hyeon Ka
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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3
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Du P, Sun Q, Li H, Zhang J, Deng H, Jiang H. Silver-catalyzed Radical Cascade Arylthiodifluoromethylation/ Cyclization of Isonitriles for the Synthesis of 6-Phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl Aryl Thioethers. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200088. [PMID: 35319154 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for silver-catalyzed radical cascade arylthiodifluoromethylation/cyclization of isonitriles is disclosed. The transformation comprised addition of an arylthiodifluoromethyl radical generated in situ by the oxidative decarboxylation of arylthiodifluoroacetic salts to the isonitrile functionality to construct an ArSCF2 -C bond, followed by intramolecular cyclization to eventually afford 6-phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl aryl thioethers. The protocol provided a variety of 6-phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl aryl thioethers in medium to excellent yields with a good functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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4
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Zhu YY, Liu S, Huang Y, Qing FL, Xu XH. Photoredox catalyzed difluoro(phenylthio)methylation of 2,3-allenoic acids with {difluoro(phenylthio)methyl}triphenylphosphonium triflate. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Zhang P, Yang L, Chen W, Liu M, Wu H. Synthesis of [1,4]Thiazino[4,3- a]indol-10-one Derivatives through Radical Anti Aza-Michael Addition of 2'-Aminochalcones. Org Lett 2021; 23:6094-6098. [PMID: 34255527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of [1,4]thiazino[4,3-a]indole derivatives using sodium chlorodifluoroacetate (ClCF2CO2Na) and elemental sulfur as the difluoromethylthiolating reagent system has been developed. Three-component reactions of 2'-aminochalcones, sulfur, and ClCF2CO2Na under basic conditions using TEMPO as the oxidant afforded [1,4]thiazino[4,3-a]indol-10-ones containing a difluoromethyl thioether moiety in good yields. Four bonds including one C-N, two C-S, and one C-C bonds are selectively formed in the sequential transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingshun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Linjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wanzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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6
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Huang CM, Li J, Wang SL, Ai JJ, Liu XY, Rao WD, Wang SY. Transition-Metal-Free Decarboxylative Cyclization of N-Arylacrylamides with 2,2-Difluoro-2-(phenylthio)acetic Acid: Synthesis of Thiodifluorooxindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8437-8447. [PMID: 34042441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient transition-metal-free decarboxylative cyclization of N-arylacrylamides with 2,2-difluoro-2-(phenylthio)acetic acid for the construction of thiodifluoroindoleone derivatives is described. This strategy features stable and readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and transition-metal-free catalysts. Notably, this protocol has successfully applied to synthesis of gem-difluoroalkenes, which exist in numerous biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Mi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Ai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Rao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shun-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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7
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Radical coupling of arylthiodifluoroacetic acids and ethynylbenziodoxolone (EBX) reagents to access arylthiodifluoromethylated alkynes. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Xu X, Tao N, Fan WT, Tu G, Geng J, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Meta-Selective C-H Difluoromethylation of Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13868-13876. [PMID: 33113330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With pyrimidine as the directing group, we achieved the meta-selective difluoromethylation of phenol derivatives using ruthenium as a catalyst. This synthetic scheme provided an efficient method for the syntheses of fluorine-containing phenol derivatives. A wide variety of phenol derivatives were well-suited, affording the corresponding products in moderate-to-good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Na Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guangliang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingyao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Jiang Q, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Chalcogenide-Catalyzed Intermolecular Electrophilic Thio- and Halofunctionalization of gem-Difluoroalkenes: Construction of Diverse Difluoroalkyl Sulfides and Halides. Org Lett 2020; 22:7581-7587. [PMID: 32966094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thio- and halodifluoromethylated compounds are an important class of compounds in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. Herein, we report a facile method for the construction of these compounds via chalcogenide-catalyzed intermolecular electrophilic thio- and halofunctionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes. Simple treatment of gem-difluoroalkenes with electrophilic sulfur/halogen reagents and various O- or N-nucleophiles affords diverse multifunctionalized thio- and halodifluoromethylated compounds. This reaction features a relatively broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbin Jiang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Liang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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10
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Zhu XL, Huang Y, Xu XH, Qing FL. Silver-Catalyzed C–H Aryloxydifluoromethylation and Arylthiodifluoromethylation of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:5451-5455. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Tong CL, Xu XH, Qing FL. Oxidative Hydro-, Bromo-, and Chloroheptafluoroisopropylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Heptafluoroisopropyl Silver. Org Lett 2019; 21:9532-9535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
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12
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Wu W, Chen Y, Li M, Hu W, Lin X. Access to Polysubstituted (Furyl)methylthioethers via a Base-Promoted S-H Insertion Reaction of Conjugated Enynones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14529-14539. [PMID: 31590485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and applicable approach to the construction of diverse functionalized (2-furyl)methylthioether derivatives via base-promoted S-H insertion of conjugated enynones with thiophenols or thiols has been developed. This reaction features readily available starting materials, high atom economy, broad substrate scope, and versatile operation. Moreover, the synthetic utility of this method has been demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of the CNKSPR1 inhibitor precursor and late-stage functionalization of glutathione.
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13
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Orsi DL, Yadav MR, Altman RA. Organocatalytic Strategy for Hydrophenolation of Gem-Difluoroalkenes. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:4325-4336. [PMID: 32103843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gem-difluoroalkenes are an easily accessed fluorinated functional group, and a useful intermediate for elaborating into more complex fluorinated compounds. Currently, most functionalization reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes, with or without a transition metal-based catalyst system, involve the addition or removal of a fluorine atom to generate trifluorinated or monofluorinated products, respectively. In contrast, we present a complementary "fluorine-retentive" reaction that exploits an organocatalytic strategy to add phenols across gem-difluoroalkenes to deliver β,β-difluorophenethyl arylethers. The products are produced in good to moderate yields and selectivities, thus providing a range of compounds that are underrepresented in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- The University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - M Ramu Yadav
- The University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Ryan A Altman
- The University of Kansas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lawrence, KS 66045
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14
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One-pot preparation of (RSe)2CF2 and (RS)2CF2 compounds via insertion of TMSCF3-derived difluorocarbene into diselenides and disulfides. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Lee DS, Cho EJ. Fluoroalkenylation of boronic acids via an oxidative Heck reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4317-4325. [PMID: 30973559 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00332k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluoroalkenylation of boronic acids with fluoroalkyl alkenes has been developed. The Pd-catalyzed oxidative Heck coupling reaction proceeds under an oxygen atmosphere at room temperature, in the absence of a base and/or a ligand, showing excellent practicality of the process. This simple transformation is highly stereoselective to provide only E-isomers. In addition to the general approach using alkenes with functionalized fluoroalkyl reagents, this method, by transferring an aromatic system to the electron-deficient fluoroalkyl alkene, provides an efficient alternative method to yield valuable organofluorines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Wu J, Zhao Q, Wilson TC, Verhoog S, Lu L, Gouverneur V, Shen Q. Synthesis and Reactivity of α-Cumyl Bromodifluoromethanesulfenate: Application to the Radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]ArylSCF 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2413-2417. [PMID: 30575245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly reactive electrophilic bromodifluoromethylthiolating reagent, α-cumyl bromodifluoro-methanesulfenate 1, was prepared to allow for direct bromodifluoromethylthiolation of aryl boron reagents. This coupling reaction takes place under copper catalysis, and affords a large range of bromodifluoromethylthiolated arenes. These compounds are amenable to various transformations including halogen exchange with [18 F]KF/K222 , a process giving access to [18 F]arylSCF3 in two steps from the corresponding aryl boronic pinacol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qunchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Thomas C Wilson
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stefan Verhoog
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Long Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Progress and prospects in the use of photocatalysis for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Data on the synthesis of fluorinated organic compounds by photocatalysis are systematically considered and analyzed. The attention is focused on the mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions and the selectivity problem.
The bibliography includes 173 references.
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18
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Synthesis and Reactivity of α-Cumyl Bromodifluoromethanesulfenate: Application to the Radiosynthesis of [18
F]ArylSCF3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Václavík J, Klimánková I, Budinská A, Beier P. Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Tetrafluoroethylene- and 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-Containing Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Václavík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Klimánková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alena Budinská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 166 10 Prague Czech Republic
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20
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Orsi DL, Altman RA. Exploiting the unusual effects of fluorine in methodology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:7168-7181. [PMID: 28503693 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02341c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of organic molecules significantly impacts the basic physicochemical properties of small and large biologically active molecules, agrichemicals, and materials. Thus, the development of synthetic reactions to access these substructures is important for many applied fields of chemistry. However, these fluorine-induced perturbations of chemical properties can inhibit standard chemical transformations, which provides unique challenges for synthetic organic chemists. In addition, the physicochemical properties imparted by fluorinated substituents can enable distinct reactivity patterns relative to non-fluorinated substrates, thus making synthetic organofluorine chemistry a fertile ground for developing new, exciting transformations. In this feature article, we detail our experiences in methodology, wherein fluorinated substrates have enabled unique reactivity patterns relative to non-fluorous substrates. Specifically, we highlight the non-standard chemo- and regio-selectivities imparted by fluorinated substrates on Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions of olefins, and Cu-catalyzed decarboxylative fluoroalkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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21
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Wang W, Sun X, Qu J, Xie X, Qi ZH, Hong D, Jing S, Zheng D, Tian Y, Ma H, Yu S, Ma J. Aggregation-induced visible light absorption makes reactant 1,2-diisocyanoarenes act as photosensitizers in double radical isocyanide insertions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:31443-31451. [PMID: 29159355 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The joint computational and experimental efforts reveal that the organic molecule 1,2-diisocyano-4,5-dimethylbenzene (1) acts as both a reactant and a photosensitizer (PS) in a metal-free reaction with perfluoroalkylhalide (2) to produce 2-perfluoroalkyl quinoxalines (3) under visible light. Both the π-π stacking aggregation in crystals and the solvation in various solvents of PS 1 exhibited visible-light absorption at 466 nm in spite of its smaller coefficient than that of the ultraviolet-light absorption. Such an aggregation-assisted visible-light absorption phenomenon is rationalized by theoretical calculations of the condensed-phase properties with the consideration of the explicit polarization effect from the neighboring molecules. Upon irradiation with different wavelengths, the emission colors changed from navy to bright yellow. Fluorescence lifetime measurements show that the emission of 1 comes from its singlet excited state. The aggregation induced emission when excited at 420 nm has a shorter lifetime (0.45 ns) than that of the emission from isolated molecules (2.71 ns) when excited at 381 nm. It is conceived that the aggregation assisted visible light absorption properties may be general in other photo-reactive molecules, such as 1,4-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylbenzene (4), 1,4-dicyanobenzene (5), and 1,4-diisocyanobenzene (6), which are widely used in many photochemical reactions in the absence of any external photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
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22
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Wei J, Gu D, Wang S, Hu J, Dong X, Sheng R. Visible-light-mediated radical arylthiodifluoromethylation of isocyanides with fluorinated 2-pyridyl sulfones. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
2-PySO2CF2SAr were developed as powerful arylthiodifluoromethylation reagents, and the Stern–Volmer luminescence studies demonstrated that the mechanism might operate via a photoredox cycle consisting of a reductive quenching with Na2CO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Gu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shengdan Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Sheng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- People's Republic of China
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23
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Kong J, Jiang J, Huang Y, Lou YG, Li XF, He CY. Ru(bpy)3
Cl2
as a Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Induced Fluoroalkylation of Anilines with BrCF2
CF2
Br: A Facile Route to 2-Bromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl Arenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kong
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Jianfang Jiang
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Yue-Guang Lou
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
| | - Chun-Yang He
- Department: Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy; Zunyi Medical University; No. 6 West Xuefu Road Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China
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24
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Wu J, Lang M, Wang J. Photoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Enamides for the Assembly of β-Difluoroimine Synthons. Org Lett 2017; 19:5653-5656. [PMID: 29022720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed formal Csp3-Csp3 cross-coupling reaction of enamides with bromodifluoro compounds is established. The resulting gem-difluoromethylenated γ-imines indicated high stability, excellent E/Z control, and broad functional group tolerance. These synthetic intermediates can efficiently transfer to difluoromethylenated γ-amino acids or δ-amino alcohols. Mechanistic analysis indicates that a radical/SET mechanism proceeding via a difluoroalkyl radical may be involved in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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25
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Yan Q, Jiang L, Yi W, Liu Q, Zhang W. Metal-Free Difluoromethylthiolation, Trifluoromethylthiolation, and Perfluoroalkylthiolation with Sodium Difluoromethane- sulfinate, Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfinate or Sodium Perfluoro- alkanesulfinate. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yan
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Lvqi Jiang
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Yi
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Qiran Liu
- Chemical Engineering College; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; 200 Xiao Ling Wei Street Nanjing, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, MA 02125 USA
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26
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Matsuzaki K, Hiromura T, Tokunaga E, Shibata N. Trifluoroethoxy-Coated Subphthalocyanine affects Trifluoromethylation of Alkenes and Alkynes even under Low-Energy Red-Light Irradiation. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:226-230. [PMID: 28413756 PMCID: PMC5390801 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox chemical reactions induced by visible light have undergone a renaissance in recent years. Polypyridyl dyes such as Ir(ppy)3 and Ru(bpy)3 are key catalysts in this event, and blue- or white-light irradiation is required for the chemical transformations. However, it remains a challenge to achieve reactions under the lower energy of red light. We disclose, herein, that trifluoroethoxy-coated subphthalocyanine realizes the red-light-driven trifluoromethylation of alkenes and alkynes with trifluoromethyl iodide in good-to-high yields. Perfluoroalkylations were also achieved under red light. The reaction mechanism is discussed with the support of UV/Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry of trifluoroethoxy-coated subphthalocyanine. Light irradiation/dark study also supports the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsuzaki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life and Applied ChemistryNagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-kuNagoya466–8555Japan
| | - Tomoya Hiromura
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life and Applied ChemistryNagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-kuNagoya466–8555Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life and Applied ChemistryNagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-kuNagoya466–8555Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life and Applied ChemistryNagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-kuNagoya466–8555Japan
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27
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Chatterjee T, Roh GB, Shoaib MA, Suhl CH, Kim JS, Cho CG, Cho EJ. Visible-Light-Induced Synthesis of Carbazoles by in Situ Formation of Photosensitizing Intermediate. Org Lett 2017; 19:1906-1909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-bee Roh
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahbubul Alam Shoaib
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Heon Suhl
- Department
of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Gyu Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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28
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Orsi DL, Easley BJ, Lick AM, Altman RA. Base Catalysis Enables Access to α,α-Difluoroalkylthioethers. Org Lett 2017; 19:1570-1573. [PMID: 28332397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A nucleophilic addition reaction of aryl thiols to readily available β,β-difluorostyrenes provides α,α-difluoroalkylthioethers. The reaction proceeds through an unstable anionic intermediate, prone to eliminate fluoride and generate α-fluorovinylthioethers. However, the use of base catalysis overcomes the facile β-fluoride elimination, generating α,α-difluoroalkylthioethers in excellent yields and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Brandon J Easley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ashley M Lick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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29
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Dai J, Li Z, Wang T, Bai W, Bai R. A Diheteroatom Fluoroalkylation Reagent for Preparation of S- and N-Containing Fluoroalkyl Compounds and Sulfonic Acid Polymer. Org Lett 2017; 19:1418-1421. [PMID: 28251855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first stable diheteroatom fluoroalkylation reagent, 2-((2-azido-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio)pyrimidine (ACTP), has been prepared by a novel method. By using this reagent, various fluorinated thioethers and sulfones have been successfully prepared. The dearylation and dearylation-oxidation of fluoroalkyl 2-pyrimidyl sulfone in one-pot reaction were investigated systematically, and the results demonstrated that both fluoroalkyl sulfinates and sulfonates could be obtained in high yields. In addition, ACTP proved to be useful for the preparation of a fluorinated sulfonic acid proton-exchange membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Taisheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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30
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Visible-light-induced perfluoroalkylation/arylmigration/desulfonylation cascades of conjugated tosyl amides. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Park GR, Moon J, Cho EJ. Visible-light-induced installation of oxyfluoroalkyl groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12786-12789. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(Hetero)aryloxytetrafluoroethylation of heteroaromatics and alkenes has been achieved by visible-light photocatalysis utilizing readily synthesized oxyfluoroalkyl reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwi-Rim Park
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung-Ang University
- Seoul 06974
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Moon
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung-Ang University
- Seoul 06974
- Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung-Ang University
- Seoul 06974
- Republic of Korea
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32
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Chatterjee T, Iqbal N, You Y, Cho EJ. Controlled Fluoroalkylation Reactions by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2284-2294. [PMID: 27626105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique biological, physical, and chemical properties, fluoroalkylated organic substances have attracted significant attention from researchers in a variety of disciplines. Fluoroalkylated compounds are considered particularly important in pharmaceutical chemistry because of their superior lipophilicity, binding selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability to those of their nonfluoroalkylated analogues. We have developed various methods for the synthesis of fluoroalkylated substances that rely on the use of visible-light photoredox catalysis, a powerful preparative tool owing to its environmental benignity and mechanistic versatility in promoting a large number of synthetically important reactions with high levels of selectivity. In this Account, we describe the results of our efforts, which have led to the development of visible-light photocatalytic methods for the introduction of a variety of fluoroalkyl groups (such as, -CF3, -CF2R, -CH2CF3, -C3F7, and -C4F9) and arylthiofluoroalkyl groups (such as, -CF2SPh, -C2F4SAr, and -C4F8SAr) to organic substances. In these studies, electron-deficient carbon-centered fluoroalkyl radicals were successfully generated by the appropriate choice of fluoroalkyl source, photocatalyst, additives, and solvent. The redox potentials of the photocatalysts and the fluoroalkyl sources and the choice of sacrificial electron donor or acceptor as the additive affected the photocatalytic pathway, determining whether an oxidative or reductive quenching pathway was operative for the generation of key fluoroalkyl radicals. Notably, we have observed that additives significantly affect the efficiencies and selectivities of these reactions and can even change the outcome of the reaction by playing additional roles during its course. For instance, a tertiary amine as an additive in the reaction medium can act not only as a sacrificial electron donor in photoredox catalysis but also as a hydrogen atom source, an elimination base for dehydrohalogenation of the intermediate, and also a Brønsted base for deprotonation. In the same context, the selection of solvent is also critical since it affects the rate and selectivity of reactions depending upon its polarity and reagent solubilizing ability and plays additional roles in the process, for example, as a hydrogen atom source. By clearly understanding the roles of additives and solvent, we designed several controlled fluoroalkylation reactions where different products were formed selectively from the same starting substrates. In addition, we could exploit one of the most important advantages of radical reactions, that is, the use of unactivated π-systems such as alkenes, alkynes, arenes, and heteroarenes as radical acceptors without prefunctionalization. Furthermore, fluoroalkylation processes under mild room-temperature reaction conditions tolerate various functional groups and are therefore easily applicable to late-stage modifications of highly functionalized advanced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,
Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeem Iqbal
- Health
Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Youngmin You
- Division
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro,
Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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