1
|
Huang M, Deng L, Lao T, Zhang Z, Su Z, Yu Y, Cao H. Dehydrogenation Coupling and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Indolizines with Allenes in the Presence of Piezoelectric Materials under Ball Milling Conditions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9733-9743. [PMID: 38959385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A wide range of indolizines with allenes proceeded smoothly under mechanochemical-induced conditions via [3 + 2] annulation process, affording various substituted pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizines with good yield. The reaction efficiency was greatly improved by using a piezoelectric material as the charge transfer catalyst. The photophysical properties of the resulting pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine was characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Lichan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Tianfeng Lao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Ziwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Centre of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elavarasan S, Preety J, Kesavan M, Patel RB, Baskar B. Activation of enamine by photoexcited organocatalyst assisted singlet oxygen: synthesis of oxazoles and quinoxalines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4912-4921. [PMID: 38808593 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel transition-metal-free thiol-based donor-acceptor organophotocatalyst-assisted, singlet-oxygen-mediated tandem oxidative cyclization for the synthesis of substituted oxazoles in moderate-to-good yields is described. The developed method demonstrates applicability for the synthesis of various substituted quinoxalines in good-to-excellent yields. The metal-free methodology shows a practical route for the synthesis of oxazole and quinoxaline derivatives, which are privileged moieties prevalent in various biologically active compounds and natural products. To the best of our knowledge, both the thiol photocatalyst and synthesis of oxazoles by visible-light irradiation are reported for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Elavarasan
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Jeyaraj Preety
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Kesavan
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ghandhinagar Campus, Ghandhinagar - 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Baburaj Baskar
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu N, Cuan X, Li H, Duan X. Progress in the Study of α-Functionalization of Enaminone. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
4
|
Lei T, Cheng YY, Han X, Zhou C, Yang B, Fan XW, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Lewis Acid-Relayed Singlet Oxygen Reaction with Enamines: Selective Dimerization of Enamines to Pyrrolin-4-ones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16667-16675. [PMID: 36047993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated oxidation represents an attractive strategy for incorporation of oxygen atoms from air under mild and environmentally benign conditions. However, the 1O2 reaction with enamine suffers from fragmentation, leading to very unsuccessful transformation. Here, Lewis acid is introduced to intercept [2 + 2] or "ene" reaction intermediates of the 1O2 reaction and enables oxidative dimerization of enamines to produce pyrrolin-4-ones in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies reveal the formation of the imino ketone intermediate from the interaction of 1O2 and enamine, which is able to interact with Lewis acid, relaying the 1O2 reaction in enamine chemistry. For the first time, selective cross-dimerization of two different enamines is achieved. Due to the advantages of mild conditions, high chemoselectivity, and up to 99% yield, a promising strategy has been developed for synthesizing aza-heterocycles under ambient conditions, which can be further applied for the synthesis of imidazolone, quinoxaline, and highly functionalized imine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Exploitation the unique acidity of novel cerium-tungstate catalysts in the preparation of indole derivatives under eco-friendly acid catalyzed Fischer indole reaction protocol. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
6
|
Huang M, Deng L, Lao T, Zhang Z, Su Z, Yu Y, Cao H. Mechanochemically Induced Dehydrogenation Coupling and [3+2] Cycloaddition of Indolizines with Allenes Using Piezoelectric Materials. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3265-3275. [PMID: 35080180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of indolizines with allenes proceeded smoothly under mechanochemically induced conditions via a [3+2] annulation process, affording various substituted pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizines in good yields. The reaction efficiency was greatly improved by using piezoelectric material as the charge transfer catalyst. The photophysical properties of the resulting pyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine were characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Lichan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Tianfeng Lao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Ziwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Centre of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xia XF, Niu YN. Recent developments in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles from β-aminovinyl esters/ketones as CC-N donors. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:282-295. [PMID: 34877952 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01998h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are ubiquitous fragments of numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, designed bioactive drug candidates and agrochemicals. During the past few decades, these compounds have received considerable attention from the synthetic chemistry community, and great efforts have been focused on the development of concise and efficient methods for the synthesis of these heterocyclic skeletons. In this review, we summarize a diverse range of synthetic methods employing β-aminovinyl esters(ketones) as key CC-N-synthons to furnish useful bioactive heterocyclic frameworks, such as quinolines, pyridines, pyrazines, pyrroles, indoles, oxazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, isothiazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, and azepines, thus offering new opportunities and expanding the toolbox of synthetic chemistry reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Ning Niu
- Department of Teaching and Research, Nanjing Forestry University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Zhang Z, Deng L, Lao T, Su Z, Yu Y, Cao H. Mechanochemical Synthesis of 1,2-Diketoindolizine Derivatives from Indolizines and Epoxides Using Piezoelectric Materials. Org Lett 2021; 23:7171-7176. [PMID: 34459619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient mechanochemical-induced approach for the synthesis of 1,2-diketoindolizine derivatives has been developed. BaTiO3 was used as the piezoelectric material in this transformation. This method features no usage of solvent, simple experimental operation, scalable potential, and high conversion efficiency, which make it attractive and practical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Ziwu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Lichan Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Tianfeng Lao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University-University of Hong Kong Joint Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hattori S, Hirata S, Shinozaki K. Emission Intensity Enhancement for Iridium(III) Complex in Dimethyl Sulfoxide under Photoirradiation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9260-9267. [PMID: 34351172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We found emission intensity enhancement for fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-(2'-phenyl)pyridine) in aerated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) during photoirradiation for the first time. This phenomenon was concluded to be responsible for the consumption of 3O2 dissolved in DMSO through dimethyl sulfone production by photosensitized reaction using fac-Ir(ppy)3. A 3O2 adduct of DMSO molecule was detected by UV absorption measurement and theoretical calculation. We proposed a mechanism for the emission enhancement reaction including 1,3O2 molecules and 1,3O2-DMSO adducts and validated it through a simulation of emission intensity change using an ordinary differential equation solver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hattori
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hirata
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Shinozaki
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song G, Heng H, Wang J, Liu R, Huang Y, Lu H, Du K, Feng F, Wang S. Photoactivated In Situ Generation of Near Infrared Cyanines for Spatiotemporally Controlled Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Huan Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song G, Heng H, Wang J, Liu R, Huang Y, Lu H, Du K, Feng F, Wang S. Photoactivated In Situ Generation of Near Infrared Cyanines for Spatiotemporally Controlled Fluorescence Imaging in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16889-16893. [PMID: 34050693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated trimerization of 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indole derivatives created near infrared fluorophore Cy5. The synthetic method is air-tolerant, photosensitizer free, metal free, and condensation agent free. Living cells make Cy5 on a time scale of minutes under white light irradiation at a low power intensity, with the monomer as the only exogenous agent. The new method is promising to find applications in cell studies for in situ spatiotemporally controlled fluorescence imaging in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Song
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huan Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao L, Qiu C, Zhao L, Yin G, Li F, Wang C, Li Z. Base-promoted, CBr 4-mediated tandem bromination/intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation of N-aryl enamines: a facile access to 1H- and 3H-indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5377-5382. [PMID: 34047749 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described here is a general and highly efficient method for the synthesis of 1H- and 3H-indoles. In the presence of CBr4 and a suitable base, the cyclization of N-aryl enamines proceeds with high efficiency. Unlike previous intramolecular cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of the same substrates, this process does not require the use of either a transition metal or a stoichiometric amount of oxidant. This method also features operational simplicity, easy scalability and good substrate tolerability. Control experiments indicate the reactions may proceed in a tandem sequence of bromination and intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation in a simple one-pot procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Changfu Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Guangwei Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng L, Tao K, Guo W. Recent Developments in Photo‐Catalyzed/Promoted Synthesis of Indoles and Their Functionalization: Reactions and Mechanisms. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jillella R, Raju S, Hsiao HC, Hsu DS, Chuang SC. Pd-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C–N Coupling Reaction of Iminoquinones with Electron-Deficient Alkenes without External Oxidants: Access of Tertiary ( E)-Enamines and Application to the Synthesis of Indoles and Quinolin-4-ones. Org Lett 2020; 22:6252-6256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Jillella
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Selvam Raju
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Day-Shin Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Chuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Photocatalytic Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides Using Visible Light: Mechanistic Investigations and Synthetic Applications. ACS Catal 2020; 10:5814-5820. [PMID: 32582464 PMCID: PMC7304878 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
photocatalytic deoxygenation of sulfoxides to generate sulfides
facilitated by either Ir[(dF(CF3)ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 or fac-Ir(ppy)3 is reported.
Mechanistic studies indicate that a radical chain mechanism operates,
which proceeds via a phosphoranyl radical generated from a radical/polar
crossover process. Initiation of the radical chain was found to proceed
via two opposing photocatalytic quenching mechanisms, offering complementary
reactivity. The mild nature of the radical deoxygenation process enables
the reduction of a wide range of functionalized sulfoxides, including
those containing acid-sensitive groups, in typically high isolated
yields.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang W, Xiang XX, Chen J, Yang C, Pan YL, Cheng JP, Meng Q, Li X. Direct C-H difluoromethylation of heterocycles via organic photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:638. [PMID: 32005825 PMCID: PMC6994692 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of modern medicine relies on the sustainable development of synthetic methodologies to meet the needs associated with drug molecular design. Heterocycles containing difluoromethyl groups are an emerging but scarcely investigated class of organofluoro molecules with potential applications in pharmaceutical, agricultural and material science. Herein, we developed an organophotocatalytic direct difluoromethylation of heterocycles using O2 as a green oxidant. The C–H oxidative difluoromethylation obviates the need for pre-functionalization of the substrates, metals and additives. The operationally straightforward method enriches the efficient synthesis of many difluoromethylated heterocycles in moderate to excellent yields. The direct difluoromethylation of pharmaceutical moleculars demonstrates the practicability of this methodology to late-stage drug development. Moreover, 2′-deoxy-5-difluoromethyluridine (F2TDR) exhibits promising activity against some cancer cell lines, indicating that the difluoromethylation methodology might provide assistance for drug discovery. Heterocycles containing difluoromethyl groups are molecules with potential application in pharmaceutical, agricultural and materials science. Here, the authors show an organophotocatalytic difluoromethylation of heterocycles using O2 as green oxidant and preliminarily study the products’ bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu-Liang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang CH, Huang R, Qing X, Lin J, Yan SJ. Cascade reaction of isatins with nitro-substituted enamines: highly selective synthesis of functionalized (Z)-3-(1-(arylamino)-2-oxoarylidene)indolin-2-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3488-3491. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the construction of functionalized (Z)-3-(1(-arylamino)-2-oxoarylidene)indolin-2-ones (AOIDOs) from isatins 1 with nitro-substituted enamines 2via an unprecedented cascade reaction catalyzed by sulfamic acid is developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Xia Qing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen X, Bian Y, Mo B, Sun P, Chen C, Peng J. Copper(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of multisubstituted indoles through sequential Chan–Lam and cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24830-24839. [PMID: 35517475 PMCID: PMC9055228 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04592f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from arylboronic acids and ester (Z)-3-aminoacrylates, one-pot syntheses of diverse indole-3-carboxylic esters have been described through copper(ii)-catalyzed sequential Chan–Lam N-arylation and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions. The initial Chan–Lam arylation can proceed in DMF at 100 °C for 24 h to give ester (Z)-3-(arylamino)acrylate intermediates in the presence of Cu(OAc)2/tri-tert-butylphosphine tetrafluoroborate, a catalytic amount of myristic acid as the additive, KMnO4 and KHCO3. Sequentially, these in situ arylated intermediates can undergo an intramolecular oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling process in mixed solvents (DMF/DMSO = 2 : 1) at 130 °C to give C3-functionalized multi-substituted indole derivatives. One-pot syntheses of diverse indole-3-carboxylic esters have been described through copper(ii)-catalyzed sequential oxidative Chan–Lam N-arylation and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Bian
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Baichuan Mo
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Peng
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu Y, Wang XY, Peng JY, Liu T, Zhao YL. Copper-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of 3-aminocyclobutenones with electron-deficient internal alkynes: synthesis of fully substituted indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9815-9818. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of 3-aminocyclobutenones with electron-deficient internal alkynes has been developed. This reaction provides a new method for the synthesis of fully substituted indoles by formation of four new bonds and two rings in a single step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Ju-Yin Peng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Tao Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Intrieri D, Carminati DM, Zardi P, Damiano C, Manca G, Gallo E, Mealli C. Indoles from Alkynes and Aryl Azides: Scope and Theoretical Assessment of Ruthenium Porphyrin-Catalyzed Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:16591-16605. [PMID: 31626355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A symbiotic experimental/computational study analyzed the Ru(TPP)(NAr)2 -catalyzed one-pot formation of indoles from alkynes and aryl azides. Thirty different C3 -substituted indoles were synthesized and the best performance, in term of yields and regioselectivities, was observed when reacting ArC≡CH alkynes with 3,5-(EWG)2 C6 H3 N3 azides, whereas the reaction was less efficient when using electron-rich aryl azides. A DFT analysis describes the reaction mechanism in terms of the energy costs and orbital/electronic evolutions; the limited reactivity of electron-rich azides was also justified. In summary, PhC≡CH alkyne interacts with one NAr imido ligand of Ru(TPP)(NAr)2 to give a residually dangling C(Ph) group, which, by coupling with a C(H) unit of the N-aryl substituent, forms a 5+6 bicyclic molecule. In the process, two subsequent spin changes allow inverting the conformation of the sp2 C(Ph) atom and its consequent electrophilic-like attack to the aromatic ring. The bicycle isomerizes to indole via a two-step outer sphere H-migration. Eventually, a 'Ru(TPP)(NAr)' mono-imido active catalyst is reformed after each azide/alkyne reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Intrieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Carminati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 416 Hutchison Hall, New York, NY, 14627-0216, USA
| | - Paolo Zardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Damiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Mealli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim K, Kim HY, Oh K. Aerobic Oxidation Approaches to Indole-3-carboxylates: A Tandem Cross Coupling of Amines–Intramolecular Mannich–Oxidation Sequence. Org Lett 2019; 21:6731-6735. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongha Kim
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu WQ, Lei T, Zhou S, Yang XL, Li J, Chen B, Sivaguru J, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Cobaloxime Catalysis: Selective Synthesis of Alkenylphosphine Oxides under Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13941-13947. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang P, Xu W, Wang R, Zhang M, Xie C, Zeng X, Wang M. Potassium tert-Butoxide-Mediated Condensation Cascade Reaction: Transition Metal-Free Synthesis of Multisubstituted Aryl Indoles and Benzofurans. Org Lett 2019; 21:3658-3662. [PMID: 31025566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and facile method to synthesize valuable disubstituted 2-aryl indoles and benzofurans in good yields has been demonstrated, based on a tert-butoxide-mediated condensation reaction involving a vinyl sulfoxide intermediate. Products are obtained from N- or O-benzyl benzaldehydes using dimethyl sulfoxide as a carbon source. The methodology features a wide functional group tolerance and transition metal-free environment. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction involves a tandem aldol reaction/Michael addition/dehydrosulfenylation/isomerization sequence through an ionic protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Weiyan Xu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Rongchao Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Chunsong Xie
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cao Z, Zhu JB, Wang L, Liao S, Tang Y. A Synthesis of Multifunctionalized Indoles from [3 + 2] Annulation of 2-Bromocyclopropenes with Anilines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4097-4100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dong Z, Zhang XW, Li W, Li ZM, Wang WY, Zhang Y, Liu W, Liu WB. Synthesis of N-Fused Polycyclic Indoles via Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation/Acyl Migration Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:1082-1086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Weishuang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wen-Yan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fabry DC, Zoller J, Rueping M. Semiconductors as heterogeneous visible light photoredox catalysts in combined dual metal catalyzed C–H functionalizations. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for C–H olefination with heterogeneous photocatalysts and visible light together with transition metals has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Fabry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Jochen Zoller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim HJ, Fabry DC, Mader S, Rueping M. Photoredox/rhodium catalysis in C–H activation for the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of acetanilides with alkyne derivatives has been accomplished via a rhodium catalyzed direct C–H functionalization/cyclization pathway in the presence of a photoredox catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery
| | - David C. Fabry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
| | - Steffen Mader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- Aachen D-52074
- Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rong Z, Gao K, Zhou L, Lin J, Qian G. Facile synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans and indoles by copper-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of 2-alkynyl phenols and tosylanilines. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17975-17978. [PMID: 35520559 PMCID: PMC9064688 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A catalytic amount of CuCl and Cs2CO3 was employed to synthesize a variety of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans and indoles by an intramolecular cyclization of 2-alkynyl phenols and tosylanilines. This protocol features mild conditions, high yields and broad substrate scope, which makes it a practical method for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans and indoles. A facile and inexpensive copper-catalyzed method was developed for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[b]furans and indoles.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouting Rong
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Zhejiang Wanli University
- Ningbo 315100
- People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Gao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Zhejiang Wanli University
- Ningbo 315100
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Zhejiang Wanli University
- Ningbo 315100
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Lin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Zhejiang Wanli University
- Ningbo 315100
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Qian
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences
- Zhejiang Wanli University
- Ningbo 315100
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen Y, Lu LQ, Yu DG, Zhu CJ, Xiao WJ. Visible light-driven organic photochemical synthesis in China. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Ren L, Nan G, Wang Y, Xiao Z. Carboxylic Acid-Promoted Single-Step Indole Construction from Simple Anilines and Ketones via Aerobic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14472-14488. [PMID: 30378428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is an efficient strategy for indole synthesis. However, most CDC methods require special substrates, and the presence of inherent groups limits the versatility for further transformation. A carboxylic acid-promoted aerobic catalytic system is developed herein for a single-step synthesis of indoles from simple anilines and ketones. This versatile system is featured by the broad substrate scope and the use of ambient oxygen as an oxidant and is convenient and economical for both laboratory and industry applications. The existence of the labile hydrogen at C-3 and the highly transformable carbonyl at C-2 makes the indoles versatile building blocks for organic synthesis in different contexts. Computational studies based on the density functional theory (DFT) suggest that the rate-determining step is carboxylic acid-assisted condensation of the substrates, rather than the functionalization of aryl C-H. Accordingly, a pathway via imine intermediates is deemed to be the preferred mechanism. In contrast to the general deduction, the in situ formed imine, instead of its enamine isomer, is believed to be involved in the first ligand exchange and later carbopalladation of the α-Me, which shed new light on this indolization mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Guanglei Nan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen B, Wu LZ, Tung CH. Photocatalytic Activation of Less Reactive Bonds and Their Functionalization via Hydrogen-Evolution Cross-Couplings. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2512-2523. [PMID: 30280898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions have been established as potential tools for manufacture of complex molecular frameworks of diversified interests by connecting two simple molecules through the formation of a carbon-carbon (C-C) or a carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond. Conventional cross-couplings are transition metal-catalyzed reactions between electrophiles and nucleophiles. Generally, the electrophilic partner is an aryl or alkenyl halide, the nucleophile is an organometallic reagent, and both are obtained from prefunctionalization of their corresponding hydrocarbons. During the past decade, transition metal-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-couplings between two carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds and between one C-H bond and one heteroatom-hydrogen (X-H) bond, which build a C-C and a C-X linkage respectively, have emerged as an attractive strategy in synthetic chemistry. Such straightforward couplings allow use of less functionalized reagents, thus reducing the number of steps to the target molecule and minimizing waste production. However, such reactions involve the use of stoichiometric amounts of sacrificial oxidants such as peroxides, high-valent metals, and iodine(III) oxidants. This leads to low atom economy and possible generation of toxic wastes. Recently, visible light photocatalytic dehydrogenative cross-coupling reactions have received much attention due to their potential in utilizing sunlight as a source of energy making the process appealing. In this approach, metal complexes, organic dyes, or semiconductor quantum dots that absorb visible light are employed as photocatalysts. Upon irradiation, photocatalyst initiates single electron transfer with substrate(s) to generate a radical cation or radical anion of the substrate, which undergoes the desired reaction of interest. In this case, molecular oxygen is utilized as the oxidant with the formation of hydrogen peroxide as the only byproduct. These aspects make the process much greener than the corresponding transition metal-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling reactions. Research efforts from our group have led to the development of an environmentally benign strategy to construct a C-C bond from two different C-H bonds and to construct a C-X bond from one C-H bond and one X-H bond by visible light photocatalysis. Our approach, photocatalytic hydrogen-evolution cross-coupling reactions, combines a photocatalyst with a proton reduction cocatalyst to create a dual catalyst system. The former catalyst uses light energy as the driving force for the cross-coupling, while the latter catalyst may capture electrons from the substrates or reaction intermediates to reduce the protons eliminated from the reactive scaffolds (C-H/C-H or C-H/X-H bonds) into molecular hydrogen (H2). Thus, without use of any sacrificial oxidant and under mild conditions, our dual catalyst system affords cross-coupling products with excellent yields with generation of an equimolar amount of H2 as the sole byproduct. The photocatalytic hydrogen-evolution cross-coupling is highly step and atom economical and particularly useful for reactions that involve species sensitive to oxidative conditions. This Account highlights the findings from our laboratories on photocatalytic hydrogen-evolution cross-coupling reactions featuring activation and functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds adjacent to amino groups and to oxygen atoms in ethers, aromatic C(sp2)-H bonds, and several types of X-H bonds. We expect that this strategy for combining photocatalytic activation of C-H and X-H bonds with proton reduction holds significant potential for development of atom economical and environmentally benign transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & School of Future Technology, University of CAS, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & School of Future Technology, University of CAS, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & School of Future Technology, University of CAS, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ye Q, Ye H, Cheng D, Li X, Xu X. Regioselective oxidative ring-opening of cyclopropenyl carboxylates by visible light photoredox catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
33
|
Li Y, Peng J, Chen X, Mo B, Li X, Sun P, Chen C. Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Multisubstituted Indoles through Tandem Ullmann-Type C-N Formation and Cross-dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5288-5294. [PMID: 29664297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multisubstituted indoles were synthesized via a one-pot tandem copper-catalyzed Ullmann-type C-N bond formation/intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling process at 130 °C in DMSO. The methodology allows practical and modular assembly of indoles in good to excellent yields from readily available aryl iodides and enamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Baichuan Mo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Science , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Song J, Cui J, Liang H, Liu Q, Dong Y, Liu H. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Esterification of Indoles at the C3 Position: A Novel Prospect for C(sp2
)−H Acyloxylation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Hanbing Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University of Technology; 266 West Xincun Road Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo X, Han J, Liu Y, Qin M, Zhang X, Chen B. Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted NH Indoles via Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation of Arylnitrones and Coupling with Diazo Compounds. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11505-11511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingda Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueguo Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baohua Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Gansu and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- Zhongwei High-Tech Institute of Lanzhou University, Zhongwei, Ningxia 755500, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yamamoto C, Takamatsu K, Hirano K, Miura M. A Divergent Approach to Indoles and Oxazoles from Enamides by Directing-Group-Controlled Cu-Catalyzed Intramolecular C–H Amination and Alkoxylation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9112-9118. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Takamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li Y, Cao X, Liu Y, Wan JP. Regioselective three-component synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted quinolines via the enaminone modified Povarov reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9585-9589. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enaminone modified three-component Povarov reactions enable the regioselective synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted quinolines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaoji Cao
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|