1
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Shao Y, Ren Z, Han Z, Chen L, Li Y, Xue XS. Predicting bond dissociation energies of cyclic hypervalent halogen reagents using DFT calculations and graph attention network model. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1444-1452. [PMID: 38952960 PMCID: PMC11216094 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although hypervalent iodine(III) reagents have become staples in organic chemistry, the exploration of their isoelectronic counterparts, namely hypervalent bromine(III) and chlorine(III) reagents, has been relatively limited, partly due to challenges in synthesizing and stabilizing these compounds. In this study, we conduct a thorough examination of both homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) critical for assessing the chemical stability and functional group transfer capability of cyclic hypervalent halogen compounds using density functional theory (DFT) analysis. A moderate linear correlation was observed between the homolytic BDEs across different halogen centers, while a strong linear correlation was noted among the heterolytic BDEs across these centers. Furthermore, we developed a predictive model for both homolytic and heterolytic BDEs of cyclic hypervalent halogen compounds using machine learning algorithms. The results of this study could aid in estimating the chemical stability and functional group transfer capabilities of hypervalent bromine(III) and chlorine(III) reagents, thereby facilitating their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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2
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Varala R, Seema V, Alam MM, Dubasi N, Vummadi RD. Iodoxybenzoic Acid (IBX) in Organic Synthesis: A Septennial Review. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:607-664. [PMID: 37861006 DOI: 10.2174/0115701794263252230924074035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the oxidative applications of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in organic synthesis, focusing on C-H functionalization, hetero-hetero bond formations, ring cleavage reactions, dehydrogenation, heterocyclic ring formations, and some miscellaneous reactions in a comprehensive and critical way. It compiles the literature starting from mid-2015 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Varala
- Scrips Pharma, Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500 076, Telangana, India
| | - Vittal Seema
- Department of Chemistry, RGUKT Basar, Mudhole 504 107, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed Mujahid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rama Devi Vummadi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT), Gandipet, Hyderabad, 500075, Telangana, India
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3
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Zheng H, Cai L, Pan M, Uyanik M, Ishihara K, Xue XS. Catalyst-Substrate Helical Character Matching Determines the Enantioselectivity in the Ishihara-Type Iodoarenes Catalyzed Asymmetric Kita-Dearomative Spirolactonization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7301-7312. [PMID: 36940192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst design has traditionally focused on rigid structural elements to prevent conformational flexibility. Ishihara's elegant design of conformationally flexible C2-symmetric iodoarenes, a new class of privileged organocatalysts, for the catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) of naphthols is a notable exception. Despite the widespread use of the Ishihara catalysts for CADAs, the reaction mechanism remains the subject of debate, and the mode of asymmetric induction has not been well established. Here, we report an in-depth computational investigation of three possible mechanisms in the literature. Our results, however, reveal that this reaction is best rationalized by a fourth mechanism called "proton-transfer-coupled-dearomatization (PTCD)", which is predicted to be strongly favored over other competing pathways. The PTCD mechanism is consistent with a control experiment and further validated by applying it to rationalize the enantioselectivities. Oxidation of the flexible I(I) catalyst to catalytic active I(III) species induces a defined C2-symmetric helical chiral environment with a delicate balance between flexibility and rigidity. A match/mismatch effect between the active catalyst and the substrate's helical shape in the dearomatization transition states was observed. The helical shape match allows the active catalyst to adapt its conformation to maximize attractive noncovalent interactions, including I(III)···O halogen bond, N-H···O hydrogen bond, and π···π stacking, to stabilize the favored transition state. A stereochemical model capable of rationalizing the effect of catalyst structural variation on the enantioselectivities is developed. The present study enriches our understanding of how flexible catalysts achieve high stereoinduction and may serve as an inspiration for the future exploration of conformational flexibility for new catalyst designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Liu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Muhammet Uyanik
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furocho, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Furocho, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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4
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Farshadfar K, Gunawan N, Shiri F, Howard JK, Vaas APJP, Bissember AC, Yates BF, Smith JA, Ariafard A. Discovery of Periodinane Oxy-Assisted (POA) Oxidation Mechanism in the IBX-Controlled Oxidative Dearomatization of Pyrroles Mediated by Acetic Acid. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13280-13287. [PMID: 36162101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX)-controlled oxidative dearomatization of pyrroles occurs very slowly (or not all) in many organic solvents, including DMSO in which IBX is soluble. Interestingly, although IBX is only partially soluble in acetic acid, this solvent mediates the pyrrole oxidative dearomatization. With the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have discovered a new mode of reactivity, termed the periodinane oxy-assisted (POA) oxidation mechanism, which explains this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran.,Research Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nina Gunawan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Farshad Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - James K Howard
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F Yates
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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5
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Guo X, Li M, Wang J, Li C, Hu X, Jin L, Sun N, Hu B, Shen Z. Heterogeneous Catalysis for Oxidation of Alcohol via 1‐Methyl‐2‐azaadamanane
N
‐oxyl Immobilized on Magnetic Polystyrene Nanosphere. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqun Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Meichao Li
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Jianli Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaoxing University Shaoxing Zhejiang Province 312000 China
| | - Xinquan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Liqun Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Nan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Baoxiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310014 China
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6
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Chipman A. The Mechanistic Perspective of I
V
Iodoxolones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Chipman
- Discipline of Chemistry University of Tasmania Churchill Ave, Sandy Bay Tasmania 7005 Australia
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7
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Farshadfar K, Ariafard A. Catalytic role of amines in activation of PhICl 2 from a computational point of view. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9108-9111. [PMID: 34498641 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We thoroughly investigated mechanistic features of dichlorination of diazoacetates using PhICl2 catalysed by pyridine. We found that the pyridine serves as a catalyst for decomposition of PhICl2 to PhI and Cl2, leading to the dichlorination step being driven by the in situ generated Cl2. This type of activation was found to be applicable to other amine-catalysed chlorination reactions using PhICl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia.
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8
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Jalali M, Bissember AC, Yates BF, Wengryniuk SE, Ariafard A. Oxidation of Electron-Deficient Phenols Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine(V) Reagents: Fundamental Mechanistic Features Revealed by a Density Functional Theory-Based Investigation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12237-12246. [PMID: 34410728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine (HVI) compounds are efficient reagents for the double oxidative dearomatization of electron-rich phenols to o-quinones. We recently reported that an underexplored class of iodine(V) reagents possessing bidentate bipyridine ligands, termed Bi(N)-HVIs, could dearomatize electron-poor phenols for the first time. To understand the fundamental mechanistic basis of this unique reactivity, density functional theory (DFT) was utilized. In this way, different pathways were explored to determine why Bi(N)-HVIs are capable of facilitating these challenging transformations while more traditional hypervalent species, such as 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX), cannot. Our calculations reveal that the first redox process is the rate-determining step, the barrier of which hinges on the identity of the ligands bound to the iodine(V) center. This crucial process is composed of three steps: (a) ligand exchange, (b) hypervalent twist, and (c) reductive elimination. We found that strong coordinating ligands disfavor these elementary steps, and, for this reason, HVIs bearing such ligands cannot oxidize the electron-poor phenols. In contrast, the weakly coordinating triflate ligands in Bi(N)-HVIs allow for the kinetically favorable oxidation. It was identified that trapping in situ-generated triflic acid is a key role played by the bidentate bipyridine ligands in Bi(N)-HVIs as this serves to minimize the decomposition of the ortho-quinone product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jalali
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F Yates
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia 19122, United States
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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9
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Xiao X, Roth JM, Greenwood NS, Velopolcek MK, Aguirre J, Jalali M, Ariafard A, Wengryniuk SE. Bidentate Nitrogen-Ligated I(V) Reagents, Bi( N)-HVIs: Preparation, Stability, Structure, and Reactivity. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6566-6576. [PMID: 33872505 PMCID: PMC9394507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine(V) reagents are a powerful class of organic oxidants. While the use of I(V) compounds Dess-Martin periodinane and IBX is widespread, this reagent class has long been plagued by issues of solubility and stability. Extensive effort has been made for derivatizing these scaffolds to modulate reactivity and physical properties but considerable room for innovation still exists. Herein, we describe the preparation, thermal stability, optimized geometries, and synthetic utility of an emerging class of I(V) reagents, Bi(N)-HVIs, possessing datively bound bidentate nitrogen ligands on the iodine center. Bi(N)-HVIs display favorable safety profiles, improved solubility, and comparable to superior oxidative reactivity relative to common I(V) reagents. The highly modular synthesis and in situ generation of Bi(N)-HVIs provides a novel and convenient screening platform for I(V) reagent and reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Jessica M Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Nathaniel S Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Maria K Velopolcek
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Jordan Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Mona Jalali
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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10
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Sun TY, Chen K, Zhou H, You T, Yin P, Wang X. Revisiting the effect of f-functions in predicting the right reaction mechanism for hypervalent iodine reagents. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:470-474. [PMID: 33306842 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the effect of f-functions in predicting the right reaction mechanism for hypervalent iodine reagents, we adopt the Ahlrichs basis set family def2-SVP and def2-TZVP to revisit the potential energy surfaces of IBX-mediated oxidation and Togni I's isomerisation. Our results further prove that f-functions (in either Pople, Dunning, or Ahlrichs basis set series) are indispensable to predict the correct rate-determining step of hypervalent iodine reagents. The f-functions have a significant impact on the predicted reaction barriers for processes involving the IX (X = O, OH, CF3 , etc.) bond cleavage and formation, for example, in the reductive elimination step or the hypervalent twist step. We furthermore explore two hypervalent twist modes that account for the different influences of f-functions for IBX and Togni I. Our findings may be helpful for theoretical chemists to appropriately study the reaction mechanism of hypervalent iodine reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.,Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Huakang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, PR China
| | - Tingting You
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Penggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, 10010, USA
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11
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Farshadfar K, Bird MJ, Olivier WJ, Hyland CJT, Smith JA, Ariafard A. Computational Investigation into the Mechanistic Features of Bromide-Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation by PhIO in Water. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2998-3007. [PMID: 33502190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iodosobenzene (PhIO) is known to be a potent oxidant for alcohols in the presence of catalytic bromide in water. In order to understand this important and practical oxidation process, we have conducted density functional theory studies to shed light on the reaction mechanism. The key finding of this study is that PhIO is not the reactive oxidant itself. Instead, the active oxidant is hypobromite (BrO-), which is generated by the reaction of PhIO with bromide through an SN2-type reaction. Critically, water acts as a cocatalyst in the generation of BrO- through lowering the activation energy of this process. This investigation also demonstrates why BrO- is a more powerful oxidant than PhIO in the oxidation of alcohols. Other halide additives have been reported experimentally to be less effective catalysts than bromide-our calculations provide a clear rationale for these observations. We also examined the effect of replacing water with methanol on the ease of the SN2 reaction, finding that the replacement resulted in a higher activation barrier for the generation of BrO-. Overall, this work demonstrates that the hypervalent iodine(III) reagent PhIO can act as a convenient and controlled precursor of the oxidant hypobromite if the right conditions are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Melissa J Bird
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Wesley J Olivier
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Christopher J T Hyland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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12
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Jalali M, Ho CC, Fuller RO, Lucas NT, Ariafard A, Bissember AC. Photochemical Activation of a Hydroxyquinone-Derived Phenyliodonium Ylide by Visible Light: Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1758-1768. [PMID: 33377772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have identified and extensively investigated the photochemical activation and reaction of a hydroxyquinone-derived phenyliodonium ylide in the presence of visible light using experiment and theory. These studies revealed that in its photoexcited state this iodonium is capable of facilitating a range of single-electron transfer (SET) processes, including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), a Povarov-type reaction, and atom-transfer radical addition chemistry. Where possible, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) to develop a more complete understanding of these photoinduced synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jalali
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Curtis C Ho
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rebecca O Fuller
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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13
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Zhang D, Shao Y, Zheng H, Zhou B, Xue XS. Mechanistic Study on the Bidentate Nitrogen-Ligated Iodine(V) Reagent Promoted Oxidative Dearomatization of Phenols. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21080358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Zheng H, Xue XS. Recent Computational Studies on Mechanisms of Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Promoted Dearomatization of Phenols. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200620223218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine-promoted dearomatization of phenols has received intense
attention. This mini-review summarizes recent computational mechanistic studies of phenolic
dearomatizations promoted by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents or catalysts. The first part
of this review describes mechanisms of racemic dearomatization of phenols, paying special
attention to the associative and dissociative pathways. The second part focuses on mechanisms
and selectivities of diastereo- or enantio-selective dearomatization of phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Gao P, Chen HJ, Bai ZJ, Zhao MN, Yang D, Wang J, Wang N, Du L, Guan ZH. IBX-Promoted Oxidative Cyclization of N-Hydroxyalkyl Enamines: A Metal-Free Approach toward 2,3-Disubstituted Pyrroles and Pyridines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7939-7951. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Huai-Juan Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jing Bai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Mi-Na Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Desuo Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Lele Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi 721013, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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16
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Farshadfar K, Abdolalian P, Ariafard A. Catalytic Role of Lewis Acids in ArIO‐Mediated Oxidative Fluorination Reactions Revealed by DFT Calculations. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry Islamic Azad University 1469669191 Tehran Iran
| | - Payam Abdolalian
- Department of Chemistry Islamic Azad University 1469669191 Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 7001 Hobart TAS Australia
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17
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Kaur A, Ariafard A. Mechanistic investigation into phenol oxidation by IBX elucidated by DFT calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1117-1129. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) at the SMD/M06-2X/def2-TZVP//SMD/M06-2X/LANL2DZ(d),6-31G(d) level was used to explore the regioselective double oxidation of phenols by a hypervalent iodine(v) reagent (IBX) to give o-quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritpal Kaur
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry)
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
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18
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Chipman A, Farshadfar K, Smith JA, Yates BF, Ariafard A. DFT-Based Comparison between Mechanistic Aspects of Amine and Alcohol Oxidation Mediated by IBX. J Org Chem 2019; 85:515-525. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Chipman
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran 1469669191, Iran
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19
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Zheng H, Sang Y, Houk KN, Xue XS, Cheng JP. Mechanism and Origins of Enantioselectivities in Spirobiindane-Based Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Induced Asymmetric Dearomatizing Spirolactonizations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16046-16056. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueqian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Hou J, Hao J, Wang Y, Liu J. Synthesis of CuII/ZIF-8 Metal-organic Framework Catalyst and Its Application in the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-9133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Sreenithya A, Hadad CM, Sunoj RB. Hypercoordinate iodine for catalytic asymmetric diamination of styrene: insights into the mechanism, role of solvent, and stereoinduction. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7082-7090. [PMID: 31588276 PMCID: PMC6676474 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereoselectivity in the asymmetric diamination of styrene catalyzed by chiral hypercoordinate iodine originates from the prochiral face recognition when the substrate binds to the catalyst.
Hypercoordinate iodine has evolved as an impressive class of catalysts for various organic transformations. Extension of this idea to asymmetric applications, such as in the asymmetric difunctionalization of styrene or its derivatives, constitutes an important reaction. In this study, the mechanism and origin of stereoinduction in styrene diamination, with a sulfonimide (HNMs2) as the diaminating agent and iodoresorcinol (((iPr)2N(CO)-CH(Me)-O)2Ar–I) based chiral hypercoordinate iodine as the catalyst, are investigated using density functional theory calculations. The energetically preferred catalytic pathway has been found to involve, among other steps, two very important mechanistic events: (a) the formation of a catalyst–substrate complex by the action of styrene on the catalyst ArI(NMs2)2, resulting in the displacement of one of the imidates (NMs2–); and (b) a rebound of the departed imidate on the iodine-bound styrene to form an iodonium ion intermediate with a N–C bond. Explicit interaction of the imidate ion with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), used as a solvent additive, lowers the barrier for the formation of the iodonium ion. The P helical fold of the chiral arms of the iodoresorcinol catalyst is found to offer a chiral environment for the reactants. Coordination of the iodine catalyst to the styrene double bond is found to make the benzylic carbon more electrophilic and hence makes it the preferred site for the nucleophilic addition. In the chiral environment of the catalyst, an enhanced polarization of the styrene double bond is noticed when the double bond coordinates through the si prochiral face than the re face. Nucleophilic addition on the re face of the catalyst–substrate complex is associated with a lower activation barrier leading to the experimentally observed S enantiomeric product. The stereoselective model developed in this study can be employed to related asymmetric styrene difunctionalizations using similar hypercoordinate iodine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 West 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
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22
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Farshadfar K, Chipman A, Yates BF, Ariafard A. DFT Mechanistic Investigation into BF3-Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation by a Hypervalent Iodine(III) Compound. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antony Chipman
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran
- School of Physical Science (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag
75, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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23
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Sun T, Chen K, Zhang C, You T, Yin P. 1,3‐O‐Transposition or Trisubstituted Z‐Enol Ester? A Comparative Study of Reactions of Ynones. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1941-1944. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringCentral South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha 410004 China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug DesignState Key Laboratory of Chemical OncogenomicsPeking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Changyuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bio-EngineeringYichun University Yichun 336000 China
| | - Tingting You
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Penggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang University Beijing 100191 China
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24
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Ganji B, Ariafard A. DFT mechanistic investigation into phenol dearomatization mediated by an iodine(iii) reagent. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3521-3528. [PMID: 30892343 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to investigate the mechanistic aspects of the oxidative dearomatization of phenols mediated by an iodine(iii) reagent. In this article, we will show that the conventional mechanism in which an iodine(iii) phenolate is proposed as the key intermediate is not operative, and the process is promoted if the phenolate ligand is dearomatized on the iodine(iii) center. The dearomatized phenolate is calculated to be a more potent reductant than phenolate itself. In such a case, the reaction is capable of proceeding via two competitive mechanisms (dissociative and associative). Consistent with the experimental findings, we found that while the less polar solvents considerably disfavor the dissociative mechanism, they have an insignificant effect on the associative one. The energetic order of these two mechanisms is calculated to be influenced by the nature of the counter anion coordinated to the iodine(iii) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Ganji
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Sreenithya A, Sunoj RB. On the activation of hypercoordinate iodine(iii) compounds for reactions of current interest. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4086-4093. [PMID: 30860253 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00472f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central to the reactivity of hypercoordinate iodine as a continually emerging compound for organic transformation is its activation by various additives. We wish to present the current understanding on bonding and activation modes under different reaction conditions involving hypercoordinate iodine(iii) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sreenithya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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26
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Yang JD, Li M, Xue XS. Computational I(III)-X BDEs for Benziodoxol(on)e-based Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Implications for Their Functional Group Transfer Abilities. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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27
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Jiang H, Sun TY, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wu YD, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. Designing new Togni reagents by computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5667-5670. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New trifluoromethylating reagents are designed based on trans influence and steric effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Jiang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Ying Chen
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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28
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Zhou B, Haj MK, Jacobsen EN, Houk KN, Xue XS. Mechanism and Origins of Chemo- and Stereoselectivities of Aryl Iodide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Difluorinations of β-Substituted Styrenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15206-15218. [PMID: 30350956 PMCID: PMC6261351 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the aryl iodide-catalyzed asymmetric migratory geminal difluorination of β-substituted styrenes ( Banik et al. Science 2016, 353, 51 ) has been explored with density functional theory computations. The computed mechanism consists of (a) activation of iodoarene difluoride (ArIF2), (b) enantiodetermining 1,2-fluoroiodination, (c) bridging phenonium ion formation via SN2 reductive displacement, and (d) regioselective fluoride addition. According to the computational model, the ArIF2 intermediate is stabilized through halogen-π interactions between the electron-deficient iodine(III) center and the benzylic substituents at the catalyst stereogenic centers. Interactions with the catalyst ester carbonyl groups (I(III)+···O) are not observed in the unactivated complex, but do occur upon activation of ArIF2 through hydrogen-bonding interactions with external Brønsted acid (HF). The 1,2-fluoroiodination occurs via alkene complexation to the electrophilic, cationic I(III) center followed by C-F bond formation anti to the forming C-I bond. The bound olefin and the C-I bond of catalyst adopt a spiro arrangement in the favored transition structures but a nearly periplanar arrangement in the disfavored transition structures. Multiple attractive non-covalent interactions, including slipped π···π stacking, C-H···O, and C-H···π interactions, are found to underlie the high asymmetric induction. The chemoselectivity for 1,1-difluorination versus 1,2-difluorination is controlled mainly by (1) the steric effect of the substituent on the olefinic double bond and (2) the nucleophilicity of the carbonyl oxygen of substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Moriana K Haj
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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29
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Setiawan D, Sethio D, Cremer D, Kraka E. From strong to weak NF bonds: on the design of a new class of fluorinating agents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23913-23927. [PMID: 30206587 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03843k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A set of 50 molecules with NF bonds was investigated to determine the factors that influence the strength of a NF bond, with the aim of designing a new class of fluorinating agents. The intrinsic bond strength of the NF bonds was used as bond strength measure, derived from local stretching NF force constants obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ and ωB97XD/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. The investigation showed that the NF bond is a tunable covalent bond, with bond strength orders ranging from 2.5 (very strong) to 0.1 (very weak). NF bond strengthening is caused by a combination of different factors and can be achieved by e.g. ionization. Whereas, the NF bond weakening can be achieved by hypervalency on the N atom, using a N→Ch (Ch: O, S, Se) donor-acceptor type bond with different electron-withdrawing groups. These new insights into the nature of the NF bond were used to propose and design a new class of fluorinating agents. Hypervalent amine-chalcogenides turned out as most promising candidates for efficient electrophilic fluorinating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Setiawan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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