Synthesis of 3,3′-Biindoles through a Copper-Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Propargylation/Hydroamination/Aromatization Sequence

Decarboxylative Cyclization of Ethynyl Benzoxazinanones with Imidazolidines to Access 2,3-Indole-Fused 1,4-Diazocines

2,3-Indole-fused 1,4-diazocines represent a new family of indole alkaloid compounds and are difficult to access by the reported protocols. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed decarboxylative cyclization of cyclic propargylic carbamates with imidazolidines via sequential C-N/C-N/C-C bond formation to deliver a series of 2,3-indole-fused 1,4-diazocines, with a broad substrate scope and mild conditions.

Ligand-Controlled Diastereodivergency in Propargylic Alkylation of Vinylogous Aza-Enamines: Construction of 1,3-Stereocenters

The first diastereodivergent propargylic alkylation reaction is developed. This Cu(I)-catalyzed formal decarboxylative [4+2] cycloaddition between ethynyl benzoxazinanone and vinylogous aza-enamine delivers each diastereomer of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives, bearing 1,3-stereocenters, using either i-Pr-Pybox or BINAP as the ligand under otherwise identical reaction conditions. This is the first application of vinylogous aza-enamines in a transition metal-catalyzed transformation and the first example of the creation of 1,3-stereocenters in a propargylic substitution reaction.

Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation of Benzamides and Chemodivergent Annulation with Benzoxazinanones: Substrate Controlled Selectivity

Decarboxylative annulation of propargyl carbamates with benzamides has been realized via rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation under mild conditions, delivering two distinct classes of heterocycles in high efficiency and selectivity under substrate control. This protocol provides a direct synthetic method for the preparation of functionalized 1,8-naphthyridines and isoindolinones.

Azo Coupling of Indoles Revisited: Synthesis of Biindolyl Photoswitches via the Azo-Coupling/C-H Functionalization Domino Approach

When azo coupling of aryldiazonium salts with indoles was carried out in aprotic nonpolar solvent on air, a pseudo-three-component reaction has been discovered. Azo coupling is followed by a nucleophilic addition of a second indole unit to the indolium intermediate; aromatization and oxidation are achieved under air.

Accessing indole-isoindole derivatives via palladium-catalyzed [3+2] cyclization of isocyanides with alkynyl imines

A facile protocol for the preparation of indole-isoindole derivatives was developed and proceeds via a palladium-catalyzed [3+2] cyclization of isocyanides with alkynyl imines. In this transformation, the palladium catalyst has a triple role, serving simultaneously as a π acid, a transition-metal catalyst and a hydride ion donor, thus enabling the dual function of isocyanide both as a C1 synthon for cyanation and a C1N1 synthon for imidoylation. Significantly, the reaction is the sole successful example for accessing indole-isoindole derivatives, and will open up new avenues to assemble unique N-heterocycle frameworks. Furthermore, the synthetic value of this protocol is demonstrated in the late-stage modification of physiologically active molecules and in the construction of aggregation-induced emission compounds.

Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal Quaternary-Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenters by Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Propargylic Substitution

Enantioselective construction of vicinal tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters is a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. A copper-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative propargylic substitution with 3-amino oxindoles as trisubstituted carbon nucleophiles and propargylic cyclic carbonates as tertiary carbon electrophiles was developed. A range of 3-amino-3,3'-disubstituted oxindoles bearing vicinal quaternary-tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters were obtained in high yields and good to excellent stereoselectivities (up to 98% yield, >20:1 dr, and 98.5:1.5 er).

Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cascade Cyclization of Propargylic Cyclic Carbonates/Carbamates with Pyridinium 1,4-Zwitterionic Thiolates to Fused Polyheterocyclic Structures

A copper-catalyzed decarboxylative cascade cyclization of propargylic cyclic carbonates/carbamates with pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolates is developed. A range of fused polyheterocyclic compounds are obtained in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. Of particular note is that four new bonds (two C-C, one C-O/N, one C-S) and four new stereocenters could be efficiently embedded into the tetracyclic fused scaffolds in a single step.

Enantioselective Propargylation of Oxonium Ylide with α-Propargylic-3-Indolymethanol: Access to Chiral Propargylic Indoles

An enantioselective three-component reaction of α-propargylic-3-indolymethanol with diazoindolinone and alcohol under cocatalysis of Rh(II) and chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) has been reported. It proceeds through the regio- and enantiospecific addition of the in situ formed oxonium ylide to the α-propargylic indole iminium ion that is generated from 3-indolyl propargylic alcohol with CPA. This work features an asymmetric counteranion-directed propargylation of oxonium ylide, and provides an efficient access to chiral propargylic indole derivatives with high yields and enantioselectivities.

Mild Base-Promoted Tandem Nucleophilic Substitution/Decarboxylation/Hydroamination: Access to 3-Sulfonylindoles and 2-Methyleneindophenols

We have developed an efficient construction of 3-sulfonylindoles and 2-methyleneindophenols via decarboxylative propargylation/hydroamination of ethynyl benzoxazinanones using sodium sulfonates and phenols as the nucleophiles. The reaction featured mild conditions (K₂CO₃), simple operation, and high chemoselectivity and was transition-metal-free. Our protocol could also be extended to other nucleophiles, including malonates, alcohols, and indoles. The broad substrate scope and scalability made this protocol practical for the synthesis of indole derivatives.

Construction of poly-N-heterocyclic scaffolds via the controlled reactivity of Cu-allenylidene intermediates

Controlling the sequence of the three consecutive reactive carbon centres of Cu-allenylidene remains a challenge. One of the impressive achievements in this area is the Cu-catalyzed annulation of 4-ethynyl benzoxazinanones, which are transformed into zwitterionic Cu-stabilized allenylidenes that are trapped by interceptors to provide the annulation products. In principle, the reaction proceeds via a preferential γ-attack, while annulation reactions via an α- or β-attack are infrequent. Herein, we describe a method for controlling the annulation mode, by the manipulation of a CF₃ or CH₃ substituent, to make it proceed via either a γ-attack or an α- or β-attack. The annulation of CF₃-substituted substrates with sulfamate-imines furnished densely functionalized N-heterocycles with excellent enantioselectivity via a cascade of an internal β-attack and an external α-attack. CH₃-variants were transformed into different heterocycles that possess a spiral skeleton, via a cascade of an internal β-attack and a hydride α-migration followed by a Diels-Alder reaction.

Allenylidene Induced 1,2-Metalate Rearrangement of Indole-Boronates: Diastereoselective Access to Highly Substituted Indolines

A process to achieve 1,2-metalate rearrangements of indole boronate as a way to access substituted indolines in high diastereoselectivities is presented. The reaction involves the generation of a Cu-allenylidene, which is sufficiently electrophilic to induce the 1,2-metalate rearrangement. The scope of the reaction is evaluated as well as further transformations of the product.

Synthesis of Heterobiaryl 4-Aryl Furans through a Base-Promoted Decarboxylative Propargylation/Cycloisomerization Annulation

A transition-metal-free synthesis of heterobiaryl 4-aryl furans through a base-promoted decarboxylative propargylation/cycloisomerization annulation of ethynyl benzoxazinanones and readily accessible β-keto esters or 1,3-diketones has been developed. A series of novel heterobiaryl 4-aryl furans were accessed efficiently in the presence of base under mild reaction conditions. This protocol is significant for probing the reaction mechanism of ethynyl benzoxazinanones and even other propargylic compounds.

Two Catalytic Annulation Modes via Cu-Allenylidenes with Sulfur Ylides that Are Dominated by the Presence or Absence of Trifluoromethyl Substituents

We disclose the Cu-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 3-methyl-3-propargyl-indolines, which contain a quaternary stereogenic carbon center, via the decarboxylative [4 + 1] annulation of 4-methyl-4-propargyl-benzoxazinanones with variety of sulfur ylides. The reaction proceeds predominantly through a γ-attack at the Cu-allenylidene intermediates by sulfur ylides to provide the corresponding indolines in good yield and high enantioselectivity (up to 91% ee). In contrast, the reaction of 4-trifluoromethyl-4-propargyl-benzoxazinanones with sulfur ylides delivers 3-trifluoromethyl-2-functionalized indoles in good to high yield via an unexpected α-attack at the Cu-allenylidene intermediates. Control over the α/γ-attack at the Cu-allenylidene intermediates by the same interceptors was achieved for the first time by the use of trifluoromethyl substituents.

An Update of Transition Metal-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Transformations of Cyclic Carbonates and Carbamates

Functionalized cyclic organic carbonates and carbamates are frequently used in a number of transition metal-catalyzed decarboxylative reactions for the construction of interesting molecules. These decarboxylative transformations have attracted more and more research attention in recent years mainly due to their advantages of less waste generation and versatile reactivities. On the basis of previous reviews on this hot topic, the present review will focus on the development of transition metal-catalyzed decarboxylative transformations of functionalized cyclic carbonates and carbamates in the last two years.

A concise construction of 4-alkynylquinazolines via [4 + 2] annulation of 4-alkynylbenzoxazinanones with acylhydroxamates under transition-metal-free conditions

A concise and highly efficient method for the construction of valuable 4-alkynylquinazolines under transition-metal-free conditions was developed via [4 + 2] annulation of 4-alkynylbenzoxazinanones with acylhydroxamates in good to excellent yields.

Copper-catalyzed decarboxylative propargylation/hydroamination reactions: access to C3 β-ketoester-functionalized indoles

A copper-catalyzed reaction of ethynyl benzoxazinanones with readily accessible β-ketoesters via a decarboxylative propargylation/hydroamination sequence has been developed. This protocol furnished a diverse range of C3 β-ketoester-functionalized indoles in good to excellent yields.

Copper-catalyzed propargylic [3+3] cycloaddition with 1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones: enantioselective access to optically active dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles

A copper-catalyzed propargylic [3+3] cycloaddition with 1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones as C,O-bisnucleophiles through the desilylation-activated strategy has been developed. With the support of a chiral tridentate P,N,N-ligand, the reaction gave rise to a variety of optically active dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles cyclohexadienone derivatives with up to 96% ee.

I2-Triggered N–O cleavage of ketoxime acetates for the synthesis of 3-(4-pyridyl)indoles

An I₂-triggered condensation annulation of aryl ketoxime acetates and 3-formylindoles to produce diverse 3-(4-pyridyl)indoles via generating iminyl radicals.