1
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Zhu J, Wang T, An D, Zhang R, Gu Y, Zhou G, Lu X, Liu Y. Facile Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Heterocycloarenes Based on Pyrazine Derivatives Possessing Intriguing Iodide Ion Capture Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39052980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated systems have been extensively investigated and play important roles in organic electronics. Incorporating D-A structures into (hetero)cycloarenes endows them tunable electronic properties, while the well-defined cavity remains. However, the synthetic complexity of introducing electron-acceptor moieties into (hetero)cycloarenes limits their development and applications. In this paper, the first family of electronically tunable D-A heterocycloarenes (DAHCn, n = 1-5) based on pyrazine derivatives was facilely synthesized through cyclocondensation reaction from a tetraketone-functionalized heterocycloarene precursor prepared using the ketal-protection strategy. The effect of expanded conjugation and the inserted electron-withdrawing group on the electronic structures of the D-A heterocycloarenes was studied systematically by X-ray crystallographic analysis, various spectroscopic measurements, and theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the presence of an electron-withdrawing group polarizes the inner C(sp2)-H and significantly increases the binding affinities of D-A heterocycloarenes to the iodide anion. Meanwhile, the anion affinity can be further modulated by the type of attached substituents and the distance of polarization. More importantly, the dicyanopyrazine derivative DAHC3 shows the highest binding strength to the iodide ion as a 2:1 sandwich complex (log β2 = 12.3 and ΔG = -69.1 kJ mol-1), which is the strongest iodide receptor using C(sp2)-H hydrogen bonding interactions reported to date. Our finding provides a new strategy to design and synthesize D-A heterocycloarenes and strong anion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhe Gu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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2
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An D, Zhang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. From π-conjugated macrocycles to heterocycloarenes based on benzo[2,1- b:3,4- b']dithiophene (BDTh): size- and geometry-dependent host-guest properties. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4590-4601. [PMID: 38516086 PMCID: PMC10952093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles have been highly attractive due to their challenging synthesis, fascinating aesthetic structure and unique physical and chemical properties. Although some progress has been made in synthesis, the study of π-macrocycles with different structural characteristics and supramolecular interactions still faces major challenges. In this paper, two new single-bond linked macrocycles (MS-4T/MS-6T) were reported, and the corresponding vinyl-bridged heterocycloarenes (MF-4T/MF-6T) were synthesized by the periphery fusion strategy. Further studies have indicated that the structure of these four macrocycles is determined by both size and curvature, showing unique variations from nearly planar to bowl and then to saddle. Interestingly, the nearly planar MS-4T with a small size and the rigid saddle-shaped MF-6T show no obvious response to fullerenes C60 or C70, while the bowl-shaped MS-6T and MF-4T demonstrate a strong binding affinity towards fullerenes C60 and C70. What's more, two kinds of co-crystals with capsule-like configurations, MS-6T@C60 and MS-6T@C70, have been successfully obtained, among which the former shows a loose columnar arrangement while the latter displays a unique three-dimensional honeycomb arrangement that is extremely rare in supramolecular complexes. This work systematically studies the π-conjugated macrocycles and provides a new idea for the development of novel host-guest systems and further multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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3
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Kress C, Sidler E, Downey P, Zwick P, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Bernhard S, Mayor M. Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Thiophene-Bridged Macrocyclic pseudo-meta [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303798. [PMID: 38214886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Chiral organic molecules possessing high quantum yields, circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence values have great potential as optically active materials for future applications. Recently, the identification of a promising class of inherently chiral compounds was reported, namely macrocyclic 1,3-butadiyne-linked pseudo-meta[2.2]paracyclophanes, displaying high circular dichroism and related gabs values albeit modest quantum yields. Increasing the quantum yields in an attempt to get bright circularly polarized light emitters, the high-yielding heterocyclization of those 1,3-butadiyne bridges resulting in macrocyclic 2,5-thienyls-linked pseudo-meta [2.2]paracyclophanes is herein described. The chiroptical properties of both, the previously reported 1,3-butadiyne, and the novel 2,5-thienyl bridged macrocycles of various sizes, are experimentally recorded, and theoretically described using density-functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Sidler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Payton Downey
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 15213, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 15213, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Wang J, Zheng A, Xiang Y, Liu J. BN-Embedded Cycloarenes: One-Pot Borylation Synthesis, Photoelectric Properties, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37338220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur atoms, into cycloarenes can effectively regulate their molecular geometries and (opto)electronic properties. However, the rarity of cycloarenes and heterocycloarenes limits the further exploitation of their applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first examples of boron and nitrogen (BN)-doped cycloarenes (BN-C1 and BN-C2) via one-pot intramolecular electrophilic borylation of imine-based macrocycles. BN-C2 adopts a bowl-shaped conformation, while BN-C1 possesses a planar geometry. Accordingly, the solubility of BN-C2 was significantly improved by replacing two hexagons in BN-C1 with two N-pentagons, due to the creation of distortions away from planarity. Various experiments and theoretical calculations were carried out for heterocycloarenes BN-C1 and BN-C2, demonstrating that the incorporated BN bonds diminish the aromaticity of 1,2-azaborine units and their adjacent benzenoid rings but preserve the dominant aromatic properties of pristine kekulene. Importantly, when two additional electron-rich nitrogen atoms were introduced, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of BN-C2 was elaborately lifted compared with that of BN-C1. As a result, the energy-level alignment of BN-C2 with the work function of the anode and the perovskite layer was suitable. Therefore, for the first time, heterocycloarene (BN-C2) was explored as a hole-transporting layer in inverted perovskite solar cell devices, in which the power conversion efficiency reached 14.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Aibin Zheng
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuren Xiang
- BYD Company Limited, No. 3009, BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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5
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Zhang N, Li W, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhang R, Chi K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Lu X. Periphery Fusion Strategy of a Carbazole-Based Macrocycle toward Coplanar N-Heterocycloarene for High-Mobility Single-Crystal Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300094. [PMID: 36807375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Designing (hetero)cycloarenes through the modifications of the π-topology and molecular packing of organic semiconductors has recently garnered considerable attention. However, their applications as an organic active layer in field-effect transistors are very limited, and the obtained hole carrier mobilities are less than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . In this work, a novel alkyl-substituted coplanar N-heterocycloarene (FM-C4) containing four carbazole units is successfully synthesized in crystalline form. As compared to the corresponding single-bond-linked carbazole-based macrocycle M-C4, it is found that the periphery fusion strategy greatly changes the electronic structures, energy levels, photophysical properties, host-guest interactions with fullerenes, and molecular crystal stacking motifs. In particular, the fully fused N-heterocycloarene FM-C4 exhibits a herringbone packing structure with an unusual long-range π-π overlap distance as low as 3.19 Å, whereas the single crystal of M-C4 demonstrates no π-π interactions. As a consequence, FM-C4 in single-crystal transistors displays the highest hole mobility of 2.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 , significantly outperforming M-C4 and all the reported (hetero)cycloarenes and suggesting the high potential of (hetero)cycloarenes for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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6
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Du K, Wang Y. Infinitenes as the Most Stable Form of Cycloarenes: The Interplay among π Delocalization, Strain, and π-π Stacking. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10763-10778. [PMID: 37092900 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent successful preparation of infinitene has sparked widespread attention due to its aesthetic appeal and synthetic challenge. Spectroscopic measurements and follow-up computational investigations suggest that infinitene holds fundamental significance and potential applications in chiroptics, optoelectronics, asymmetric synthesis, and supramolecular chemistry. However, unlike other looped polyarenes enriched with sizes and shapes, the infinitene molecule seems, so far, the only known example of this fascinating new form of nanocarbons, whose further exploitation would be considerably limited because of the lack of molecular diversity. Here, we introduce a whole new family of generalized infinitenes with different sizes and topologies. Three types of infinitene structures are rationally designed by joining two units of coronene, kekulene, or their extended analogs. The constructed molecules of varying sizes, each with a large number of possible topoisomers, are systematically studied by DFT calculations. Comprehensive analysis using a simple energy decomposition model uncovers that the stability of infinitenes is governed by the interplay among π delocalization, steric strain, and π-π stacking. While the first two factors are crucial to the stability of smaller infinitenes, the latter is the primary stabilizing interaction for larger infinitenes. Most importantly, we show that larger-sized infinitenes are actually the energetically most favorable form among all known looped polyarenes; their substantial thermodynamic stability surpassing that of circulenes, various carbon nanobelts, and kekulene-like macrocycles renders them promising targets for synthesis. The simulated 1H NMR, UV-vis, and circular dichroism spectra along with optical rotations for the most stable infinitene species may help their identification in future synthetic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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7
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Lokolkar MS, Kolekar YA, Jagtap PA, Bhanage BM. Cu-Catalyzed C-C Coupling Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2022_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Zhang N, Yang L, Li W, Zhu J, Chi K, Chang D, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Alkyl-Substituted N,S-Embedded Heterocycloarenes with a Planar Aromatic Configuration for Hosting Fullerenes and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21521-21529. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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9
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Zhang Y, Pun SH, Miao Q. The Scholl Reaction as a Powerful Tool for Synthesis of Curved Polycyclic Aromatics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14554-14593. [PMID: 35960873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable success in the synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics through Scholl reactions which enable oxidative aryl-aryl coupling even in company with the introduction of significant steric strain. These curved polycyclic aromatics are not only unique objects of structural organic chemistry in relation to the nature of aromaticity but also play an important role in bottom-up approaches to precise synthesis of nanocarbons of unique topology. Moreover, they have received considerable attention in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and organic functional materials because of their interesting properties and promising applications. Despite the great success of Scholl reactions in synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics, the outcome of a newly designed substrate in the Scholl reaction still cannot be predicted in a generic and precise manner largely due to limited understanding on the reaction mechanism and possible rearrangement processes. This review provides an overview of Scholl reactions with a focus on their applications in synthesis of curved polycyclic aromatics with interesting structures and properties and aims to shed light on the key factors that affect Scholl reactions in synthesizing sterically strained polycyclic aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ho Pun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Zhu J, Li W, Zhang N, An D, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity of novel nonplanar heterocycloarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11174-11182. [PMID: 36320458 PMCID: PMC9516946 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis of (hetero)cycloarenes with a well-defined size and geometric structure remains a challenging topic in organic chemistry and materials science. Herein, two novel nonplanar N,S-heterocycloarenes (PTZ1 and PTZ2) containing two/three alternate phenothiazine-co-phenanthrene units were conveniently synthesized. The smaller size heterocycloarene PTZ1 adopts a unique butterfly-shaped geometry and shows moderate supramolecular host–guest interactions with both fullerenes C60 and C70; whereas the higher homologue PTZ2 has a saddle-shaped conformation and demonstrates no obvious encapsulation with C60 or C70. Meanwhile, benefiting from the relatively ordered molecular packing, the thin film of PTZ1 behaved as a p-type semiconductor, while the more distorted PTZ2 does not display any field-effect characteristics. Particularly, upon the oxidation of heterocycloarene PTZ1 by Oxone, an unusual bis(sulfone-co-orthoquinone) product PTZ1-Oxi with an arc-shaped geometry is obtained and identified by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Our findings markedly expand the known chemistry of (hetero)cycloarenes and open a new path for their further functionalization. Two novel fully fused heterocycloarenes consisting of nonplanar phenothiazine building units have been designed and successfully synthesized, which show size-dependent properties and unusual reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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12
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Prajapati B, Dang D, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez‐García CJ, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. An Open‐Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin–Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Prajapati
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Duy‐Khoi Dang
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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13
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Stępień M, Prajapati B, Dang DK, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez-García CJ, Zimmerman PM. An Open-Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin-Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22496-22504. [PMID: 34382721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A hexaradicaloid molecule with alternating Kekulé and non-Kekulé connectivities between adjacent spin centers was obtained by fusing two classic conjugation motifs, found respectively in the Chichibabin and Schlenk hydrocarbons, into a coronoid structure. 1 H NMR, ESR and SQUID experiments, combined with computational analyses reveal that the system has a singlet ground state, characterized by a significant hexaradicaloid character ( γ 0 = 0.826, γ 1 = γ 2 = 0.773). It possesses multiple thermally accessible high-spin states (up to the septet), with uniform energy gaps of ca 1.0 kcal/mol between consecutive multiplicities. In line with its open-shell character, the coronoid has a small electronic bandgap of ca. 0.8 eV and undergoes two consecutive one-electron oxidations at low potentials, yielding cationic forms with extended near-infrared absorption. The hexaradicaloid, which combines open-shell and macrocyclic contributions to its π conjugation, provides an example of a design strategy for multistate spin switches and redox-amphoteric NIR dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, POLAND
| | | | - Duy-Khoi Dang
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Chemii, POLAND
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, SPAIN
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
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14
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Qiao Y, Yang L, Zhu J, Yan C, Chang D, Zhang N, Zhou G, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Crystal Engineering of Angular-Shaped Heteroarenes Based on Cyclopenta[ b]thiopyran for Controlling the Charge Carrier Mobility. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11088-11101. [PMID: 34270228 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopenta[b]thiopyran, isomeric to benzo[b]thiophene while isoelectronic to azulene, is involved as a building block to construct soluble organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. Two series of angular-shaped heteroarenes based on cyclopenta[b]thiopyran, that is, Cn-SS (n = 4, 6, 8, 10) with different linear alkyl groups and C8-SS-Clm (m = 2, 3, 4) with chlorides substituted at different positions, have been straightforward synthesized. The obtained seven S-heteroarenes exhibit intriguing and similar photophysical and electrochemical properties, such as near-infrared absorption and high-energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals. Nevertheless, the S-heteroarenes with identical π-conjugated skeletons demonstrate completely different molecular packing structures, which is proofed to be the key determinate factor for the charge carrier mobilities. Upon the engineering of the pendant alkyl lengths, the highest hole mobility in the Cn-SS series is achieved for C8-SS (1.1 cm2 V-1 s-1) with moderate alkyl length. The further incorporation of chlorides on C8-SS results in the shortened intermolecular H···S contacts and the interplane distances. Most interestingly, when chlorine-containing chloroform and chlorobenzene are used as crystallization solvents, single crystals of C8-SS-Clm with different packing structures are produced owing to the intermolecular interactions among the solute and solvent molecules. Upon further engineering of the chlorination position and the crystallization solvent, the maximum hole mobility in the ambient air improves to 2.7 cm2 V-1 s-1 for C8-SS-Cl2 crystallized from chlorobenzene, suggesting that the introduction of the accessible chlorides is a feasible pathway to engineering the crystal structures and controlling the charge transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Lab of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Grzybowski M, Sadowski B, Butenschön H, Gryko DT. Synthetic Applications of Oxidative Aromatic Coupling-From Biphenols to Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2998-3027. [PMID: 31342599 PMCID: PMC7027897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative aromatic coupling occupies a fundamental place in the modern chemistry of aromatic compounds. It is a method of choice for the assembly of large and bewildering architectures. Considerable effort was also devoted to applications of the Scholl reaction for the synthesis of chiral biphenols and natural products. The ability to form biaryl linkages without any prefunctionalization provides an efficient pathway to many complex structures. Although the chemistry of this process is only now becoming fully understood, this reaction continues to both fascinate and challenge researchers. This is especially true for heterocoupling, that is, oxidative aromatic coupling with the chemoselective formation of a C-C bond between two different arenes. Analysis of the progress achieved in this field since 2013 reveals that many groups have contributed by pushing the boundary of structural possibilities, expanding into surface-assisted (cyclo)dehydrogenation, and developing new reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesKasprzaka 44/5201-224WarsawPoland
| | - Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesKasprzaka 44/5201-224WarsawPoland
| | - Holger Butenschön
- Institut für Organische ChemieLeibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesKasprzaka 44/5201-224WarsawPoland
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16
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Yang L, Zhang N, Han Y, Zou Y, Qiao Y, Chang D, Zhao Y, Lu X, Wu J, Liu Y. A sulfur-containing hetero-octulene: synthesis, host–guest properties, and transistor applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9990-9993. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A heterocycloarene derivative (S-Octulene) possessing two sulfur atoms was conveniently synthesized through Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization from a macrocyclic tetramethoxyethenylated precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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17
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Gu MD, Lu Y, Wang MX. Synthesis of Butadiynyl-Strapped Corona[6]arenes and Their Selective Anion Binding Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 85:2312-2320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Di Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yao Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Grzybowski M, Sadowski B, Butenschön H, Gryko DT. Syntheseanwendungen der oxidativen aromatischen Kupplung – von Biphenolen zu Nanographenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warschau Polen
| | - Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warschau Polen
| | - Holger Butenschön
- Institut für Organische Chemie Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warschau Polen
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19
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Gregolińska H, Majewski M, Chmielewski PJ, Gregoliński J, Chien A, Zhou J, Wu YL, Bae YJ, Wasielewski MR, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. Fully Conjugated [4]Chrysaorene. Redox-Coupled Anion Binding in a Tetraradicaloid Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14474-14480. [PMID: 30289699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[4]Chrysaorene, a fully conjugated carbocyclic coronoid, is shown to be a low-bandgap π-conjugated system with a distinct open-shell character. The system shows good chemical stability and can be oxidized to well-defined radical cation and dication states. The cavity of [4]chrysaorene acts as an anion receptor toward halide ions with a particular selectivity toward iodides ( Ka = 207 ± 6 M-1). The interplay between anion binding and redox chemistry is demonstrated using a 1H NMR analysis in solution. In particular, a well-resolved, paramagnetically shifted spectrum of the [4]chrysaorene radical cation is observed, providing evidence for the inner binding of the iodide. The radical cation-iodide adduct can be generated in thin solid films of [4] chrysaorene by simple exposure to diiodine vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gregolińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marcin Majewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Janusz Gregoliński
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Alan Chien
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Youn Jue Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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