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Henary E, Casa S, Dost TL, Sloop JC, Henary M. The Role of Small Molecules Containing Fluorine Atoms in Medicine and Imaging Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:281. [PMID: 38543068 PMCID: PMC10975950 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The fluorine atom possesses many intrinsic properties that can be beneficial when incorporated into small molecules. These properties include the atom's size, electronegativity, and ability to block metabolic oxidation sites. Substituents that feature fluorine and fluorine-containing groups are currently prevalent in drugs that lower cholesterol, relieve asthma, and treat anxiety disorders, as well as improve the chemical properties of various medications and imaging agents. The dye scaffolds (fluorescein/rhodamine, coumarin, BODIPY, carbocyanine, and squaraine dyes) reported will address the incorporation of the fluorine atom in the scaffold and the contribution it provides to its application as an imaging agent. It is also important to recognize radiolabeled fluorine atoms used for PET imaging in the early detection of diseases. This review will discuss the many benefits of incorporating fluorine atoms into small molecules and give examples of fluorinated molecules used in the pharmaceutical industry and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Henary
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA; (E.H.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Stefanie Casa
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
| | - Tyler L. Dost
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
| | - Joseph C. Sloop
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, 1000 University Center Lane, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA; (E.H.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.C.); (T.L.D.)
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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2
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Romero AH. C-H Bond Functionalization of N-Heteroarenes Mediated by Selectfluor. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:29. [PMID: 37736818 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, recent developments for Selectfluor-mediated C-H functionalization of N-heteroarenes are described. This type of C-H bond activation is an attractive and competitive alternative to traditional methodologies, allowing the functionalization of a variety of chemical functions. In addition, Selectfluor is a more sustainable and economically accessible oxidant compared with expensive/toxic metals or hazardous peroxides. For a practical understanding, the current review classified systematically the reported strategies in four subsections as follows: (1) carbon-carbon formation, (2) carbon-nitrogen bond formation, (3) carbon-chalcogen bond, and (4) carbon-halogen bond formation. Mechanistic aspects and reaction conditions are fully discussed to provide an understanding of the aspects that govern C-H functionalization in N-heteroarenes mediated by Selectfluor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Romero
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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3
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Wu F, Liu T, Liao W, Zhou Z, Dai H. Electrophilic Fluorination of Imidazoheterocycles by Selectfluor. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222070234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds with NF Reagents in Unconventional Media. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Wang H, Ge G, Gao W, Luo J, Tang K. Selective C3–H nitration of 2-sulfanilamidopyridines with tert-butyl nitrite. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A selective C3–H nitration of bioactive 2-sulfanilamidopyridine derivatives, including corticosteroid 11-β-dehydrogenase isozyme, secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor and human neutrophil elastase inhibitor, has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Ge
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Junfei Luo
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P. R. China
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6
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic and Oxidative Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds: Contribution to Green Chemistry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021090013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Kalari S, Balasubramanian S, Rode HB. Difluorinative-hydroxylation and C-3 functionalization (halogenation/SCN/NO) of imidazopyridine using Selectfluor as fluorine source or oxidant respectively. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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8
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Yin G, Li Y, Wang RH, Li JF, Xu XT, Luan YX, Ye M. Ligand-Controlled Ni(0)–Al(III) Bimetal-Catalyzed C3–H Alkenylation of 2-Pyridones by Reversing Conventional Selectivity. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue-Tao Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yu-Xin Luan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Kumar A, Kumari P, Bhagat S. A simple and highly efficient synthesis of novel fluorinated 4,6-disubstituted aminopyrimidines using Cd(OAc) 2. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1812657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, A.R.S.D College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, A.R.S.D College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bhagat
- Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, A.R.S.D College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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10
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Zhao J, Xiao Q, Chen J, Xu J. Metal‐Free Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐
b
]thiazoles from Thioimidazoles and Ketones Mediated by Selectfluor. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
| | - Qiannan Xiao
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
| | - Jingxiu Xu
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design Guangdong Medical University No.1 Xincheng Blvd, Songshan Lake National High‐tech Industrial Development Zone 523808 Dongguan China
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11
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Aguilar Troyano FJ, Merkens K, Gómez‐Suárez A. Selectfluor® Radical Dication (TEDA
2+.
) – A Versatile Species in Modern Synthetic Organic Chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Merkens
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Adrián Gómez‐Suárez
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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12
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Tan JF, Bormann CT, Severin K, Cramer N. Alkynyl Triazenes as Fluoroalkyne Surrogates: Regioselective Access to 4-Fluoro-2-pyridones by a Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation–Lossen Rearrangement–Wallach Reaction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fay Tan
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl Thomas Bormann
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Mei H, Liu J, Pajkert R, Röschenthaler GV, Han J. A Selectfluor-promoted oxidative reaction of disulfides and amines: access to sulfinamides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3761-3766. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented metal-free oxidative reaction of disulfides and amines with Selectfluor as a mild oxidant under aerobic conditions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Romana Pajkert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | | | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
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14
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Yuan JW, Zhu JL, Li B, Yang LY, Mao P, Zhang SR, Li YC, Qu LB. Transition-metal free C3-amidation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using Selectfluor as a mild oxidant. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:10178-10187. [PMID: 31763665 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02157d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A practical and efficient synthetic route to construct a variety of 3-amidated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was developed via transition-metal free direct oxidative amidation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with amidates using Selectfluor reagent as a mild oxidant. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology; Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun-Liang Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology; Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology; Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Liang-Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology; Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pu Mao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology; Academician Workstation for Natural Medicinal Chemistry of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shou-Ren Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications; Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications; Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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15
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Somasundaram M, Garg JA, Naidu S, Ramkumar V, Saiganesh R, Kabilan S, Balasubramanian KK. Halogen-Exchange Fluorination of β-Chlorovinyl Aldehydes - Unexpected Cascade Transformations in the Fluorination of 4-Chloro-2 H
-chromene and 4-Chloro-2 H
-thiochromene-3-carbaldehydes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jai Anand Garg
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Madras; Adyar 600036 Chennai India
| | - Shivaji Naidu
- Strides-Shasun pharmaceuticals Ltd; Vandalur-Kelambakkan Rd. 600127 Chennai India
| | - Venkatachalam Ramkumar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology-Madras; Adyar 600036 Chennai India
| | - Ramanathan Saiganesh
- Strides-Shasun pharmaceuticals Ltd; Vandalur-Kelambakkan Rd. 600127 Chennai India
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16
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Sakurai F, Yukawa T, Taniguchi T. Direct and Regioselective Monofluorination of N-Protected Pyridone Derivatives using N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI). Org Lett 2019; 21:7254-7257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Sakurai
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiko Taniguchi
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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17
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Tang L, Yang Z, Jiao J, Cui Y, Zou G, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Rao W, Ma X. Chemoselective Mono- and Difluorination of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10449-10458. [PMID: 31335142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By altering the amount of Selectfluor, the highly selective mono- and difluorination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds has been achieved, affording a variety of 2-fluoro- and 2,2-difluoro-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in good to excellent yields. The reaction can be readily performed in aqueous media without any catalyst and base, which features practical and convenient fluorination. Importantly, a gram-scale reaction, transformation of 2-fluoro-1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione to 4-fluoro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1H-pyrazole, and chlorination and bromination of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds are realized to further exhibit its synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the Sourth of Henan , Xinyang 464000 , P. R. China
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18
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Hu J, Zhou G, Tian Y, Zhao X. Selectfluor-promoted regioselective chlorination/bromination of 2-aminopyridines and 2-aminodiazines using LiCl/LiBr. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6342-6345. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using LiCl/LiBr, Selectfluor-promoted chlorination/bromination of 2-aminopyridines and 2-aminodiazines is established, producing the corresponding products with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- School of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Tongji University
- 200092 Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- School of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Tongji University
- 200092 Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Yawei Tian
- School of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Tongji University
- 200092 Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Tongji University
- 200092 Shanghai
- P.R. China
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