1
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Song W, Ma M, Zhang W, Feng R, Lu C, Zhang HY, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Visible-light-induced C(sp 3)-H bromination of 4-methylthiophene derivatives with HBr/H 2O 2. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4145-4152. [PMID: 38713051 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00547c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A convenient method to synthesize ethyl 4-(bromomethyl)thiophene-3-carboxylate derivatives has been developed via a visible-light-induced radical process in good yields and with wide functional group tolerance under air conditions and at ambient temperature. The present protocol has the advantages of a high atom economy, easy purification, and environmental friendliness as it employs HBr as the bromine source and the cheap and low-toxic H2O2 as the oxidant. The synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by a gram scale reaction and its application in the innovative synthesis of the clinical drug relugolix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Ranran Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Congcong Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300131, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Tianjin 300131, China
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2
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Shi WY, Zhang SL. Copper/O 2-Mediated Oxidative C-C Activation of Nitriles for Selective Acylation-Bromination of Anilines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6929-6936. [PMID: 38717970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This study reports selective dual amino acylation and C-H bromination of aniline compounds enabled by Cu/O2 catalyst systems. This method involves crucial oxidation-induced C-CN bond cleavage of α-methylene nitriles to generate an acylcyanide intermediate that is facilely intercepted by anilines. After amino acylation, the Cu(II) precatalyst in combination with NBS generates Cu(III)-Br in situ that engages in selective electrophilic para- or ortho-C-H bromination. The substrate scope, mechanistic aspects, and late-stage functionalization of biologically active anilines are studied. This study shows the synthetic potential of oxidative C-CN bond activation of nitriles for the development of valuable reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Song-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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3
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Li M, Peng M, Huang W, Zhao L, Wang S, Kang C, Jiang G, Ji F. Electrochemical Oxidative Carbonylation of NH-Sulfoximines. Org Lett 2023; 25:7529-7534. [PMID: 37819202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of N-aroylsulfoximines features the use of tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) as the medium and a broad substrate scope, thus affording a wide range of N-aroylated sulfoximines in moderate to good yields. The advantages of this electrochemical strategy are augmented by mild reaction conditions that are external oxidant-free, ligand-free, and easy to scale up to gram scale. Both the control experiments and the mechanistic studies revealed that the whole electrochemical process proceeded through a palladium (II/IV/II) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mengyu Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenxiu Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Longqiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bio-engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jiangan Road, Guilin 541004, China
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4
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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5
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Sun B, Wang ZH, Wang YZ, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Parallel paired electrolysis-enabled asymmetric catalysis: simultaneous synthesis of aldehydes/aryl bromides and chiral alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2033-2041. [PMID: 37507259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed asymmetric electro-reductive couplings have emerged as a powerful tool for organic synthesis, wherein a sacrificial anode is typically required. Herein, a parallel paired electrolysis (PPE)-enabled asymmetric catalysis has been developed, and the alcohols and ketones could be simultaneously converted to the corresponding aldehydes and chiral tertiary alcohols with high yields and enantioselectivity in an undivided cell. Additionally, this Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive coupling can well match the anodic oxidative C-H bond bromination of (hetero)arenes. This protocol opens an alternative avenue for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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6
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Hu M, Zhang S, Qin C, Nie H, Xiong Z, Shi X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Selective Electrochemical Halogenation of Functionalized Quinolone. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12958-12970. [PMID: 37620989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an effective C3-H halogenation of quinoline-4(1H)-ones under electrochemical conditions, in which potassium halides serve as both halogenating agents and electrolytes. The protocol provides expedient access to different halogenated quinoline-4(1H)-ones with unique regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis employing convenient, environmentally friendly electrolysis, in an undivided cell. Mechanism studies have shown that halogen radicals can promote the activation of N-H bonds in quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gu G, Yue Y, Wang C, Zhang W, Wu J, Li Y, Zhao Y. Chiral Discrimination of Nitrile Compounds Using a 19F-Labeled Palladium Probe. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37378527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a 19F-labeled cyclopalladium probe for the rapid discrimination of chiral nitriles in pharmaceuticals, natural products, and agrochemicals. The probe binds reversibly to chiral nitriles, generating distinct 19F nuclear magnetic resonance signals for each enantiomer and enabling quick determination of enantiocomposition. The method allows for simultaneous detection of seven pairs of enantiomeric nitriles and application in assessing the enantiomeric excess of an asymmetric C-H cyanation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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8
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Gu G, Xu Z, Wen L, Liang J, Wang C, Wan X, Zhao Y. Chirality Sensing of N-Heterocycles via 19F NMR. JACS AU 2023; 3:1348-1357. [PMID: 37234104 PMCID: PMC10206601 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methods to rapidly detect and differentiate chiral N-heterocyclic compounds become increasingly important owing to the widespread application of N-heterocycles in drug discovery and materials science. We herein report a 19F NMR-based chemosensing approach for the prompt enantioanalysis of various N-heterocycles, where the dynamic binding between the analytes and a chiral 19F-labeled palladium probe create characteristic 19F NMR signals assignable to each enantiomer. The open binding site of the probe allows the effective recognition of bulky analytes that are otherwise difficult to detect. The chirality center distal to the binding site is found sufficient for the probe to discriminate the stereoconfiguration of the analyte. The utility of the method in the screening of reaction conditions for the asymmetric synthesis of lansoprazole is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenchuang Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lixian Wen
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinhua Liang
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolong Wan
- Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key
Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Baroliya PK, Dhaker M, Panja S, Al-Thabaiti SA, Albukhari SM, Alsulami QA, Dutta A, Maiti D. Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Through Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202202201. [PMID: 36881013 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization has emerged as a promising area of research over the last few decades. However, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to traditional functionalization reactions using chemical-based oxidizing agents. Recent reports have shown increased attention on electrochemically promoted metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization. From the standpoint of sustainability, environmental friendliness, and cost effectiveness, electrochemically promoted oxidation of a metal catalyst offers a mild, efficient, and atom-economical alternative to traditional chemical oxidants. This Review discusses advances in the field of transition metal-electrocatalyzed C-H functionalization over the past decade and describes how the unique features of electricity enable metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization in an economic and sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Baroliya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shaeel Ahmed Al-Thabaiti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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10
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Liu L, Hao S, Liu J, Zhou H, Hu X. Removal of phenol from wastewater by electrochemical bromination in a flow reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:88681-88689. [PMID: 35836049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been widely applied in the treatment of phenol wastewater for the past few years. However, conventional electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) generally encounter the problem of electrode passivation and the energy consumption required for mineralization is high. In this work, we reported the treatment of phenol wastewater by electrochemical bromination method in a flow electrolysis cell. The Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 electrode was prepared and used as anode. The experiments were carried out under different initial pH, KBr concentrations, current densities, and volumetric flow rates. The generated 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) could be easily separated from the electrode surface and electrolyte. The brominated intermediates were identified by GC/MS. The removal efficiencies for phenol and COD were 100% and 82.7%, respectively, under the best operational conditions (current density of 40 mA cm-2, KBr concentration of 0.074 mol L-1, initial pH of 1.0, and volumetric flow rate of 114 mL min-1). Furthermore, our electrochemical bromination method offered a high apparent current efficiency (ACE) of 276.6% and a low energy consumption (EC) of 4.54 × 10-3 kWh gCOD-1 after 40 min of electrolysis time, indicating that this process was suitable for phenol wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanshan Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Siying Hao
- Chibi Research Institute for High-Quality Development, Chibi, 437300, China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Chibi Research Institute for High-Quality Development, Chibi, 437300, China
| | - He Zhou
- Chibi Research Institute for High-Quality Development, Chibi, 437300, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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11
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Liu D, Liu ZR, Wang ZH, Ma C, Herbert S, Schirok H, Mei TS. Paired electrolysis-enabled nickel-catalyzed enantioselective reductive cross-coupling between α-chloroesters and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7318. [PMID: 36443306 PMCID: PMC9705544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a sustainable and promising approach to the production of chiral compounds and the utilization of both the anode and cathode as working electrodes would provide a unique approach for organic synthesis. However, precise matching of the rate and electric potential of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction make such idealized electrolysis difficult to achieve. Herein, asymmetric cross-coupling between α-chloroesters and aryl bromides is probed as a model reaction, wherein alkyl radicals are generated from the α-chloroesters through a sequential oxidative electron transfer process at the anode, while the nickel catalyst is reduced to a lower oxidation state at the cathode. Radical clock studies, cyclic voltammetry analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments support the synergistic involvement of anodic and cathodic redox events. This electrolytic method provides an alternative avenue for asymmetric catalysis that could find significant utility in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- grid.422150.00000 0001 1015 4378State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- grid.422150.00000 0001 1015 4378State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- grid.422150.00000 0001 1015 4378State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Ma
- grid.422150.00000 0001 1015 4378State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Herbert
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schirok
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Pharmaceuticals, Research and Development, Bayer AG, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- grid.422150.00000 0001 1015 4378State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
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12
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Zhang J, Das B, Verho O, Bäckvall J. Electrochemical Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation‐Cyclization of Enallenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212131. [PMID: 36222322 PMCID: PMC10098644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidative palladium-catalyzed carbonylation-carbocyclization of enallenols to afford γ-lactones and spirolactones, which proceeds with excellent chemoselectivity. Interestingly, electrocatalysis was found to have an accelerating effect on the rate of the tandem process, leading to a more efficient reaction than that under chemical redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Biswanath Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Verho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala Biomedical Center, BMC Uppsala University 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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13
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Liu M, Sun J, Zhang T, Ding Y, Han Y, Martín‐Montero R, Lan Y, Shi B, Engle KM. Regio- and Stereoselective 1,2-Oxyhalogenation of Non-Conjugated Alkynes via Directed Nucleopalladation: Catalytic Access to Tetrasubstituted Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209099. [PMID: 36082442 PMCID: PMC9588632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic 1,2-oxyhalogenation method that converts non-conjugated internal alkynes into tetrasubstituted alkenes with high regio- and stereoselectivity is described. Mechanistically, the reaction involves a PdII /PdIV catalytic cycle that begins with a directed oxypalladation step. The origin of regioselectivity is the preference for formation of a six-membered palladacycle intermediate, which is facilitated by an N,N-bidentate 2-(pyridin-2-yl)isopropyl (PIP) amide directing group. Selectivity for C(alkenyl)-X versus -N (X=halide) reductive elimination from the PdIV center depends on the identity of the halide anion; bromide and iodide engage in C(alkenyl)-X formation, while intramolecular C(alkenyl)-N reductive elimination occurs with chloride to furnish a lactam product. DFT calculations shed light on the origins of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 N. Torrey Pines RoadLa JollaCA 92037USA
| | - Juntao Sun
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 N. Torrey Pines RoadLa JollaCA 92037USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027P. R. China
| | - Ye‐Qiang Han
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027P. R. China
| | - Raúl Martín‐Montero
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 N. Torrey Pines RoadLa JollaCA 92037USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center and College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450001P. R. China,School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryChongqing UniversityChongqing400030P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310027P. R. China
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 N. Torrey Pines RoadLa JollaCA 92037USA
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14
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Liu M, Sun J, Zhang T, Ding Y, Han YQ, Martín-Montero R, Lan Y, Shi BF, Engle KM. Regio‐ and Stereoselective 1,2‐Oxyhalogenation of Non‐ Conjugated Alkynes via Directed Nucleopalladation: Catalytic Access to Tetrasubstituted Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- The Scripps Research Institute Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Juntao Sun
- The Scripps Research Institute Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Tao Zhang
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yi Ding
- Zhejiang University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Yu Lan
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Keary Mark Engle
- The Scripps Research Institute Department of Chemistry 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd. 92037 La Jolla UNITED STATES
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15
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Shi WY, Li HY, Gou XY, Luan YY, Zheng N, Zhang Z, Niu ZJ, Liu XY, Liang YM. Synthesis of C‐Aryl Glycosides via Ru‐catalyzed remote C‐H Glycosylation of 8‐Aminoquinoline Amides. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distal Ruthenaelectro-Catalyzed meta-C-H Bromination with Aqueous HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201595. [PMID: 35172030 PMCID: PMC9310730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While electrochemical ortho‐selective C−H activations are well established, distal C−H activations continue to be underdeveloped. In contrast, we herein describe the electrochemical meta‐C−H functionalization. The remote C−H bromination was accomplished in an undivided cell by RuCl3⋅3 H2O with aqueous HBr. The electrohalogenation proceeded under exogenous ligand‐ and electrolyte‐free conditions. Notably, pyrazolylarenes were meta‐selectively brominated at the benzenoid moiety, rather than on the electron‐rich pyrazole ring for the first time. Mechanistic studies were suggestive of an initial ruthenacycle formation, and a subsequent ligand‐to‐ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) process to liberate the brominated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Wang Y, Simon H, Chen X, Lin Z, Chen S, Ackermann L. Distale Ruthenaelektro‐katalysierte
meta
‐C−H‐Bromierung mit wässriger HBr. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Xinran Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Institut für Chemie Zhejiang Universität Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Shan Chen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie und Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Tammanstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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18
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Wang Z, Ma C, Fang P, Xu H, Mei T. Advances in Organic Electrochemical Synthesis. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Xie W, Chen X, Li Y, Lin J, Chen W, Shi J. Electrooxidative Annulation of Unsaturated Molecules via Directed C—H Activation. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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21
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Liu Y, Shi B, Liu Z, Gao R, Huang C, Alhumade H, Wang S, Qi X, Lei A. Time-Resolved EPR Revealed the Formation, Structure, and Reactivity of N -Centered Radicals in an Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Arylation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20863-20872. [PMID: 34851107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis has been rapidly developed over the past few years, while a vast majority of the reactions proceed through a radical pathway. Understanding the properties of radical intermediates is crucial in the mechanistic study of electrochemical transformations and will be beneficial for developing new reactions. Nevertheless, it is rather difficult to determine the "live" radical intermediates due to their high reactivity. In this work, the formation and structure of sulfonamide N-centered radicals have been researched directly by using the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique under electrochemical conditions. Supported by the EPR results, the reactivity of N-centered radicals as a mediator in the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) approach has been discussed. Subsequently, these mechanistic study results have been successfully utilized in the discovery of an unactivated C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. The kinetic experiments have revealed the rate-determined step is the anodic oxidation of sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichang Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Biyin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Renfei Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Cunlong Huang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Ststems, King Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shengchun Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Abdulzaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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22
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A convenient approach for the electrochemical bromination and iodination of pyrazoles. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electrochemical bromination and iodination of some pyrazoles were investigated under constant-current (CC) electrolysis in an undivided electrochemical cell. Anodic oxidation of KX salt produces X2
in-situ which can be consumed as an expedient electrophile in pyrazoles aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions or may participate in an X–N coupling reaction with electrochemically catalyzed pyrazolesox to form the halogenated pyrazoles. All reactions proceeded without the need to use any hazardous reagents or catalysts. The reaction conditions are mild and environmentally compatible.
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23
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Zhang J, Shi SQ, Hao WJ, Dong GY, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Tunable Electrocatalytic Annulations of o-Arylalkynylanilines: Green and Switchable Syntheses of Skeletally Diverse Indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15886-15896. [PMID: 33534572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tunable electrocatalytic annulation reactions of o-arylalkynylanilines have been established, leading to green and divergent syntheses of skeletally diverse indoles by adjusting the electrolytes and the solvents. The presence of ammonium halides as the electrolytes enabled the halogenation of o-arylalkynylanilines to give C3-halogenated indoles whereas naphtho[1',2':4,5]furo[3,2-b]indoles could be obtained by changing the electrolyte from ammonium halides to KI. Interestingly, by combining acetone as the solvent and both NH4I and NH4Cl as the electrolytes, the reaction worked through an intramolecular annulation and [5 + 1] cyclization cascade to form naphtho[1',2':5,6][1,3]oxazino[3,4-a]indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Qing Shi
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yun Dong
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P.R. China
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24
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Shi WY, Ding YN, Zheng N, Gou XY, Zhang Z, Chen X, Luan YY, Niu ZJ, Liang YM. Highly regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of C-Aryl glycosides via nickel-catalyzed ortho-C-H glycosylation of 8-aminoquinoline benzamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8945-8948. [PMID: 34397048 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C-Aryl glycosides are of high value as drug candidates. Here a novel and cost-effective nickel catalyzed ortho-CAr-H glycosylation reaction with high regioselectivity and excellent α-selectivity is described. This method shows great functional group compatibility with various glycosides, showing its synthetic potential. Mechanistic studies indicate that C-H activation could be the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Nian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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25
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26
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Budnikova YH. Electrochemical Insight into Mechanisms and Metallocyclic Intermediates of C-H Functionalization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2148-2163. [PMID: 33629800 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis and electrosynthesis as well as in the development of new methodologies for producing fine chemicals. In order to achieve efficient and selective C-H functionalization, different strategies have been used to accelerate the C-H activation step, including the incorporation of directing groups in the substrate that facilitate coordination to the catalyst. In this review, we try to underscore that the understanding the mechanisms of the catalytic cycle and the reactivity or redox activity of the key metal cyclic intermediates in these reactions is the basis for controlling the selectivity of synthesis and electrosynthesis. Combination of the electrosynthesis and voltammetry with traditional synthetic and physico-chemical methods allows one to achieve selective transformation of C-H bonds to functionalized C-C or C-X (X=heteroatom or halogen) bonds which may encourage organic chemists to use it in the future more often. The possibilities and the benefits of electrochemical techniques are analyzed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia H Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan National Research Technological University, Karl Marx street, 68, 420015, Kazan, Russia
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27
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Lin X, Zeng C, Liu C, Fang Z, Guo K. C-5 selective chlorination of 8-aminoquinoline amides using dichloromethane. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1352-1357. [PMID: 33475130 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An oxidant-free electrochemical regioselective chlorination of 8-aminoquinoline amides at ambient temperature in batch and continuous-flow was achieved. Inert DCM was used as the chlorinating reagent. Owing to the continuous-flow setup, the reaction scale up can be achieved conveniently with higher productivity. Moreover, this method has good position-control, and water and air tolerance. Costly quaternary ammonium salts were avoided. Radical-trapping, H/D exchange, KIE and cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted to gain insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Cuilian Zeng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China. and State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816, China
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28
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Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Martins GM, Braga AL. Electrohalogenation of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2578-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we target sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon fluorination, chlorination, bromination and iodination reactions using electrolysis as a redox medium. Mechanistic insights and substrate reactivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
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29
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Boddapati SNM, Tamminana R, Alam MM, Gugulothu S, Varala R, Bollikolla HB. Efficient Pd( ii)-catalyzed regioselective ortho-halogenation of arylcyanamides. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01998h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
2-Halo arylcyanamides have been constructed from cyanamides via Pd(ii)-catalyzed selective ortho-halogenation under moderate reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Murthy Boddapati
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, N Nagar, Guntur, A. P-522510, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sir C R Reddy College, P G Courses, Eluru, A.P-534007, India
| | - Ramana Tamminana
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru Campus, Bengaluru Rural, Karnataka, 562163, India
| | - M. Mujahid Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sailaja Gugulothu
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, N Nagar, Guntur, A. P-522510, India
| | | | - Hari Babu Bollikolla
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, N Nagar, Guntur, A. P-522510, India
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30
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Erchinger JE, Gemmeren M. Electrochemical Methods for Pd‐catalyzed C−H Functionalization. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E. Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Manuel Gemmeren
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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32
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Kakiuchi F, Kochi T. New Strategy for Catalytic Oxidative C–H Functionalization: Efficient Combination of Transition-metal Catalyst and Electrochemical Oxidation. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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33
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Liu K, Deng Y, Song W, Song C, Lei A. Electrochemical Dearomative Halocyclization of Tryptamine and Tryptophol Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yuqi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wenxu Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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34
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselective Pallada-Electrocatalyzed C-H Activation by Transient Directing Groups: Expedient Access to Helicenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13451-13457. [PMID: 32243685 PMCID: PMC7497116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric pallada‐electrocatalyzed C−H olefinations were achieved through the synergistic cooperation with transient directing groups. The electrochemical, atroposelective C−H activations were realized with high position‐, diastereo‐, and enantio‐control under mild reaction conditions to obtain highly enantiomerically‐enriched biaryls and fluorinated N−C axially chiral scaffolds. Our strategy provided expedient access to, among others, novel chiral BINOLs, dicarboxylic acids and helicenes of value to asymmetric catalysis. Mechanistic studies by experiments and computation provided key insights into the catalyst's mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Dhawa U, Tian C, Wdowik T, Oliveira JCA, Hao J, Ackermann L. Enantioselektive Pallada‐elektrokatalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung durch transiente dirigierende Gruppen: Ein nützlicher Zugang zu Helicenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Cong Tian
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - João C. A. Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Jiping Hao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh) Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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36
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Tanaka J, Shibata Y, Joseph A, Nogami J, Terasawa J, Yoshimura R, Tanaka K. Rhodium-Catalyzed ortho-Bromination of O-Phenyl Carbamates Accelerated by a Secondary Amide-Pendant Cyclopentadienyl Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:5774-5779. [PMID: 31950561 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that a newly developed cyclopentadienyl rhodium(III) [CpA RhIII ] complex, bearing an acidic secondary amide moiety on the Cp ring, is able to catalyze the ortho-bromination of O-phenyl carbamates with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) at room temperature. The presence of the acidic secondary amide moiety on the CpA ligand accelerates the bromination by the hydrogen bond between the acidic NH group of the CpA ligand and the carbonyl group of NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Shibata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Anton Joseph
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Jyunichi Terasawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshimura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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Sun M, Chen W, Xia X, Shen G, Ma Y, Yang J, Ding H, Wang Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Tandem Dehydrogenative [4 + 2] Annulation of Terminal Olefins with N-Sulfonyl Amides via C–H Activations. Org Lett 2020; 22:3229-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Weida Chen
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Xia
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
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38
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Wu J, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Electrochemical Dearomative Dihydroxylation and Hydroxycyclization of Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay France
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39
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Jiao KJ, Xing YK, Yang QL, Qiu H, Mei TS. Site-Selective C-H Functionalization via Synergistic Use of Electrochemistry and Transition Metal Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:300-310. [PMID: 31939278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds has emerged as an attractive and environmentally benign alternative to conventional approaches for oxidation and reduction of organic compounds that utilizes electric current instead of chemical oxidants and reductants. As such, many useful transformations have been developed, including the Kolbe reaction, the Simons fluorination process, the Monsanto adiponitrile process, and the Shono oxidation, to name a few. Electrochemical C-H functionalization represents one of the most promising reaction types among many electrochemical transformations, since this process avoids prefunctionalization of substrates and provides novel retrosynthetic disconnections. However, site-selective anodic oxidation of C-H bonds is still a fundamental challenge due to the high oxidation potentials of C-H bonds compared to organic solvents and common functional groups. To overcome this issue, indirect electrolysis via the action of a mediator (a redox catalyst) is regularly employed, by which the selectivity can be controlled following reaction of said mediator with the substrate. Since the redox potentials of transition metal complexes can be easily tuned by modification of the ligand, the synergistic use of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis to achieve site-selective C-H functionalization is an attractive strategy. In this Account, we summarize and contextualize our recent efforts toward transition metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalization proximal to a suitable directing group. We have developed C-H oxygenation, acylation, alkylation, and halogenation reactions in which a Pd(II) species is oxidized to a Pd(III) or Pd(IV) intermediate by anodic oxidation, followed by reductive elimination to form the corresponding C-O, C-C, and C-X bonds. Importantly, improved monofunctionalization selectivity is achieved in the Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H oxygenation compared to conventional approaches using PhI(OAc)2 as the chemical oxidant. Physical separators are sometimes used to prevent the electrochemical deposition of Pd black on the cathode resulting from reduction of high valent Pd species. We skirted this issue through the development a Cu-catalyzed electrochemical C(sp2)-H amination using n-Bu4NI as a redox cocatalyst in an undivided cell. In addition, we developed Ir-catalyzed electrochemical vinylic C-H functionalization of acrylic acids with alkynes in an undivided cell, affording various substituted α-pyrones in good to excellent yield. More importantly, chemical oxidants, including Ag2CO3, Cu(OAc)2, and PhI(OAc)2, resulted in much lower yields in the absence of electrical current under otherwise identical conditions. As elaborated below, progress in the area of electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed synthesis provides an effective platform for environmentally friendly and sustainable selective chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Kang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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40
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Kong W, Shen Z, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Elektrochemischer Zugang zu aza‐polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen: Rhoda‐elektrokatalytische Domino‐Alkin‐Anellierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Zhigao Shen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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41
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Kong WJ, Shen Z, Finger LH, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Access to Aza-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed Domino Alkyne Annulations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5551-5556. [PMID: 31793169 PMCID: PMC7155118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-PAHs) have found broad applications in material sciences. Herein, a modular electrochemical synthesis of aza-PAHs was developed via a rhodium-catalyzed cascade C-H activation and alkyne annulation. A multifunctional O-methylamidoxime enabled the high chemo- and regioselectivity. The isolation of two key rhodacyclic intermediates made it possible to delineate the exact order of three C-H activation steps. In addition, the metalla-electrocatalyzed multiple C-H transformation is characterized by unique functional group tolerance, including highly reactive iodo and azido groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhigao Shen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Abstract
To improve the efficacy of molecular syntheses, researchers wish to capitalize upon the selective modification of otherwise inert C-H bonds. The past two decades have witnessed considerable advances in coordination chemistry that have set the stage for transformative tools for C-H functionalizations. Particularly, oxidative C-H/C-H and C-H/Het-H transformations have gained major attention because they avoid all elements of substrate prefunctionalization. Despite considerable advances, oxidative C-H activations have been dominated by precious transition metal catalysts based on palladium, ruthenium, iridium, and rhodium, thus compromising the sustainable nature of the overall C-H activation approach. The same holds true for the predominant use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants for the regeneration of the active catalyst, prominently featuring hypervalent iodine(III), copper(II), and silver(I) oxidants. Thereby, stoichiometric quantities of undesired byproducts are generated, which are preventive for applications of C-H activation on scale. In contrast, the elegant merger of homogeneous metal-catalyzed C-H activation with molecular electrosynthesis bears the unique power to achieve outstanding levels of oxidant and resource economy. Thus, in contrast to classical electrosyntheses by substrate control, metalla-electrocatalysis holds huge and largely untapped potential for oxidative C-H activations with unmet site selectivities by means of catalyst control. While indirect electrolysis using precious palladium complexes has been realized, less toxic and less expensive base metal catalysts feature distinct beneficial assets toward sustainable resource economy. In this Account, I summarize the emergence of electrocatalyzed C-H activation by earth-abundant 3d base metals and beyond, with a topical focus on contributions from our laboratories through November 2019. Thus, cobalt electrocatalysis was identified as a particularly powerful platform for a wealth of C-H transformations, including C-H oxygenations and C-H nitrogenations as well as C-H activations with alkynes, alkenes, allenes, isocyanides, and carbon monoxide, among others. As complementary tools, catalysts based on nickel, copper, and very recently iron have been devised for metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activations. Key to success were detailed mechanistic insights, prominently featuring oxidation-induced reductive elimination scenarios. Likewise, the development of methods that make use of weak O-coordination benefited from crucial insights into the catalyst's modes of action by experiment, in operando spectroscopy, and computation. Overall, metalla-electrocatalyzed C-H activations have thereby set the stage for molecular syntheses with unique levels of resource economy. These electrooxidative C-H transformations overall avoid the use of chemical oxidants and are frequently characterized by improved chemoselectivities. Hence, the ability to dial in the redox potential at the minimum level required for the desired transformation renders electrocatalysis an ideal platform for the functionalization of structurally complex molecules with sensitive functional groups. This strategy was, inter alia, successfully applied to scale-up by continuous flow and the step-economical assembly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Fu Z, Hao G, Fu Y, He D, Tuo X, Guo S, Cai H. Transition metal-free electrocatalytic halodeborylation of arylboronic acids with metal halides MX (X = I, Br) to synthesize aryl halides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and regioselective ipso-halogenation of diverse arylboronic acids with metal halide salts MX (X = I, Br) has been well established under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Fu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
| | - Guangguo Hao
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Yaping Fu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Dongdong He
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Xun Tuo
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Shengmei Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Hu Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
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Wu J, Abou-Hamdan H, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Electrochemical synthesis of 3a-bromofuranoindolines and 3a-bromopyrroloindolines mediated by MgBr2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1713-1716. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09276e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical approach to perform the bromo cyclization of tryptophol, tryptamine and tryptophan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO)
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | - Hussein Abou-Hamdan
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO)
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO)
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO)
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | - Guillaume Vincent
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO)
- Université Paris-Saclay
- CNRS
- 91405 Orsay
- France
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45
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Torabi S, Jamshidi M, Amooshahi P, Mehrdadian M, Khazalpour S. Transition metal-catalyzed electrochemical processes for C–C bond formation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive electro-organometallic review has been carried out on C–C bond formation via variety of metals between 1984 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torabi
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bu-Ali Sina University
- Hamedan 65178-38683
- Iran
| | - Mahdi Jamshidi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
- Hamadan
- Iran
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46
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Yang X, Yang QL, Wang XY, Xu HH, Mei TS, Huang Y, Fang P. Copper-Catalyzed Electrochemical Selective Bromination of 8-Aminoquinoline Amide Using NH4Br as the Brominating Reagent. J Org Chem 2019; 85:3497-3507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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47
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Kong WJ, Finger LH, Messinis AM, Kuniyil R, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Flow Rhodaelectro-Catalyzed Alkyne Annulations by Versatile C-H Activation: Mechanistic Support for Rhodium(III/IV). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17198-17206. [PMID: 31549815 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A flow-metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation was realized in terms of robust rhodaelectro-catalyzed alkyne annulations. To this end, a modular electro-flow cell with a porous graphite felt anode was designed to ensure efficient turnover. Thereby, a variety of C-H/N-H functionalizations proved amenable for alkyne annulations with high levels of regioselectivity and functional group tolerance, viable in both an inter- or intramolecular manner. The electro-flow C-H activation allowed easy scale up, while in-operando kinetic analysis was accomplished by online flow-NMR spectroscopy. Mechanistic studies suggest an oxidatively induced reductive elimination pathway on rhodium(III) in an electrocatalytic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Rositha Kuniyil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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Zhang Q, Shi B. From Reactivity and Regioselectivity to Stereoselectivity: An Odyssey of Designing PIP Amine and Related Directing Groups for C—H Activation. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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