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Gilbert NC, Newcomer ME, Werz O. Untangling the web of 5-lipoxygenase-derived products from a molecular and structural perspective: The battle between pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114759. [PMID: 34487716 PMCID: PMC8865081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor to leukotrienes (LT), potent mediators of the inflammatory response. In the 35 + years since cysteinyl-LTs were reported to mediate antigen-induced constriction of bronchi in tissue from asthma patients, numerous cellular responses evoked by the LTs, such as chemoattraction and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, have been elucidated and revealed a potential for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a promising drug target that goes beyond asthma. We describe herein early work identifying 5-LOX as the key enzyme that initiates LT biosynthesis and the discovery of its membrane-embedded helper protein required to execute the two-step reaction that transforms AA to the progenitor leukotriene A4 (LTA4). 5-LOX must traffic to the nuclear membrane to interact with its partner and undergo a conformational change so that AA can enter the active site. Additionally, the enzyme must retain the hydroperoxy-reaction intermediate for its final transformation to LTA4. Each of these steps provide a unique target for inhibition. Next, we describe the recent structures of GPCRs that recognize metabolites of the 5-LOX pathway and thus provide target alternatives. We also highlight the role of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (LM), the so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). The involvement of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of LM with opposing functions undoubtedly complicates the continuing search for 5-LOX inhibitors as therapeutic leads. Finally, we address the recent discovery of how some allosteric 5-LOX inhibitors promote oxygenation at the 12/15 carbon on AA to generate mediators that resolve, rather than promote, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Jagusch H, Werner M, Koenis D, Dalli J, Werz O, Pohnert G. 14,17,18-Trihydroxy-Eicosatetraenoic Acid: A Novel Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator from Marine Microalgae. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1188-1194. [PMID: 34151208 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are enzymatically oxygenated derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids that function as central immunoregulators in mammals. Among them are resolvins (Rvs) that stimulate the clearance of harmful stimuli and limit pro-inflammatory processes. Because of their beneficial features and their high potency, SPMs are promising molecules for anti-inflammatory therapy. Besides mammals, also marine algae form lipid mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In particular, microalgae are attractive candidates for the production of bioactive high-value metabolites. Here, we identified the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium as a prolific producer of SPMs. The diatom forms RvE3 and novel structurally related eicosanoids, including 14S/R,17R,18R-trihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, which displays inflammation-resolving and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. This pro-resolving compound might enable advancements in anti-inflammatory therapy in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jagusch
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Duco Koenis
- William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, EC1M 6BQ London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Jagusch H, Baumeister TUH, Pohnert G. Mammalian-Like Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Oxylipins in Marine Algae. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2419-2424. [PMID: 32239741 PMCID: PMC7496315 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins constitute a family of oxidized fatty acids, that are well known as tissue hormones in mammals. They contribute to inflammation and its resolution. The major classes of these lipid mediators are inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) as well as pro-resolving resolvins (Rvs). Understanding their biosynthetic pathways and modes of action is important for anti-inflammatory interventions. Besides mammals, marine algae also biosynthesize mammalian-like oxylipins and thus offer new opportunities for oxylipin research. They provide prolific sources for these compounds and offer unique opportunities to study alternative biosynthetic pathways to the well-known lipid mediators. Herein, we discuss recent findings on the biosynthesis of oxylipins in mammals and algae including an alternative pathway to prostaglandin E2 , a novel pathway to a precursor of leukotriene B4 , and the production of resolvins in algae. We evaluate the pharmacological potential of the algal metabolites with implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jagusch
- Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Tim U. H. Baumeister
- Fellow Group Plankton Community InteractionMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Straße 807745JenaGermany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaLessingstraße 807743JenaGermany
- Fellow Group Plankton Community InteractionMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Straße 807745JenaGermany
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Jagusch H, Werner M, Werz O, Pohnert G. 15‐Hydroperoxy‐PGE 2: Intermediate in Mammalian and Algal Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jagusch
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic AnalyticsFriedrich Schiller University Jena Lessingstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Institute of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 14 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 14 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic AnalyticsFriedrich Schiller University Jena Lessingstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
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Jagusch H, Werner M, Werz O, Pohnert G. 15-Hydroperoxy-PGE 2 : Intermediate in Mammalian and Algal Prostaglandin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17641-17645. [PMID: 31529599 PMCID: PMC6899959 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic‐acid‐derived prostaglandins (PGs), specifically PGE2, play a central role in inflammation and numerous immunological reactions. The enzymes of PGE2 biosynthesis are important pharmacological targets for anti‐inflammatory drugs. Besides mammals, certain edible marine algae possess a comprehensive repertoire of bioactive arachidonic‐acid‐derived oxylipins including PGs that may account for food poisoning. Described here is the analysis of PGE2 biosynthesis in the red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla that led to the identification of 15‐hydroperoxy‐PGE2, a novel precursor of PGE2 and 15‐keto‐PGE2. Interestingly, this novel precursor is also produced in human macrophages where it represents a key metabolite in an alternative biosynthetic PGE2 pathway in addition to the well‐established arachidonic acid‐PGG2‐PGH2‐PGE2 route. This alternative pathway of mammalian PGE2 biosynthesis may open novel opportunities to intervene with inflammation‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jagusch
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Instrumental Analytics/Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
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