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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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2
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Katoono R, Arisawa K. Two-ring chirality generated by the alignment of two achiral phenylacetylene macrocycles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11712-11719. [PMID: 37063719 PMCID: PMC10102884 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01780j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
When two achiral rings are bound mechanically, a chiral source is generated in the assembly. The chiroptical properties could be modulated according to the relative occupation of each ring in the assembly. In fact, we have found that two isomeric assemblies (1 and 2) show unique properties in each assembly with two achiral rings of phenylacetylene macrocycle (PAM). When considering the difference in the chiroptical properties of these two isomeric assemblies (6PAM × 2), no comparison was available based on no activity of the achiral component element itself (6PAM). In this work, we synthesized a two-ring chiral analog (4) by the ring-fusion of two 6PAMs to an 11PAM, and examined the chiroptical properties of 4, since the single helix was imparted as a chiral source. By comparison of the chiroptical properties (molar circular dichroism and molar optical rotation) of 1 and 2 to those of 4, we demonstrated that the disparity was related to the alignment of the two achiral rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan +81-11-706-4616
| | - Kohei Arisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan +81-11-706-4616
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3
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A chiral macrocycle for the stereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes and catenanes. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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4
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Wang Y, Gong J, Wang X, Li W, Wang X, He X, Wang W, Yang H. Multistate Circularly Polarized Luminescence Switching through Stimuli‐Induced Co‐Conformation Regulations of Pyrene‐Functionalized Topologically Chiral [2]Catenane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210542. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jiacheng Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Wei‐Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xu‐Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Hai‐Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes & Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses & Chang-Kung Chuang Institute School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming Shanghai 202162 China
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5
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Wang Y, Gong J, Wang X, Li WJ, Wang XQ, He X, Wang W, Yang HB. Multistate Circularly Polarized Luminescence Switching through Stimuli‐induced Co‐conformation Regulations of Pyrene‐functionalized Topologically Chiral [2]Catenane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Jiacheng Gong
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei-Jian Li
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiao He
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei Wang
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- East China Normal University Department of Chemistry 3663 N. Zhongshan Road 200062 Shanghai CHINA
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Rodríguez-Rubio A, Savoini A, Modicom F, Butler P, Goldup SM. A Co-conformationally "Topologically" Chiral Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11927-11932. [PMID: 35763555 PMCID: PMC9348828 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Catenanes composed of two achiral rings that are oriented (Cnh symmetry) because of the sequence of atoms they contain are referred to as topologically chiral. Here, we present the synthesis of a highly enantioenriched catenane containing a related but overlooked "co-conformationally 'topologically' chiral" stereogenic unit, which arises when a bilaterally symmetric Cnv ring is desymmetrized by the position of an oriented macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Rodríguez-Rubio
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Savoini
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Modicom
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Butler
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Goldup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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7
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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9
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Ishizu Y, Takeyoshi A, Hasegawa E, Iwamoto H. Synthesis and Resolution of Optically Active Topologically Chiral Catenane. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ayaka Takeyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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11
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Koenis MAJ, Chibueze CS, Jinks MA, Nicu VP, Visscher L, Goldup SM, Buma WJ. Vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy for probing the expression of chirality in mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8469-8475. [PMID: 34123106 PMCID: PMC8163398 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules can exhibit molecular chirality that arises due to the mechanical bond rather than covalent stereogenic units. Developing applications of such systems is made challenging by the absence of techniques for assigning the absolute configuration of products and methods to probe how the mechanical stereogenic unit influences the spatial arrangements of the functional groups in solution. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) can be used to not only discriminate between mechanical stereoisomers but also provide detailed information on their (co)conformations. The latter is particularly important as these molecules are now under investigation in catalysis and sensing, both of which rely on the solution phase shape of the interlocked structure. Detailed analysis of the VCD spectra shows that, although many of the signals arise from coupled oscillators isolated in the covalent sub-components, intercomponent coupling between the macrocycle and axle gives rise to several VCD bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A J Koenis
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C S Chibueze
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M A Jinks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Valentin P Nicu
- Department of Environmental Science, Physics, Physical Education and Sport, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu loan Ratiu Street, Nr. 7-9 550012 Sibiu Romania
| | - Lucas Visscher
- Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Section Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - S M Goldup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road, Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Wybren J Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Gaedke M, Witte F, Anhäuser J, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Lützen A, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Chiroptical inversion of a planar chiral redox-switchable rotaxane. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10003-10009. [PMID: 32055357 PMCID: PMC7003955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-containing crown ether macrocycle with C s symmetry was designed to implement planar chirality into a redox-active [2]rotaxane. The directionality of the macrocycle atom sequence together with the non-symmetric axle renders the corresponding [2]rotaxane mechanically planar chiral. Enantiomeric separation of the [2]rotaxane was achieved by chiral HPLC. The electrochemical properties - caused by the reversible oxidation of the TTF - are similar to a non-chiral control. Reversible inversion of the main band in the ECD spectra for the individual enantiomers was observed after oxidation. Experimental evidence, conformational analysis and DFT calculations of the neutral and doubly oxidised species indicate that mainly electronic effects of the oxidation are responsible for the chiroptical switching. This is the first electrochemically switchable rotaxane with a reversible inversion of the main ECD band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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