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Xu Z, Li Z, Liu C, Yang K, Ge H. Palladium-Catalyzed β-C(sp 3)-H Bond Arylation of Tertiary Aldehydes Facilitated by 2-Pyridone Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:259. [PMID: 38202841 PMCID: PMC10780448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-Pyridone ligand-facilitated palladium-catalyzed direct C-H bond functionalization via the transient directing group strategy has become an attractive topic. Here, we report a Pd-catalyzed direct β-C(sp3)-H arylation reaction of tertiary aliphatic aldehydes by using an α-amino acid as a transient directing group in combination with a 2-pyridone ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Z.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Z.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (Z.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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2
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Heterogeneous asymmetric β-C-H functionalization of aldehydes under O2 catalyzed by hydroxide-layered Fe(III) sites synergistic with confined interlayer amine. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Li YH, Ouyang Y, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Pd II-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H (Hetero)Arylation of Ketones Enabled by Transient Directing Groups. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10581-10586. [PMID: 37305173 PMCID: PMC10249709 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H (hetero)arylation of aliphatic ketones is developed using α-amino acid as transient directing groups (TDG). A variety of aliphatic ketones were (hetero)arylated at the γ-position via a 5,6-membered fused cyclopalladation intermediate to afford the remotely arylated products in up to 88% yield. The crucial ligand effect of 2-pyridone is further enhanced by reducing the loading of acid additives. Consequentially, the improved reactivity of this catalytic system has also made possible the cyclic γ-methylene C(sp3)-H arylation of ketones. Mechanistic investigtigation and comparison to the γ-C-H arylation of aldehydes revealed a structural insight for designing site selective TDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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4
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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5
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Yang K, Li Z, Liu C, Li Y, Hu Q, Elsaid M, Li B, Das J, Dang Y, Maiti D, Ge H. Ligand-promoted palladium-catalyzed β-methylene C-H arylation of primary aldehydes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5938-5943. [PMID: 35685787 PMCID: PMC9132077 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient directing group (TDG) strategy allowed long awaited access to the direct β-C(sp3)-H functionalization of unmasked aliphatic aldehydes via palladium catalysis. However, the current techniques are restricted to terminal methyl functionalization, limiting their structural scopes and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a direct Pd-catalyzed methylene β-C-H arylation of linear unmasked aldehydes by using 3-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid as a TDG and 2-pyridone as an external ligand. Density functional theory calculations provided insights into the reaction mechanism and shed light on the roles of the external and transient directing ligands in the catalytic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Zhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Yunjian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Qingyue Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Mazen Elsaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Bijin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076
| | - Haibo Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061
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6
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Cheng JT, Xiao LJ, Qian SQ, Zhuang Z, Liu A, Yu JQ. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Selective Arylation of Tertiary C-H Bonds of Cyclobutylmethyl Ketones Using Transient Directing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117233. [PMID: 35112447 PMCID: PMC9084898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of selective PdII -catalyzed tertiary C-H activation of cyclobutylmethyl ketones using a transient directing group. An electron-deficient 2-pyridone ligand was identified as the optimal external ligand to enable tertiary C-H activation. A variety of cyclobutylmethyl ketones bearing quaternary carbon centers was readily accessed without preinstalling internal directing groups in up to 81 % yield and >95 : 5 regioisomeric ratios of tertiary C-H arylation to β-methylene (β-methyl) or γ-C-H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shao-Qun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - An Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Li YH, Ouyang Y, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Pd II-Catalyzed Site-selective β- and γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Primary Aldehydes Controlled by Transient Directing Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4727-4733. [PMID: 35286807 PMCID: PMC9084563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed site-selective β- and γ-C(sp3)-H arylation of primary aldehydes is developed by rational design of L,X-type transient directing groups (TDG). External 2-pyridone ligands are identified to be crucial for the observed reactivity. By minimizing the loading of acid additives, the ligand effect is enhanced to achieve high reactivities of the challenging primary aldehyde substrates. Site selectivity can be switched from the proximate to the relatively remote position by changing the bite angle of TDG to match the desired palladacycle size. Experimental and computational investigations support this rationale for designing TDG to potentially achieve remote site-selective C(sp3)-H functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Cheng J, Xiao L, Qian S, Zhuang Z, Liu A, Yu J. Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Selective Arylation of Tertiary C−H Bonds of Cyclobutylmethyl Ketones Using Transient Directing Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Tang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Li‐Jun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Shao‐Qun Qian
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - An Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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9
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Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Transient directing ligands for selective metal-catalysed C–H activation. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:646-659. [PMID: 37118417 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation is a 'simple-to-complex' transformation that nature has perfected over millions of years of evolution. Transition-metal-catalysed C-H activation has emerged as an expeditious means to expand the chemical space by introducing diverse functionalities. Notably, among the strategies to selectively cleave a particular C-H bond, the catalytic use of a small molecule as co-catalyst to generate a transient directing group, which provides a balance between step economy and chemical productivity, has gained immense attention in recent years. This allows one to convert a desired C-H bond irrespective of its geometrical or stereochemical configuration. This Review describes the various transient directing groups used in C-H activation and explains their mechanistic significance.
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11
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12
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Bhattacharya T, Ghosh A, Maiti D. Hexafluoroisopropanol: the magical solvent for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3857-3870. [PMID: 34163654 PMCID: PMC8179444 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06937j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous solvents available for chemical transformations, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (popularly known as HFIP) has attracted enough attention of the scientific community in recent years. Several unique features of HFIP compared to its non-fluoro analogue isopropanol have helped this solvent to make a difference in various subdomains of organic chemistry. One such area is transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions. While, on one side, HFIP is emerging as a green and sustainable deep eutectic solvent (DES), on the other side, a major proportion of Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization is heavily relying on this solvent. In particular, for distal aromatic C-H functionalizations, the exceptional impact of HFIP to elevate the yield and selectivity has made this solvent irreplaceable. Recent research studies have also highlighted the H-bond-donating ability of HFIP to enhance the chiral induction in Pd-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation. This perspective aims to portray different shades of HFIP as a magical solvent in Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai Maharashtra 400076 India
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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13
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Panda P, Pal K, Chakroborty S. Robust molecular trends in Pd-catalyzed C(sp2/sp3)-H activation reactions – A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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14
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Zhou J, Liu D, Bai C, Bao A, Muschin T, Baiyin M, Bao YS. Transient directing group controlled regiodivergent C(sp 3)–H and C(sp 2)–H polyfluoroalkoxylation of aromatic aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for achieving regiodivergent C(sp3)–H and C(sp2)–H polyfluoroalkoxylation in the o-methyl benzaldehyde framework by altering the transient directing group is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Chaolumen Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Agula Bao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Tegshi Muschin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Menghe Baiyin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Bao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green catalysis, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
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15
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Lapuh MI, Mazeh S, Besset T. Chiral Transient Directing Groups in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective C–H Bond Functionalization. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Lapuh
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sara Mazeh
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
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16
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Sun MR, Kang YY, Duan YT, Liu HM. Concise synthesis of 2-methoxyestradiol through C(sp 2)-H methoxylation. Steroids 2020; 162:108697. [PMID: 32682814 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and concise synthesis of 2-methoxyestradiol (4) from 17β-estradiol (1) has been achieved in three synthetic steps with a 63.3% overall yield. The key step was the palladium-catalyzed direct C(sp2)-H methoxylation of 2-aryloxypyridines. Using 2-pyridyloxyl as the directing group, Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst, PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant and methanol as both the methoxylation reagent and solvent, the methoxy group could be handily installed at the 2-position of 3-(2-pyridoxy) estradiol (2). Subsequently, the pyridyl group could be easily removed by nucleophilic substitution with a methoxy anion after being oxidized to a pyridyl N-oxide by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, delivering the target product 2-methoxyestradiol (4) in quantitative yield. In contrast, when the pyridyl directing group was removed by the TfOMe-NaOMe/MeOH system as reported in the literature, TfOMe inevitably methylated the 17-OH of 2-methoxy-3-(2-pyridoxy) estradiol (3). In effect, we have fortuitously found a new method to cleave the pyridyl directing group, which is highly suitable for substrates bearing hydroxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Ran Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying-Ying Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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17
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Ding M, Hua W, Liu M, Zhang F. Pd-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Biarylation via Transient Directing Group Strategy. Org Lett 2020; 22:7419-7423. [PMID: 32946696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a highly selective Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H biarylation of 2-methylbenzaldehydes using cyclic diaryliodonium salts as arylation reagents. The key strategy is the employment of tert-leucine as a bidentate transient directing group for the proximity-driven metalation to achieve reactivity and selectivity in C-H activation. Various functionalized biaryls bearing both aldehyde and iodine functional groups were prepared successfully, which could be further transformed into a wide range of compounds with potential applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fengzhi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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18
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Li BW, Wang MY, Liu JY. DFT study on the mechanism of palladium(II)-catalyzed reaction of allyl-substituted 3,4-dienoate, alkyne and carbon monoxide. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Chen YQ, Wu Y, Wang Z, Qiao JX, Yu JQ. Transient Directing Group Enabled Pd-catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Oxygenation of Alkyl Amines. ACS Catal 2020; 10:5657-5662. [PMID: 33996194 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a general protocol for γ-C(sp3)-H acyloxylation and alkoxylation of free amines using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as the transient directing group. In the presence of an electrophilic fluorinating bystanding oxidant and acetic acid, a wide range of aliphatic amines could be oxygenated selectively at the γ-methyl positions. A vast variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and aliphatic acids could also be successfully coupled under this C-O bond formation reaction to afford amine containing esters. Switching the nucleophile from acids to alcohols enables alkoxylation of free amines. Importantly, natural products and drug molecules such as ibuprofen, isozepac, fenbufen, and lithocholic acid are all compatible coupling partners. Notably, synthesis of these mono-protected amino alcohols from free amino alcohols using conventional selective protection are not always feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yongwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jennifer X. Qiao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Higham JI, Bull JA. Transient imine directing groups for the C–H functionalisation of aldehydes, ketones and amines: an update 2018–2020. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7291-7315. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01587c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in C–H functionalisation using transient directing groups. Advances in directing group design, new bond forming methodologies, regio- and stereoselective processes, and new mechanistic insights are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe I. Higham
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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21
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Fan J, Li L, Zhang J, Xie M. Expeditious synthesis of phenanthridines through a Pd/MnO2-mediated C–H arylation/oxidative annulation cascade from aldehydes, aryl iodides and amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2775-2778. [PMID: 32022095 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The expeditious access to phenanthridines through a Pd/MnO2-mediated arylation/oxidative annulation cascade from aldehydes, aryl iodides and amino acids is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Jitan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Meihua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
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22
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Richa, Kumar R, Zhang X, Su W. Direct remote δ-C(sp2)–H olefination of β-aryl-substituted aliphatic aldehydes via palladium/enamine co-catalysis. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00911c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed direct remote δ-C(sp2)–H olefination of β-aryl-substituted aliphatic aldehydes has been achieved using a catalytic amount of secondary amine (n-Bu)2NH as a co-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- People's Republic of China
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23
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Chen J, Bai C, Tong X, Liu D, Bao YS. A dual role for acetohydrazide in Pd-catalyzed controlled C(sp3)–H acetoxylation of aldehydes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12192-12196. [PMID: 35497595 PMCID: PMC9050629 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladium catalyzed aldehyde directed acetoxylation of C(sp3)–H bonds was realized by a transient directing group approach for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis
- Inner Mongolia Normal University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Chaolumen Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis
- Inner Mongolia Normal University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - XingWen Tong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis
- Inner Mongolia Normal University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis
- Inner Mongolia Normal University
- Hohhot
- China
| | - Yong-Sheng Bao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis
- Inner Mongolia Normal University
- Hohhot
- China
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24
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Wen F, Li Z. Semicarbazide: A Transient Directing Group for C(
sp
3
)−H Arylation of 2‐Methylbenzaldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wen
- Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University, Lanzhou Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
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