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Zhang SZ, Lobo A, Li PF, Zhang YF. Sialylated glycoproteins and sialyltransferases in digestive cancers: Mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104330. [PMID: 38556071 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA), as the ultimate epitope of polysaccharides, can act as a cap at the end of polysaccharide chains to prevent their overextension. Sialylation is the enzymatic process of transferring SA residues onto polysaccharides and is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as sialyltransferases (SiaTs). It is noteworthy that the sialylation level of glycoproteins is significantly altered when digestive cancer occurs. And this alteration exhibits a close correlation with the progression of these cancers. In this review, from the perspective of altered SiaTs expression levels and changed glycoprotein sialylation patterns, we summarize the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, we propose potential early diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators for different digestive cancers. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic value of sialylation in digestive system cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ze Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Amara Lobo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine Holy Family Hospital, St Andrew's Road, Bandra (West), Mumbai 400050, India
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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2
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Rhee K, Zhou X. Two in one: the emerging concept of bifunctional antibodies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103050. [PMID: 38142645 PMCID: PMC10922881 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have become indispensable for treating a wide range of diseases, and their significance in drug discovery has expanded considerably over the past few decades. Bifunctional antibodies are now emerging as a promising new drug modality to address previously unmet needs in antibody therapeutics. Distinct from traditional antibodies that operate through an 'occupancy-based' inhibition mechanism, these innovative molecules recruit the protein of interest to a 'biological effector,' initiating specific downstream consequences such as targeted protein degradation or posttranslational modifications. In this review, we emphasize the potential of bifunctional antibodies to tackle diverse biomedical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Rhee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Almeida‐Pinto J, Lagarto MR, Lavrador P, Mano JF, Gaspar VM. Cell Surface Engineering Tools for Programming Living Assemblies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304040. [PMID: 37823678 PMCID: PMC10700290 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in precision cell surface engineering tools are supporting the rapid development of programmable living assemblies with valuable features for tackling complex biological problems. Herein, the authors overview the most recent technological advances in chemically- and biologically-driven toolboxes for engineering mammalian cell surfaces and triggering their assembly into living architectures. A particular focus is given to surface engineering technologies for enabling biomimetic cell-cell social interactions and multicellular cell-sorting events. Further advancements in cell surface modification technologies may expand the currently available bioengineering toolset and unlock a new generation of personalized cell therapeutics with clinically relevant biofunctionalities. The combination of state-of-the-art cell surface modifications with advanced biofabrication technologies is envisioned to contribute toward generating living materials with increasing tissue/organ-mimetic bioactivities and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida‐Pinto
- Department of ChemistryCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - Matilde R. Lagarto
- Department of ChemistryCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - Pedro Lavrador
- Department of ChemistryCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of ChemistryCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
| | - Vítor M. Gaspar
- Department of ChemistryCICECO‐Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de SantiagoAveiro3810‐193Portugal
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Kang MS, Cho E, Choi HE, Amri C, Lee JH, Kim KS. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs): emerging biomaterials for cancer theragnostic applications. Biomater Res 2023; 27:45. [PMID: 37173721 PMCID: PMC10182667 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth that spreads through other parts of the body and threatens life by destroying healthy tissues. Therefore, numerous techniques have been employed not only to diagnose and monitor the progress of cancer in a precise manner but also to develop appropriate therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles. In this regard, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), synthetic receptors that recognize targeted molecules with high affinity and selectivity, have been intensively investigated as one of the most attractive biomaterials for theragnostic approaches. This review describes diverse synthesis strategies to provide the rationale behind these synthetic antibodies and provides a selective overview of the recent progress in the in vitro and in vivo targeting of cancer biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Taken together, the topics discussed in this review provide concise guidelines for the development of novel MIP-based systems to diagnose cancer more precisely and promote successful treatment. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), synthetic receptors that recognize targeted molecules with high affinity and selectivity, have been intensively investigated as one of the most attractive biomaterials for cancer theragnostic approaches. This review describes diverse synthesis strategies to provide the rationale behind these synthetic antibodies and provides a selective overview of the recent progress in the in vitro and in vivo targeting of cancer biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. The topics discussed in this review aim to provide concise guidelines for the development of novel MIP-based systems to diagnose cancer more precisely and promote successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-Ro 63 Beon-Gil, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-Ro 63 Beon-Gil, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaima Amri
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-Ro 63 Beon-Gil, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Organic Material Science & Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-Ro 63 Beon-Gil, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Organic Materials, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-Ro 63 Beon-Gil, Geumjeong-Gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Huang J, Huang J, Zhang G. Insights into the Role of Sialylation in Cancer Metastasis, Immunity, and Therapeutic Opportunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235840. [PMID: 36497322 PMCID: PMC9737300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation is an enzymatic process that covalently attaches sialic acids to glycoproteins and glycolipids and terminates them by creating sialic acid-containing glycans (sialoglycans). Sialoglycans, usually located in the outmost layers of cells, play crucial biological roles, notably in tumor transformation, growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. Thus, a deeper comprehension of sialylation in cancer will help to facilitate the development of innovative cancer therapies. Cancer sialylation-related articles have consistently increased over the last four years. The primary subjects of these studies are sialylation, cancer, immunotherapy, and metastasis. Tumor cells activate endothelial cells and metastasize to distant organs in part by the interactions of abnormally sialylated integrins with selectins. Furthermore, cancer sialylation masks tumor antigenic epitopes and induces an immunosuppressive environment, allowing cancer cells to escape immune monitoring. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes develop different recognition epitopes for glycosylated and nonglycosylated peptides. Therefore, targeting tumor-derived sialoglycans is a promising approach to cancer treatments for limiting the dissemination of tumor cells, revealing immunogenic tumor antigens, and boosting anti-cancer immunity. Exploring the exact tumor sialoglycans may facilitate the identification of new glycan targets, paving the way for the development of customized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guonan Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Huang J, Li M, Mei B, Li J, Zhu Y, Guo Q, Huang J, Zhang G. Whole-cell tumor vaccines desialylated to uncover tumor antigenic Gal/GalNAc epitopes elicit anti-tumor immunity. J Transl Med 2022; 20:496. [PMID: 36316782 PMCID: PMC9620617 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant sialoglycans on the surface of tumor cells shield potential tumor antigen epitopes, escape recognition, and suppress activation of immunocytes. α2,3/α2,6Gal- and α2,6GalNAc (Gal/GalNAc)-linked sialic acid residues of sialoglycans could affect macrophage galactose-type lectins (MGL) mediated-antigen uptake and presentation and promote sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) mediated-immunosuppression. Desialylating sialoglycans on tumor cells could present tumor antigens with Gal/GalNAc residues and overcome glyco-immune checkpoints. Thus, we explored whether vaccination with desialylated whole-cell tumor vaccines (DWCTVs) triggers anti-tumor immunity in ovarian cancer (OC). METHODS Sialic acid (Sia) and Gal/GalNAc residues on OC A2780, OVCAR3, and ID8 cells treated with α2-3 neuraminidase (α2-3NA) and α2-6NA, and Sigec-9 or Siglec-E and MGL on DCs pulsed with desialylated OC cells were identified using flow cytometry (FCM); RT-qPCR determined IFNG expression of T cells, TRBV was sequenced using Sanger sequencing and cytotoxicity of αβ T cells was measured with LDH assay; Anti-tumor immunity in vivo was validated via vaccination with desialylated whole-cell ID8 vaccine (ID8 DWCTVs). RESULTS Gal/GalNAc but not Sia residues were significantly increased in the desialylated OC cells. α2-3NA-modified DWCTV increased MGL but decreased Siglec-9 or Siglec E expression on DCs. MGLbright/Siglec-9dim DCs significantly up-regulated IFNG expression and CD4/CD8 ratio of T cells and diversified the TCR repertoire of αβ T-cells that showed enhanced cytotoxic activity. Vaccination with α2-3NA-modified ID8 DWCTVs increased MGLbright/Siglec-Edim DCs in draining lymph nodes, limited tumor growth, and extended survival in tumor-challenged mice. CONCLUSION Desialylated tumor cell vaccine could promote anti-tumor immunity and provide a strategy for OC immunotherapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Huang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Li
- grid.415880.00000 0004 1755 2258Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingjie Mei
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyang Li
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaoshan Guo
- grid.415880.00000 0004 1755 2258Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- grid.415880.00000 0004 1755 2258Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Guonan Zhang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China ,grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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7
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Durgin JS, Thokala R, Johnson L, Song E, Leferovich J, Bhoj V, Ghassemi S, Milone M, Binder Z, O'Rourke DM, O'Connor RS. Enhancing CAR T function with the engineered secretion of C. perfringens neuraminidase. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1201-1214. [PMID: 34813961 PMCID: PMC8899523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to adoptive transfer, CAR T cells are activated, lentivirally infected with CAR transgenes, and expanded over 9 to 11 days. An unintended consequence of this process is the progressive differentiation of CAR T cells over time in culture. Differentiated T cells engraft poorly, which limits their ability to persist and provide sustained tumor control in hematologic as well as solid tumors. Solid tumors include other barriers to CAR T cell therapies, including immune and metabolic checkpoints that suppress effector function and durability. Sialic acids are ubiquitous surface molecules with known immune checkpoint functions. The enzyme C. perfringens neuraminidase (CpNA) removes sialic acid residues from target cells, with good activity at physiologic conditions. In combination with galactose oxidase (GO), NA has been found to stimulate T cell mitogenesis and cytotoxicity in vitro. Here we determine whether CpNA alone and in combination with GO promotes CAR T cell antitumor efficacy. We show that CpNA restrains CAR T cell differentiation during ex vivo culture, giving rise to progeny with enhanced therapeutic potential. CAR T cells expressing CpNA have superior effector function and cytotoxicity in vitro. In a Nalm-6 xenograft model of leukemia, CAR T cells expressing CpNA show enhanced antitumor efficacy. Arming CAR T cells with CpNA also enhanced tumor control in xenograft models of glioblastoma as well as a syngeneic model of melanoma. Given our findings, we hypothesize that charge repulsion via surface glycans is a regulatory parameter influencing differentiation. As T cells engage target cells within tumors and undergo constitutive activation through their CARs, critical thresholds of negative charge may impede cell-cell interactions underlying synapse formation and cytolysis. Removing the dense pool of negative cell-surface charge with CpNA is an effective approach to limit CAR T cell differentiation and enhance overall persistence and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Durgin
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Radhika Thokala
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, The Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lexus Johnson
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Song
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Leferovich
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vijay Bhoj
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saba Ghassemi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zev Binder
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, The Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald M. O'Rourke
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, The Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roddy S. O'Connor
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author: Roddy S. O'Connor, PhD, Research Assistant Professor, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, SPE 8-105, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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Zhang SY, Zhou ZR, Qian RC. Recent Progress and Perspectives on Cell Surface Modification. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3250-3258. [PMID: 34427996 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane is a biological interface consisting of phospholipid bilayer, saccharides and proteins that maintains a stable metabolic intracellular environment as well as regulating and controlling the exchange of substances inside and outside the cell. Cell membranes provide a highly complex biological surface carrying a variety of essential surfaces ligands and receptors for cells to receive various stimuli of external signals, thereby inducing corresponding cell responses regulating the life activities of the cell. These surface receptors can be manipulated via cell surface modification to regulate cellular functions and behaviors Thus, cell surface modification has attracted considerable attention due to its significance in cell fate control, cell engineering and cell therapy. In this minireview, we describe the recent developments and advances of cell surface modification, and summarize the main modification methods with corresponding functions and applications. Finally, the prospect for the future development of the modification of the living cell membrane is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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