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Kadamannil NN, Shames AI, Bisht R, Biswas S, Shauloff N, Lee H, Kim JM, Jelinek R. Light-Induced Self-Assembled Polydiacetylene/Carbon Dot Functional "Honeycomb". ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22593-22603. [PMID: 38626352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The design of functional supramolecular assemblies from individual molecular building blocks is a fundamental challenge in chemistry and material science. We report on the fabrication of "honeycomb" films by light-induced coassembly of diacetylene derivatives and carbon dots. Specifically, modulating noncovalent interactions between the carbon dots, macrocyclic diacetylene, and anthraquinone diacetylene facilitates formation of thin films exhibiting a long-range, uniform pore structure. We show that light irradiation at distinct wavelengths plays a key role in the assembly process and generation of unique macro-porous morphology, by both initiating interactions between the carbon dots and the anthraquinone moieties and giving rise to the topotactic polymerization of the polydiacetylene network. We further demonstrate utilization of the macro-porous film as a photocatalytic platform for water pollutant degradation and as potential supercapacitor electrodes, both applications taking advantage of the high surface area, hydrophobicity, and pore structure of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Rajesh Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sudipta Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Nitzan Shauloff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Haksu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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2
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Algarra M, Soto J, Pino-González MS, Gonzalez-Munoz E, Dučić T. Multifunctionalized Carbon Dots as an Active Nanocarrier for Drug Delivery to the Glioblastoma Cell Line. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13818-13830. [PMID: 38559983 PMCID: PMC10976390 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based nanocarriers represent a viable alternative to conventional direct administration in cancer cells. This advanced approach employs the use of nanotechnology to transport therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells, thereby reducing the risk of damage to healthy cells and enhancing the efficacy of treatment. By approving nanoparticle-based nanocarriers, the potential for targeted, effective treatment is greatly increased. The so-called carbon-based nanoparticles, or carbon dots, have been hydrothermally prepared and initiated by a polymerization process. We synthesized and characterized nanoparticles of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, which showed biocompatibility with glioblastoma cells, and further, we tested them as a carrier for the drug riluzole. The obtained nanoparticles have been extensively characterized by techniques to obtain the exact composition of their surface by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as cryo-transmission electron microscopy. We found that the surface of the synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) is covered mainly by sulfonated, carboxylic, and substituted amide groups. These functional groups make them suitable as carriers for drug delivery in cancer cells. Specifically, we have successfully utilized the NPs as a delivery system for the drug riluzole, which has shown efficacy in treating glioblastoma cancer cells. The effect of nanoparticles as carriers for the riluzole system on glioblastoma cells was studied using live-cell synchrotron-based FTIR microspectroscopy to monitor in situ biochemical changes. After applying nanoparticles as nanocarriers, we have observed changes in all biomacromolecules, including the nucleic acids and protein conformation. These findings provide a strong foundation for further exploration into the development of targeted treatments for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Algarra
- INAMAT—Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics,
Dept. Science, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Soto
- Dept.
Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Avda. Cervantes, 2, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Elena Gonzalez-Munoz
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND., C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Dept.
Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University
of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Tanja Dučić
- ALBA-CELLS
Synchrotron Light Source, Consorcio para
la Construccion Equipamiento y Explotacion del Laboratorio de Luz
Sincrotron, C. de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Das S, Mondal S, Ghosh D. Carbon quantum dots in bioimaging and biomedicines. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1333752. [PMID: 38318419 PMCID: PMC10841552 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1333752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are gaining a lot more attention than traditional semiconductor quantum dots owing to their intrinsic fluorescence property, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and simple and inexpensive synthetic route of preparation. These properties allow CQDs to be utilized for a broad range of applications in various fields of scientific research including biomedical sciences, particularly in bioimaging and biomedicines. CQDs are a promising choice for advanced nanomaterials research for bioimaging and biomedicines owing to their unique chemical, physical, and optical properties. CQDs doped with hetero atom, or polymer composite materials are extremely advantageous for biochemical, biological, and biomedical applications since they are easy to prepare, biocompatible, and have beneficial properties. This type of CQD is highly useful in phototherapy, gene therapy, medication delivery, and bioimaging. This review explores the applications of CQDs in bioimaging and biomedicine, highlighting recent advancements and future possibilities to increase interest in their numerous advantages for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Somnath Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Dhiman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Kim H, Kim KS, Na K. Nanoparticle platform comprising lipid-tailed pH-sensitive carbon dots with minimal drug loss. J Control Release 2023; 361:373-384. [PMID: 37558052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized a lipid-mimicking organic material (PCD_FA) that can surpass the efficacy of lipid-based nanoparticles and demonstrated its potential as a delivery vehicle for various hydrophilic drugs. PCD_FA is a conjugate of pH-sensitive carbon dots (PCDs) and fatty acids (FAs) and has potential applications in several fields owing to various combinations of carbon dots (CDs) and FAs. Similar to phospholipids, PCD-FAs have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that allow them to self-form nanoparticles (Coposomes) in the aqueous phase. Coposomes can easily combine various hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail combinations, and several drugs can be encapsulated, or drug release patterns can be controlled according to each property. We analyzed the differences in size, drug loading efficiency, and drug release patterns of Coposomes depending on the type of FAs and characteristics of the encapsulated drugs. Additionally, cell entry and intracellular drug release mechanisms of the Coposomes were identified. The applicability of Coposomes as drug delivery carriers for tumor treatment has been demonstrated in comparison with that of liposomes formulation in tumor-bearing mouse models. Consequently, this study presents possibilities for the synthesis and application of various amphiphilic lipid-mimicking organic materials via the combination of CDs and FAs with various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea; Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Xu S, Zhang S, Li Y, Liu J. Facile Synthesis of Iron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Carbon Dot Nanozyme as Highly Efficient Peroxidase Mimics for Visualized Detection of Metabolites. Molecules 2023; 28:6064. [PMID: 37630318 PMCID: PMC10458983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual detection based on nanozymes has great potential for the rapid detection of metabolites in clinical analysis or home-based health management. In this work, iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Fe,N-CDs) were conveniently synthesized as a nanozyme for the visual detection of glucose (Glu) or cholesterol (Chol). Using inexpensive and readily available precursors, Fe,N-CDs with peroxidase-like activity were conveniently prepared through a simple hydrothermal method. Co-doping of Fe and N atoms enhanced the catalytic activity of the nanozyme. The nanozyme had a low Michaelis constant (Km) of 0.23 mM when hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as the substrate. Free radical trapping experiments revealed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the nanozyme-catalyzed process were superoxide anion radicals (•O2-), which can oxidize colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate blue oxidation product (ox-TMB) with characteristics absorbance at 652 nm. Based on this mechanism, a colorimetric sensor was constructed to detect H2O2 ranging from 0.1 μM to 200 μM with a detection limit (DL) of 75 nM. In the presence of glucose oxidase (Gox) or Chol oxidase (Chox), Glu or Chol was oxidized, respectively, and generated H2O2. Based on this, indirect detection of Glu and Chol was realized with linear detection ranges of 5-160 μM and 2-200 μM and DLs of 2.8 μM and 0.8 μM, respectively. A paper-based visual detection platform was fabricated using Fe,N-CDs as nanozyme ink to prepare testing paper by inkjet printing. Using a smartphone to record the RGB values of the testing paper after the reaction, visual detection of Glu and Chol can be achieved with linear detection ranges of 5-160 μM (DL of 3.3 μM) and 2-200 μM (DL of 1.0 μM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiyang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Guo Y, Wang R, Wei C, Li Y, Fang T, Tao T. Carbon quantum dots for fluorescent detection of nitrite: A review. Food Chem 2023; 415:135749. [PMID: 36848836 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
NO2- is commonly found in foods and the environment, and excessive intake of NO2- poses serious hazards to human health. Thus, rapid and accurate assay of NO2- is of considerable significance. Traditional instrumental approaches for detection of NO2- faced with limitations of expensive instruments and complicated operations. Current gold standards for sensing NO2- are Griess assay and 2,3-diaminonaphthalene assay, which suffer from slow detection kinetics and bad water solubility. The newly emerged carbon quantum dots (CQDs) exhibit integrated merits including easy fabrication, low-cost, high quantum yield, excellent photostability, tunable emission behavior, good water solubility and low toxicity, which make CQDs be widely applied to fluorescent assay of NO2-. In this review, synthetic strategies of CQDs are briefly presented. Advances of CQDs for fluorescent detection of NO2- are systematically highlighted. Lastly, the challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chengwei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yijin Li
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tiancheng Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tao Tao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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7
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Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
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8
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Huang S, Song Y, Zhang JR, Chen X, Zhu JJ. Antibacterial Carbon Dots-Based Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207385. [PMID: 36799145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of bacterial resistance to conventionally used antibiotics have highlighted the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents that might replace antibiotics. Currently, nanomaterials hold considerable promise as antimicrobial agents in anti-inflammatory therapy. Due to their distinctive functional physicochemical characteristics and exceptional biocompatibility, carbon dots (CDs)-based composites have attracted a lot of attention in the context of these antimicrobial nanomaterials. Here, a thorough assessment of current developments in the field of antimicrobial CDs-based composites is provided, starting with a brief explanation of the general synthesis procedures, categorization, and physicochemical characteristics of CDs-based composites. The many processes driving the antibacterial action of these composites are then thoroughly described, including physical destruction, oxidative stress, and the incorporation of antimicrobial agents. Finally, the obstacles that CDs-based composites now suffer in combating infectious diseases are outlined and investigated, along with the potential applications of antimicrobial CDs-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yuexin Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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9
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Consoli GML, Giuffrida ML, Zimbone S, Ferreri L, Maugeri L, Palmieri M, Satriano C, Forte G, Petralia S. Green Light-Triggerable Chemo-Photothermal Activity of Cytarabine-Loaded Polymer Carbon Dots: Mechanism and Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5732-5743. [PMID: 36688816 PMCID: PMC9906628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanostructures are attracting a lot of attention because of their very low toxicity, excellent visible light-triggered optical and photothermal properties, and intriguing applications. Currently, the development of multifunctional carbon-based nanostructures for a synergistic chemo-photothermal approach is a challenging topic for the advancement of cancer treatment. Here, we report an unprecedented example of photoresponsive carbon-based polymer dots (CPDs-PNM) obtained by a one-pot thermal process from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) without using organic solvent and additional reagents. The CPDs-PNM nanostructures were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The CPDs-PNM exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency, lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, and good cytarabine (arabinosyl cytosine, AraC) loading capacity (62.3%). The formation of a CPDs-PNM/AraC adduct and photothermal-controlled drug release, triggered by green light excitation, were demonstrated by spectroscopic techniques, and the drug-polymer interaction and drug release mechanism were well supported by modeling simulation calculations. The cellular uptake of empty and AraC-loaded CPDs-PNM was imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vitro experiments evidenced that CPDs-PNM did not affect the viability of neuroblastoma cells, while the CPDs-PNM/AraC adduct under light irradiation exhibited significantly higher toxicity than AraC alone by a combined chemo-photothermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M. L. Consoli
- CNR-Institute
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126Catania, Italy
- CIB-Interuniversity
Consortium for Biotechnologies, University
of Catania, Via Flavia,
23/1, 34148Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Zimbone
- CNR-Institute
of Crystallography, Via
Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126Catania, Italy
| | - Loredana Ferreri
- CNR-Institute
of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126Catania, Italy
| | - Ludovica Maugeri
- Department
of Drug Science and Health, University of
Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Palmieri
- CSEM-Swiss
Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002New Chatel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department
of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department
of Drug Science and Health, University of
Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- CIB-Interuniversity
Consortium for Biotechnologies, University
of Catania, Via Flavia,
23/1, 34148Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Health, University of
Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125Catania, Italy
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Wang K, Ru Z, Shi J, Zhu Y, Yang L, Wei M, Xiao M, Liu N, Wang F. N-doped carbon dots as robust fluorescent probes for the rapid detection of hypochlorite. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27170-27178. [PMID: 36276019 PMCID: PMC9511229 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with high quantum yield (67%), which could act as robust fluorescent probes for the detection of free chlorine in local tap water with rapid response and accurate measurement, were efficiently prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zongling Ru
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jiwei Shi
- Shanghai Morimatsu Pharmaceutical Equipment Engineering Co. Ltd., No. 29 Jinwen Road, Pudong Area, Shanghai, 201323, China
| | - Yuezhao Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mengxue Wei
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mengli Xiao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Nana Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
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