Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Network on a Dialysis Cellulose Membrane for Efficient Removal of Organic Dyes

A comprehensive review of chitosan-based functional materials: From history to specific applications

Chitosan (CTS), a natural biopolymer derived from chitin, has garnered significant attention owing to its potential chemical, biological, and physical properties, such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biosafety. This comprehensive review traces the historical development of CTS-based materials and delves into their specific applications across various fields. The study highlights the evolution of CTS from its initial discovery to its current state, emphasizing key milestones and technological advancements that have expanded its utility. Despite the extensive research, the synthesis and functionalization of CTS to achieve desired properties for targeted applications remain a challenge. This review addresses current problems such as the scalability of production, consistency in quality, and the environmental impact of extraction and modification processes. Additionally, it explores the novel applications of CTS-based materials in biomedicine, agriculture, environmental protection, and food industry, showcasing innovative solutions and future potentials. By providing a detailed analysis of the current state of CTS research and identifying gaps in knowledge, this review offers a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals. The novelty of this work lies in its holistic approach, combining historical context with a forward-looking perspective on emerging trends and potential breakthroughs in the field of CTS-based functional materials. Therefore, this review will be helpful for readers by summarizing recent advances and discussing prospects in CTS-based functional materials.

Removal of anionic dye from textile effluent using zirconium phosphate loaded polyaniline-graphene oxide composite: Lab to pilot scale evaluation

Efficient filtering of dyes is essential for the protection of ecosystem and human health due to the considerable water pollution caused by the effluents released from the sector. We present a simple, scalable UV radiation-assisted method for treating methyl orange dye-polluted water from the textile industry using zirconium phosphate-loaded polyaniline-graphene oxide (PGZrP) composite. The new material was synthesized by sonochemically incorporating a polyaniline-graphene oxide composite with hydrothermally synthesized zirconium phosphate. The efficacy of PGZrP in eliminating methyl orange was evaluated using experimental conditions, and the adsorption capacity was investigated as a function of pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and adsorption period. The system follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamics studies showed that enthalpy (H°) and entropy (S°) values are positive, indicating that the dye adsorption increases with increasing temperature and is an endothermic reaction. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 36.45379 mg/g for methyl orange. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics CFD Platform, an attempt was made to check the temperature and concentration profile of a PGZrP composite in a real industrial system. The predicted result shows that there is no significant temperature change in the material during the adsorption process and the concentration of dye is mainly located on the top region of the bed. The developed zirconium phosphate decorated polyaniline-graphene oxide composite can be successfully utilized for the effective removal of methyl orange from industrial wastewater in bulk quantity which is coming from the textile industry, and the composite can be reused for several cycles with good efficiency. In this work, we have designed a miniaturized proof of concept to remove methyl orange from water which showed good dye removal efficiency.

Chitosan-grafted salicylaldehyde/algae composite for methyl violet dye removal: adsorption modeling and optimization

In this study, a hydrothermal approach was employed to graft chitosan (Chit)/algae (ALG) with salicylaldehyde (SA), resulting in the synthesis of a biocomposite named salicylaldehyde-based chitosan Schiff base/algae (Chit-SA/ALG). The main objective of this biocomposite was to effectively remove methyl violet (MV), an organic dye, from aqueous solutions. The adsorption performance of Chit-SA/ALG toward MV was investigated in detail, considering the effects of three factors: (A) Chit-SA/ALG dose (ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 g/100 mL), (B) pH (ranging from 4 to 10), and (C) time (ranging from 10 to 120 min). The Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized for experimental design and analysis. The experimental results exhibited a good fit with both the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting their suitability for describing the MV adsorption process on Chit-SA/ALG. The maximum adsorption capacity of Chit-SA/ALG, as calculated by the Langmuir model, was found to be 115.6 mg/g. The remarkable adsorption of MV onto Chit-SA/ALG can be primarily attributed to the electrostatic forces between Chit-SA/ALG and MV as well as the involvement of various interactions such as n-π, π-π, and H-bond interactions. This research demonstrates that Chit-SA/ALG exhibits promising potential as a highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes from water systems.

Natural bamboo powder and coffee ground as low-cost green adsorbents for the removal of rhodamine B and their recycling performance

Bamboo and coffee, which are abundant and inexpensive, have been used as green adsorbents for the adsorption of industrial dye rhodamine B (RB). Bamboo and coffee are natural sources of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, making them promising green materials for industrial dye removal. The effects of various adsorption conditions, such as contact time, temperature, dose of bamboo powder (BP), coffee ground (CG), initial concentration of RB, and pH values of RB solution, were measured. Consequently, the kinetics of RB adsorption onto bamboo and coffee was in accordance with the pseudo-second-order model, with an activation energy of 29.51 kJ mol-1 for bamboo and 27.46 kJ mol-1 for coffee. The Langmuir model is well fitted to the whole adsorption period at different temperatures, in which the increase in the tested temperature has improved the adsorption capacity (i.e., BP: 6.76 mg g-1/30 °C, 6.96 mg g-1/40 °C, 7.64 mg g-1/50 °C and CG: 6.53 mg g-1/30 °C, 6.80 mg g-1/40 °C, 7.51 mg g-1/50 °C). Moreover, the spontaneous nature of the adsorption was based on the negative Gibbs free energy values obtained (i.e., from - 11.09 to - 14.30 kJ mol-1 [BP] and from - 10.34 to - 13.07 kJ mol-1 [CG]). These revealed that RB adsorption occurred at physical and chemical adsorption states. In addition, the recycling capability of adsorbents was determined in five cycles. Therefore, these materials are promising candidates for low-cost adsorbents.