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Adly HA, El-Okby AWY, Yehya AA, El-Shamy AA, Galhom RA, Hashem MA, Ahmed MF. Circumferential Esophageal Reconstruction Using a Tissue-engineered Decellularized Tunica Vaginalis Graft in a Rabbit Model. J Pediatr Surg 2024:S0022-3468(24)00250-1. [PMID: 38692944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric surgeons have faced esophageal reconstruction challenges for decades owing to a variety of congenital and acquired conditions. This work aimed to introduce a reproducible and efficient approach for creating tissue-engineered esophageal tissue using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured in preconditioned mediums seeded on a sheep decellularized tunica vaginalis (DTV) scaffold for partial reconstruction of a rabbit's esophagus. METHODS DTV was performed using SDS and Triton X-100 solutions. The decellularized grafts were employed alone (DTV group) or after recellularization with BMSCs cultured for 10 days in preconditioned mediums (RTV group) for reconstructing a 3 cm segmental defect in the cervical esophagus of rabbits (n = 20) after the decellularization process was confirmed. Rabbits were observed for one month, after which they were euthanized, and the reconstructed esophagi were harvested for histological analysis. RESULTS Six rabbits in the DTV group and eight rabbits in the RTV group survived until the end of the one-month study period. Despite histological examination demonstrating that both grafts completely repaired the esophageal defect, the RTV graft demonstrated a histological structure similar to that of the normal esophagus. The reconstructed esophagi in the RTV group revealed the arrangement of the different layers of the esophageal wall with the formation of newly formed blood vessels and Schwann-like cells. CONCLUSION DTV xenograft is a novel scaffold that promotes cell adhesion and differentiation and might be effectively utilized for regenerating esophageal tissue, paving the way for future clinical trials in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Adly
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Wahab Y El-Okby
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Aziz Yehya
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Shamy
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania A Galhom
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Tissue Culture Lab, Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hashem
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Luo Y, Chen Y, Gu Z, Ni R, Feng P, Hu Z, Song L, Shen X, Gu C, Li J, Du T, Yang L, Zhang H, Zhu Y. Engineered muscle from micro-channeled PEG scaffold with magnetic Fe 3O 4 fixation towards accelerating esophageal muscle repair. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100853. [PMID: 38024845 PMCID: PMC10663962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered scaffolds are used for repairing damaged esophagus to allow the precise alignment and movement of smooth muscle for peristalsis. However, most of these scaffolds focus solely on inducing cell alignment through directional apparatus, often overlooking the promotion of muscle tissue formation and causing reduced esophageal muscle repair effectiveness. To address this issue, we first introduced aligned nano-ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) assemblies on a micropatterned poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel to form micro-/nano-stripes. Further modification using a gold coating was found to enhance cellular adhesion, orientation and organization within these micro-/nano-stripes, which consequently prevented excessive adhesion of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the thin PEG ridges, thereby effectively confining the cells to the Fe3O4-laid channels. This architectural design promotes the alignment of the cytoskeleton and elongation of actin filaments, leading to the organized formation of muscle bundles and a tendency for SMCs to adopt synthetic phenotypes. Muscle patches are harvested from the micro-/nano-stripes and transplanted into a rat esophageal defect model. In vivo experiments demonstrate the exceptional viability of these muscle patches and their ability to accelerate the regeneration of esophageal tissue. Overall, this study presents an efficient strategy for constructing muscle patches with directional alignment and muscle bundle formation of SMCs, holding significant promise for muscle tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yichen Chen
- Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, 315031, China
| | - Zhaofeng Gu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Renhao Ni
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Peipei Feng
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Zeming Hu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lei Song
- Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, 315031, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Gu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Tianyu Du
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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Han X, Saiding Q, Cai X, Xiao Y, Wang P, Cai Z, Gong X, Gong W, Zhang X, Cui W. Intelligent Vascularized 3D/4D/5D/6D-Printed Tissue Scaffolds. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:239. [PMID: 37907770 PMCID: PMC10618155 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels are essential for nutrient and oxygen delivery and waste removal. Scaffold-repairing materials with functional vascular networks are widely used in bone tissue engineering. Additive manufacturing is a manufacturing technology that creates three-dimensional solids by stacking substances layer by layer, mainly including but not limited to 3D printing, but also 4D printing, 5D printing and 6D printing. It can be effectively combined with vascularization to meet the needs of vascularized tissue scaffolds by precisely tuning the mechanical structure and biological properties of smart vascular scaffolds. Herein, the development of neovascularization to vascularization to bone tissue engineering is systematically discussed in terms of the importance of vascularization to the tissue. Additionally, the research progress and future prospects of vascularized 3D printed scaffold materials are highlighted and presented in four categories: functional vascularized 3D printed scaffolds, cell-based vascularized 3D printed scaffolds, vascularized 3D printed scaffolds loaded with specific carriers and bionic vascularized 3D printed scaffolds. Finally, a brief review of vascularized additive manufacturing-tissue scaffolds in related tissues such as the vascular tissue engineering, cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, soft tissue and a discussion of the challenges and development efforts leading to significant advances in intelligent vascularized tissue regeneration is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 105 Jiefang Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimanguli Saiding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xiao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 105 Jiefang Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gong
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9096, USA
| | - Weiming Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 105 Jiefang Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Kim J, Kim JY, Bhattarai G, So HS, Kook SH, Lee JC. Periodontal Ligament-Mimetic Fibrous Scaffolds Regulate YAP-Associated Fibroblast Behaviors and Promote Regeneration of Periodontal Defect in Relation to the Scaffold Topography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:599-616. [PMID: 36575925 PMCID: PMC9837821 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple regenerative strategies are being developed for periodontal reconstruction, guided periodontal ligament (PDL) regeneration is difficult because of its cellular and fibrous complexities. Here, we manufactured four different types of PDL-mimic fibrous scaffolds on a desired single mat. These scaffolds exhibited a structure of PDL matrix and human PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs) cultured on the scaffolds resembling morphological phenotypes present in native PDLF. The scaffold-seeded PDLF exerted proliferative, osteoblastic, and osteoclastogenic potentials depending on the fiber topographical cues. Fiber surface-regulated behaviors of PDLF were correlated with the expression patterns of yes-associated protein (YAP), CD105, periostin, osteopontin, and vinculin. Transfection with si-RNA confirmed that YAP acted as the master mechanosensing regulator. Of the as-spun scaffolds, aligned or grid-patterned microscale scaffold regulated the YAP-associated behavior of PDLF more effectively than nanomicroscale or random-oriented microscale scaffold. Implantation with hydrogel complex conjugated with microscale-patterned or grid-patterned scaffold, but not other types of scaffolds, recovered the defected PDL with native PDL-mimic cellularization and fiber structure in the reformed PDL. Our results demonstrate that PDL-biomimetic scaffolds regulate topography-related and YAP-mediated behaviors of PDLF in relation to their topographies. Overall, this study may support a clinical approach of the fiber-hydrogel complex in guided PDL regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong
In Kim
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- Department
of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Govinda Bhattarai
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Han-Sol So
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
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Kim W, Gwon Y, Park S, Kim H, Kim J. Therapeutic strategies of three-dimensional stem cell spheroids and organoids for tissue repair and regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:50-74. [PMID: 35441116 PMCID: PMC8987319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occur in vivo. Moreover, 3D cell culture systems have unique properties that help guide specific functions, growth, and processes of stem cells (e.g., embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and organogenesis). Thus, 3D stem cell culture systems that mimic in vivo environments enable basic research about various tissues and organs. In this review, we focus on the advanced therapeutic applications of stem cell-based 3D culture systems generated using different engineering techniques. Specifically, we summarize the historical advancements of 3D cell culture systems and discuss the therapeutic applications of stem cell-based spheroids and organoids, including engineering techniques for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woochan Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseong Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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6
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Lin X, Kong B, Zhu Y, Zhao Y. Bioactive Fish Scale Scaffolds with MSCs-Loading for Skin Flap Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201226. [PMID: 35599385 PMCID: PMC9313489 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin flap transplantations are common methods for covering and repairing tissue defects in surgery, while the survival rates of these skin flaps are still low due to the vascular crisis and necrosis. To improve this situation, herein a novel biohybrid scaffold is proposed by integrating the advantages of anisotropic fish scales and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for skin flap regeneration. The fish scale scaffold is obtained through its decellularization and decalcification processes, which reserved intact collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and other endogenous growth factors for MSCs and human vascular endothelial cells proliferation. As the scaffold maintains intrinsic anisotropic structures on both surfaces, the proliferative cells can be elongated along the aligned structures on the fish scale, which endow them the capacity to differentiate into multiple directions. Based on these features, it is demonstrated from an in vivo experiment that the MSCs-loading fish scale scaffolds can effectively convert the activated inflammatory macrophages into anti-inflammatory properties, reduce the inflammation around the flap, and improve the survival rate. These results indicate that the MSCs-loading fish scale scaffold is suitable and has the potential for skin flap regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001P. R. China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyNanjing Drum Tower HospitalSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain Health)Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhou325001P. R. China
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100101P. R. China
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7
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The sustained PGE 2 release matrix improves neovascularization and skeletal muscle regeneration in a hindlimb ischemia model. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:95. [PMID: 35209908 PMCID: PMC8867652 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is to restore blood supply and promote regeneration of skeletal muscle regeneration. Increasing evidence revealed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a lipid signaling molecule, has significant therapeutic potential for tissue repair and regeneration. Though PGE2 has been well reported in tissue regeneration, the application of PGE2 is hampered by its short half-life in vivo and the lack of a viable system for sustained release of PGE2. RESULTS In this study, we designed and synthesized a new PGE2 release matrix by chemically bonding PGE2 to collagen. Our results revealed that the PGE2 matrix effectively extends the half-life of PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the PGE2 matrix markedly improved neovascularization by increasing angiogenesis, as confirmed by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Furthermore, the PGE2 matrix exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy in the hindlimb ischemia model through the activation of MyoD1-mediated muscle stem cells, which is consistent with accelerated structural recovery of skeletal muscle, as evidenced by histological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the chemical bonding strategy of chemical bonding PGE2 to collagen for sustained release and may facilitate the development of PGE2-based therapies to significantly improve tissue regeneration.
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Xu R, Fang X, Wu S, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Hou R, Zhang L, Shao L, Pang Q, Zhang J, Cui X, Zuo R, Yao L, Zhu Y. Development and Prospect of Esophageal Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:853193. [PMID: 35252159 PMCID: PMC8892191 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, patients with esophageal cancer, especially advanced patients, usually use autologous tissue for esophageal alternative therapy. However, an alternative therapy is often accompanied by serious complications such as ischemia and leakage, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Tissue engineering has been widely studied as one of the ideal methods for the treatment of esophageal cancer. In view of the complex multi-layer structure of the natural esophagus, how to use the tissue engineering method to design the scaffold with structure and function matching with the natural tissue is the principle that the tissue engineering method must follow. This article will analyze and summarize the construction methods, with or without cells, and repair effects of single-layer scaffold and multi-layer scaffold. Especially in the repair of full-thickness and circumferential esophageal defects, the flexible design method and the binding force between the layers of the scaffold are very important. In short, esophageal tissue engineering technology has broad prospects and plays a more and more important role in the treatment of esophageal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinnan Fang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shengqian Wu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiyin Wang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ruixia Hou,
| | - Libing Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Shao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Pang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rongyue Zuo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liwei Yao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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10
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Li Z, Zhang X, Ouyang J, Chu D, Han F, Shi L, Liu R, Guo Z, Gu GX, Tao W, Jin L, Li J. Ca 2+-supplying black phosphorus-based scaffolds fabricated with microfluidic technology for osteogenesis. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4053-4064. [PMID: 33997492 PMCID: PMC8089774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective osteogenesis remains a challenge in the treatment of bone defects. The emergence of artificial bone scaffolds provides an attractive solution. In this work, a new biomineralization strategy is proposed to facilitate osteogenesis through sustaining supply of nutrients including phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and silicon (Si). We developed black phosphorus (BP)-based, three-dimensional nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds via microfluidic technology to provide a wealth of essential ions for bone defect treatment. The fibrous scaffolds were fabricated from 3D poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibers (3D NFs), BP nanosheets, and hydroxyapatite (HA)-porous SiO2 nanoparticles. The 3D BP@HA NFs possess three advantages: i) stably connected pores allow the easy entrance of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into the interior of the 3D fibrous scaffolds for bone repair and osteogenesis; ii) plentiful nutrients in the NFs strongly improve osteogenic differentiation in the bone repair area; iii) the photothermal effect of fibrous scaffolds promotes the release of elements necessary for bone formation, thus achieving accelerated osteogenesis. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the 3D BP@HA NFs, with the assistance of NIR laser, exhibited good performance in promoting bone regeneration. Furthermore, microfluidic technology makes it possible to obtain high-quality 3D BP@HA NFs with low costs, rapid processing, high throughput and mass production, greatly improving the prospects for clinical application. This is also the first BP-based bone scaffold platform that can self-supply Ca2+, which may be the blessedness for older patients with bone defects or patients with damaged bones as a result of calcium loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanrong Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Dandan Chu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Han
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuqi Shi
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixing Liu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Grace X. Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720‐1740, United States
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Lin Jin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguo Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ruiz-Esparza GU, Wang X, Zhang X, Jimenez-Vazquez S, Diaz-Gomez L, Lavoie AM, Afewerki S, Fuentes-Baldemar AA, Parra-Saldivar R, Jiang N, Annabi N, Saleh B, Yetisen AK, Sheikhi A, Jozefiak TH, Shin SR, Dong N, Khademhosseini A. Nanoengineered Shear-Thinning Hydrogel Barrier for Preventing Postoperative Abdominal Adhesions. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:212. [PMID: 34664123 PMCID: PMC8523737 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of surgical patients develop postoperative adhesions, and the incidence of hospital re-admissions can be as high as 20%. Current adhesion barriers present limited efficacy due to difficulties in application and incompatibility with minimally invasive interventions. To solve this clinical limitation, we developed an injectable and sprayable shear-thinning hydrogel barrier (STHB) composed of silicate nanoplatelets and poly(ethylene oxide). We optimized this technology to recover mechanical integrity after stress, enabling its delivery though injectable and sprayable methods. We also demonstrated limited cell adhesion and cytotoxicity to STHB compositions in vitro. The STHB was then tested in a rodent model of peritoneal injury to determine its efficacy preventing the formation of postoperative adhesions. After two weeks, the peritoneal adhesion index was used as a scoring method to determine the formation of postoperative adhesions, and STHB formulations presented superior efficacy compared to a commercially available adhesion barrier. Histological and immunohistochemical examination showed reduced adhesion formation and minimal immune infiltration in STHB formulations. Our technology demonstrated increased efficacy, ease of use in complex anatomies, and compatibility with different delivery methods, providing a robust universal platform to prevent postoperative adhesions in a wide range of surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xichi Wang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sofia Jimenez-Vazquez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45201, Mexico
| | - Liliana Diaz-Gomez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45201, Mexico
| | - Anne-Marie Lavoie
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andres A Fuentes-Baldemar
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45201, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 64849, Mexico
- School of Medicine and Health Science, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45201, Mexico
| | - Nan Jiang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bahram Saleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amir Sheikhi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Thomas H Jozefiak
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, 11570 W Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
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Wu D, Chang X, Tian J, Kang L, Wu Y, Liu J, Wu X, Huang Y, Gao B, Wang H, Qiu G, Wu Z. Bone mesenchymal stem cells stimulation by magnetic nanoparticles and a static magnetic field: release of exosomal miR-1260a improves osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:209. [PMID: 34256779 PMCID: PMC8278669 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from stem cells has attracted increasing interest recently, because they can exert similar paracrine functions of stem cells and overcome the limitations of stem cells transplantation. Exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) have been confirmed to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The magnetic nanoparticles (eg. Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3) combined with a static magnetic field (SMF) has been commonly used to increase wound healing and bone regeneration. Hence, this study aims to evaluate whether exosomes derived from BMSCs preconditioned with a low dose of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with or without the SMF, exert superior pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic activities in bone regeneration and the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods Two novel types of exosomes derived from preconditioned BMSCs that fabricated by regulating the contents with the stimulation of magnetic nanoparticles and/or a SMF. Then, the new exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized. Afterwards, we conducted in vitro experiments in which we measured osteogenic differentiation, cell proliferation, cell migration, and tube formation, then established an in vivo critical-sized calvarial defect rat model. The miRNA expression profiles were compared among the exosomes to detect the potential mechanism of improving osteogenesis and angiogenesis. At last, the function of exosomal miRNA during bone regeneration was confirmed by utilizing a series of gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro. Results 50 µg/mL Fe3O4 nanoparticles and a 100 mT SMF were chosen as the optimum magnetic conditions to fabricate two new exosomes, named BMSC-Fe3O4-Exos and BMSC-Fe3O4-SMF-Exos. They were both confirmed to enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo compared with BMSC-Exos, and BMSC-Fe3O4-SMF-Exos had the most marked effect. The promotion effect was found to be related to the highly riched miR-1260a in BMSC-Fe3O4-SMF-Exos. Furthermore, miR-1260a was verified to enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis through inhibition of HDAC7 and COL4A2, respectively. Conclusion These results suggest that low doses of Fe3O4 nanoparticles combined with a SMF trigger exosomes to exert enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis and that targeting of HDAC7 and COL4A2 by exosomal miR-1260a plays a crucial role in this process. This work could provide a new protocol to promote bone regeneration for tissue engineering in the future. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00958-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuanhao Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Umibio (Shanghai) Co. Ltd; RM309, 1st building, No.88 Cailun Rd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Medical Science Research Center (MRC), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Bone and Joint Disease, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Wang Y, Lu L, Zheng G, Zhang X. Microenvironment-Controlled Micropatterned Microfluidic Model (MMMM) for Biomimetic In Situ Studies. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9861-9872. [PMID: 32701267 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of trophozoites to the intestine is an indispensable step for Giardia's survival and pathogenicity in almost 280 million infections worldwide each year. However, the analysis of the attachment mechanism is difficult due to the lack of methods that can create a favorable microaerobic atmosphere. Herein, we developed an osmotic-pressure, pH, excretion, nutrition, gas, ionic-strength, flow-rate, and temperature microenvironment-controlled micropatterned microfluidic model to simulate the in vivo microenvironment to study in situ the stress applied to Giardia in the intestinal tract. We designed three nonbiological surfaces with stagger arrangement manners and integrated them with a resistance microfluidic network to split Giardia-attaching forces ingeniously and developed the term "attaching contribution rate" (ACR) to describe their corresponding contributions. Our study shows that the total attaching force measured is 49.58 Pa, with three components being 22.66 Pa (suction force), 12.52 Pa (clutching force), and 14.4 Pa (combined electrostatic and van der Waals force), respectively, with ACRs being 46%, 25%, and 29%, respectively. By decomposing the attaching force and analyzing each force component and their structure and composition basis, whole profiles of the attachment mechanisms were revealed. Our method enables the analysis of the surface attachment mechanisms and their ACRs for Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Environmental Micro Total Analysis Lab, Dalian University, 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Environmental Micro Total Analysis Lab, Dalian University, 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Guoxia Zheng
- Environmental Micro Total Analysis Lab, Dalian University, 116622, Dalian, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Huang R, Chen X, Dong Y, Zhang X, Wei Y, Yang Z, Li W, Guo Y, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang H, Jin L. MXene Composite Nanofibers for Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2125-2131. [PMID: 35025264 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Xing Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yuqing Dong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yingqi Wei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxi Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - Jin Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Lin Jin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, P. R. China
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