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Mohamad Noh MF, Arzaee NA, Harif MN, Mat Teridi MA, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Mahmood Zuhdi AW. Defect Engineering at Buried Interface of Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400385. [PMID: 39031619 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have developed rapidly since the past decade with the aim to produce highly efficient photovoltaic technology at a low cost. Recently, physical and chemical defects at the buried interface of PSC including vacancies, impurities, lattice strain, and voids are identified as the next formidable hurdle to the further advancement of the performance of devices. The presence of these defects has unfavorably impacted many optoelectronic properties in the PSC, such as band alignment, charge extraction/recombination dynamics, ion migration behavior, and hydrophobicity. Herein, a broad but critical discussion on various essential aspects related to defects at the buried interface is provided. In particular, the defects existing at the surface of the underlying charge transporting layer (CTL) and the bottom surface of the perovskite film are initially elaborated. In situ and ex situ characterization approaches adopted to unveil hidden defects are elucidated to determine their influence on the efficiency, operational stability, and photocurrent-voltage hysteresis of PSC. A myriad of innovative strategies including defect management in CTL, the introduction of passivation materials, strain engineering, and morphological control used to address defects are also systematically elucidated to catalyze the further development of more efficient, reliable, and commercially viable photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Noh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Affiqah Arzaee
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Najib Harif
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, 72000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Asri Mat Teridi
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Wafi Mahmood Zuhdi
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
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2
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Game OS, Thornber T, Cepero-Mejías F, Infante-Ortega LC, Togay M, Cassella EJ, Kilbride RC, Gordon RH, Mullin N, Greenhalgh RC, Isherwood PJM, Walls JM, Fairclough JPA, Lidzey DG. Direct Integration of Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon Fiber Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2209950. [PMID: 37001880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Integrating photovoltaic devices onto the surface of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer substrates should create materials with high mechanical strength that are also able to generate electrical power. Such devices are anticipated to find ready applications as structural, energy-harvesting systems in both the automotive and aeronautical sectors. Here, the fabrication of triple-cation perovskite n-i-p solar cells onto the surface of planarized carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer substrates is demonstrated, with devices utilizing a transparent top ITO contact. These devices also contain a "wrinkled" SiO2 interlayer placed between the device and substrate that alleviates thermally induced cracking of the bottom ITO layer. Devices are found to have a maximum stabilized power conversion efficiency of 14.5% and a specific power (power per weight) of 21.4 W g-1 (without encapsulation), making them highly suitable for mobile power applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar S Game
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Timothy Thornber
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Fernando Cepero-Mejías
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Luis C Infante-Ortega
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Mustafa Togay
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Elena J Cassella
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Rachel C Kilbride
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Robert H Gordon
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Nic Mullin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Rachael C Greenhalgh
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Patrick J M Isherwood
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Michael Walls
- CREST, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - J Patrick A Fairclough
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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3
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Zakaria Y, Aïssa B, Fix T, Ahzi S, Mansour S, Slaoui A. Moderate temperature deposition of RF magnetron sputtered SnO 2-based electron transporting layer for triple cation perovskite solar cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9100. [PMID: 37277370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are still facing the two main challenges of stability and scalability to meet the requirements for their potential commercialization. Therefore, developing a uniform, efficient, high quality and cost-effective electron transport layer (ETL) thin film to achieve a stable PSC is one of the key factors to address these main issues. Magnetron sputtering deposition has been widely used for its high quality thin film deposition as well as its ability to deposit films uniformly on large area at the industrial scale. In this work, we report on the composition, structural, chemical state, and electronic properties of moderate temperature radio frequency (RF) sputtered SnO2. Ar and O2 are employed as plasma-sputtering and reactive gases, respectively. We demonstrate the possibility to grow a high quality and stable SnO2 thin films with high transport properties by reactive RF magnetron sputtering. Our findings show that PSC devices based on the sputtered SnO2 ETL have reached a power conversion efficiency up to 17.10% and an average operational lifetime over 200 h. These uniform sputtered SnO2 thin films with improved characteristics are promising for large photovoltaic modules and advanced optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zakaria
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratoire ICube‑CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67037, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Aïssa
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
| | - T Fix
- Laboratoire ICube‑CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67037, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Ahzi
- Laboratoire ICube‑CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67037, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Mansour
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - A Slaoui
- Laboratoire ICube‑CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67037, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Serafini P, Gualdrón-Reyes AF, Sánchez RS, Barea EM, Masi S, Mora-Seró I. Balanced change in crystal unit cell volume and strain leads to stable halide perovskite with high guanidinium content. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32630-32639. [PMID: 36425685 PMCID: PMC9661883 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-to-date studies propose that strain in halide perovskites is one of the key factors that determine a device's efficiency and stability. Here, we show a systematic approach to characterize the phenomenon in the standard methylammonium lead iodine (MAPbI3) perovskite system by: (i) the substitution of some MA by guanidinium (Gu); (ii) the incorporation of PbS quantum dot (QD) additives and (iii) addition of both Gu and PbS at the same time. We studied the effect of these incorporations on the film strain and crystal cell unit volume, and on the solar cell device efficiency and stability. Gu cations and PbS QDs affect the strain, the former due to the relatively large dimensions of Gu, and the latter due to the lattice matching parameters. With the control of Gu and PbS QD content, higher performance and longer solar cell stability are obtained. We demonstrated that the presence of Gu and PbS QDs alters the structure of perovskite, in terms of modification of the unit cell volume and strain. The greater size of Gu cations produces a MAPbI3 unit cell volume expansion as Gu is incorporated, modifying the strain from compressive to tensile. PbS QDs aid Gu incorporation, producing a unit cell volume expansion. In the case of 15% mol Gu incorporation, the addition of PbS QDs modifies strain from compressive to tensile, limiting the deleterious effect. At the same time the unit cell volume is less affected, increasing the solar cell stability. Our work shows that the control of compressive strain and the unit cell volume expansion lead to a 50% increase in T 80, the time in which the PCE decreases to 80% of its original value, increasing the T 80 value from 120 to 187 days under air conditions. Moreover it highlights the importance of exploiting not only the control of the strain induced by internal component, the cation, but also the strain induced by the external component, the QD, associated instead with critical volume variation of metastable perovskite unit cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Serafini
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Andrés F Gualdrón-Reyes
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile Isla Teja 5090000 Valdivia Chile
| | - Rafael S Sánchez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Eva M Barea
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Sofia Masi
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
| | - Iván Mora-Seró
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Spain
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5
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Stability and degradation in triple cation and methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells mediated via Au and Ag electrodes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18574. [PMID: 36329076 PMCID: PMC9633698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly based on the methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) formulation, have been of intense interest for the past decade within the photovoltaics (PV) community, given the stupendous rise in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) attributed to these perovskite formulations, where PCEs have exceeded 25%. However, their long-term stability under operational conditions and environmental storage are still prime challenges to be overcome towards their commercialization. Although studies on the intrinsic perovskite absorber stability have been conducted previously, there are no clear mechanisms for the interaction of electrode-induced absorber degradation pathways, which is the focus of this study. In this report, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis on the impact of the electrode collector layer, specifically Ag and Au, on the degradation mechanism associated with the MAPbI3 and a triple cation absorber, Cs0.05FA0.79MA0.16PbI2.45Br0.55. Notably, Au-based PSCs for both absorbers in an n-i-p architecture showed superior PCE over Ag-based PSCs, where the optimized PCE of MAPbI3 and triple cation-based PSCs was 15.39% and 18.21%, respectively. On the other hand, optimized PCE of MAPbI3 and triple cation-based PSCs with Ag electrodes was 3.02% and 16.44%, respectively. In addition, the Ag-based PSCs showed a rapid decrease in PCE over Au-based PSCs through operational stability measurements. We hypothesize the mechanism of degradation, arising from the Ag interaction with the absorber through the formation of AgI in the PSCs, leads to corrosion of the perovskite absorber, as opposed to the benign AuI when Au electrodes are used in the solar cell stack. Additionally, novel use of photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) here, allowed us to access key features of the perovskite absorber in situ, while it was in contact with the various layers within the n-i-p solar cell stack. A quenching in the PL peak in the case of Ag-contacted MAPbI3 provided direct evidence of the Ag corrupting the optical properties of the absorber through the formation of AgI which our X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed. This was supported by the fact that an emission peak was still present in the triple cation Ag-device. For the Au-contacted MAPbI3 the presence of a well-defined PL peak, though attenuated from the triple cation Au-device, suggested the AuI does not quell the emission spectrum for either the triple cation or the MAPbI3 absorber. The findings should aid in the understanding and design of new electrode materials with PSCs, which will help accelerate their introduction into the commercial sector in the future.
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6
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Xu Z, Huang L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Chen C, He Z, Liu J, Fang Y, Wang K, Zhou G, Liu JM, Gao J. Thermal Annealing-Free SnO 2 for Fully Room-Temperature-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41037-41044. [PMID: 36044398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been recognized as one of the most reported protocols due to its processing convenience, high reproducibility, and excellence in device performance. To date, the thermal annealing (TA) process is still an essential step for a high-quality SnO2 ETL to reduce the surface trap density. This however could restrict its processing with high thermal energy input and set a barrier to the easiness of manufacturing such as processing under room-temperature conditions. Herein, we report a thermal annealing-free (TAF) SnO2 ETL by an alternative UV-ozone (UVO) treatment. This technique simultaneously endows the SnO2 ETL with a deeper valence band maximum (EVB) and lower defect density. Furthermore, with this SnO2 ETL, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.46 and 22.26% was achieved based on MAPbI3 and Cs0.05(FA0.85MA0.15)0.95Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 absorbers, respectively. Importantly, a fully room-temperature-processed (RTP) PSC based on the TAF-SnO2 ETL has been demonstrated with a PCE of 20.88% on a rigid substrate and 15.92% on a flexible substrate, which are the highest values for RTP solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Xu
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lanqin Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuoxi Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zijun He
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yating Fang
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Ming Liu
- Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinwei Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Memon AF, Ameen S, Khand NH, Qambrani N, Buledi JA, Junejo B, Solangi AR, Taqvi SIH, Dragoi EN, Zare N, Karimi F, Vasseghian Y. Electrochemical monitoring of bisphenol-s through nanostructured tin oxide/Nafion/GCE: A solution to environmental pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135170. [PMID: 35640684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, phenolic compounds have been broadly exploited in the industries to be utilized in several applications including polycarbonate plastic, food containers, epoxy resins, etc. One of the major compounds in phenolics is Bisphenol-S (BPS) which has dominantly replaced Bisphenol-A in several applications. Phenolic compounds are extensively drained into the environment without proper treatment and cause several health hazards. Thus, to tackle this serious problem an electrochemical sensor based on SnO2/GCE has been successfully engineered to monitor the low-level concentration of BPS in water samples. The fabrication of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) was confirmed through FTIR, XRD, and TEM to examine the size, crystallinity, internal texture, and functionalities of the prepared material. The fabricated material was exploited as a chemically modified sensor for the determination of BPS in water samples collected from different sources. Under optimal conditions such as scan sweep 100 mV/s, PBS electrolyte pH of 6, potential window (0.3-1.3 V), the proposed sensor manifested an excellent response for BPS. The LOD of the present method for BPS was calculated as 0.007 μM, respectively. Moreover, the stability and selectivity profile of SnO2/GCE for BPS in the real matrix was examined to be outstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas F Memon
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ameen
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, 67450, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Nadir H Khand
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Qambrani
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Jamil A Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Bindia Junejo
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amber R Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Iqleem H Taqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Iasi, Bld Mangeron no 73, 700050, Romania
| | - Najmeh Zare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
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8
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Thornber T, Game OS, Cassella EJ, O’Kane ME, Bishop JE, Routledge TJ, Alanazi TI, Togay M, Isherwood PJM, Infante-Ortega LC, Hammond DB, Walls JM, Lidzey DG. Nonplanar Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37587-37594. [PMID: 35920712 PMCID: PMC9412839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spray coating is an industrially mature technique used to deposit thin films that combines high throughput with the ability to coat nonplanar surfaces. Here, we explore the use of ultrasonic spray coating to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over rigid, nonplanar surfaces without problems caused by solution dewetting and subsequent "run-off". Encouragingly, we find that PSCs can be spray-coated using our processes onto glass substrates held at angles of inclination up to 45° away from the horizontal, with such devices having comparable power conversion efficiencies (up to 18.3%) to those spray-cast onto horizontal substrates. Having established that our process can be used to create PSCs on surfaces that are not horizontal, we fabricate devices over a convex glass substrate, with devices having a maximum power conversion efficiency of 12.5%. To our best knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration of a rigid, curved perovskite solar cell. The integration of perovskite photovoltaics onto curved surfaces will likely find direct applications in the aerospace and automotive sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Thornber
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Onkar S. Game
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena J. Cassella
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. O’Kane
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Bishop
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Routledge
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek I. Alanazi
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, Northern
Border University, Arar 73222, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Togay
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. M. Isherwood
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Luis C. Infante-Ortega
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah B. Hammond
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Walls
- CREST,
Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Lidzey
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhou Y, Najar A, Zhang J, Feng J, Cao Y, Li Z, Zhu X, Yang D, Liu SF. Effect of Solvent Residue in the Thin-Film Fabrication on Perovskite Solar Cell Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28729-28737. [PMID: 35699996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic Pb-based halide perovskite photoelectrical materials, especially perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have attracted attention due to the significant efforts in improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to above 25%. However, the stability issue of the PSCs restricts their further development for commercialization. Strategies are designed to keep moisture and oxygen out of the perovskite films, such as additive, surface passivation, and solvent engineering; however, usually, the corrosion of active films by the residual solvent is mostly ignored. Solvent residue is the paramount factor influencing the stability of the perovskite film prepared by the solution method, and most solvents can be easily absorbed and accelerate the perovskite film decomposition. Here, we studied the residual solvent effect on two kinds of perovskite films obtained by different annealing processes: hot air annealing and hot bench annealing. Several detection techniques were used to study the performance of two different annealing methods, including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The perovskite film obtained by hot air annealing shows less residual solvent and better device performance than the hot bench annealing method. This method is expected to provide insight into reducing solvent residue to improve the stability of the PSCs, especially for future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhou
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Adel Najar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Ain 12345, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangshan Feng
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuejie Zhu
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Parida B, Singh A, Kalathil Soopy AK, Sangaraju S, Sundaray M, Mishra S, Liu S(F, Najar A. Recent Developments in Upscalable Printing Techniques for Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200308. [PMID: 35274476 PMCID: PMC9109066 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Just over a decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been emerged as a next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their skyrocketing power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and easy manufacturing techniques compared to Si solar cells. Several methods and procedures have been developed to fabricate high-quality perovskite films to improve the scalability and commercialize PSCs. Recently, several printing technologies such as blade-coating, slot-die coating, spray coating, flexographic printing, gravure printing, screen printing, and inkjet printing have been found to be very effective in controlling film formation and improving the PCE of over 21%. This review summarizes the intensive research efforts given for these printing techniques to scale up the perovskite films as well as the hole transport layer (HTL), the electron transport layer (ETL), and electrodes for PSCs. In the end, this review presents a description of the future research scope to overcome the challenges being faced in the printing techniques for the commercialization of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Parida
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain15551UAE
| | - Arjun Singh
- Department of Applied SciencesThe Northcap UniversityGurugram122017India
| | | | - Sambasivam Sangaraju
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain15551UAE
| | - Madhulita Sundaray
- Department of Humanities and SciencesKG Reddy College of Engineering and TechnologyHyderabad501504India
| | - Satrujit Mishra
- Department of PhysicsParala Maharaja Engineering CollegeBerhampurOdisha761003India
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean EnergyiChEMDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianLiaoning116023China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationShaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy TechnologySchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'anShaanxi710119China
| | - Adel Najar
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain15551UAE
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11
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Prospect of SnO2 Electron Transport Layer Deposited by Ultrasonic Spraying. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) has been characterized as being excellent in optical and electrical properties, ensuring its indispensable role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, SnO2 films were prepared using two approaches, namely, the ultrasonic spraying method and the traditional spin-coating, where the different properties in optical and electrical performance of SnO2 films from two methods were analyzed by UV–Vis, XRD, AFM, and XPS. Results indicate that the optical band gaps of the sprayed and the spin-coated film are 3.83 eV and 3.77 eV, respectively. The sprayed SnO2 film has relatively low surface roughness according to the AFM. XPS spectra show that the sprayed SnO2 film has a higher proportion of Sn2+ and thus corresponds to higher carrier concentration than spin-coated one. Hall effect measurement demonstrates that the carrier concentration of the sprayed film is 1.0 × 1014 cm−3, which is slightly higher than that of the spin-coated film. In addition, the best PCSs efficiencies prepared by sprayed and spin-coated SnO2 films are 18.3% and 17.5%, respectively. This work suggests that the ultrasonic spraying method has greater development potential in the field of flexible perovskite cells due to its feasibility of large-area deposition.
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12
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Kumar N, Lee HB, Sahani R, Tyagi B, Cho S, Lee JS, Kang JW. Room-Temperature Spray Deposition of Large-Area SnO 2 Electron Transport Layer for High Performance, Stable FAPbI 3 -Based Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101127. [PMID: 35175000 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance and scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highly dependent on the morphology and charge selectivity of the electron transport layer (ETL). This work demonstrates a high-speed (1800 mm min-1 ), room-temperature (25 °C-30 °C) deposition of large-area (62.5 cm2 ) tin oxide films using a multi-pass spray deposition technique. The spray-deposited SnO2 (spray-SnO2 ) films exhibit a controllable thickness, a unique granulate morphology and high transmittance (≈85% at 550 nm). The performance of the PSC based on spray-SnO2 ETL and formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3 )-based perovskite is highly consistent and reproducible, achieving a maximum efficiency of ≈20.1% at an active area (A) of 0.096 cm2 . Characterization results reveal that the efficiency improvement originates from the granular morphology of spray-SnO2 and high conversion rate of PbI2 in the perovskite. More importantly, spray-SnO2 films are highly scalable and able to reduce the efficiency roll-off that comes with the increase in contact-area between SnO2 and perovskite film. Based on the spray-SnO2 ETL, large-area PSC (A = 1.0 cm2 ) achieves an efficiency of ≈18.9%. Furthermore, spray-SnO2 ETL based PSCs also exhibit higher storage stability compared to the spin-SnO2 based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetesh Kumar
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hock Beng Lee
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Rishabh Sahani
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Barkha Tyagi
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Cho
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Kang
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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13
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Altinkaya C, Aydin E, Ugur E, Isikgor FH, Subbiah AS, De Bastiani M, Liu J, Babayigit A, Allen TG, Laquai F, Yildiz A, De Wolf S. Tin Oxide Electron-Selective Layers for Efficient, Stable, and Scalable Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005504. [PMID: 33660306 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising photovoltaic (PV) technology, where the evolution of the electron-selective layers (ESLs), an integral part of any PV device, has played a distinctive role to their progress. To date, the mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2 )/compact TiO2 stack has been among the most used ESLs in state-of-the-art PSCs. However, this material requires high-temperature sintering and may induce hysteresis under operational conditions, raising concerns about its use toward commercialization. Recently, tin oxide (SnO2 ) has emerged as an attractive alternative ESL, thanks to its wide bandgap, high optical transmission, high carrier mobility, suitable band alignment with perovskites, and decent chemical stability. Additionally, its low-temperature processability enables compatibility with temperature-sensitive substrates, and thus flexible devices and tandem solar cells. Here, the notable developments of SnO2 as a perovskite-relevant ESL are reviewed with emphasis placed on the various fabrication methods and interfacial passivation routes toward champion solar cells with high stability. Further, a techno-economic analysis of SnO2 materials for large-scale deployment, together with a processing-toxicology assessment, is presented. Finally, a perspective on how SnO2 materials can be instrumental in successful large-scale module and perovskite-based tandem solar cell manufacturing is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesur Altinkaya
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | - Erkan Aydin
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma Ugur
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Furkan H Isikgor
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand S Subbiah
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Michele De Bastiani
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang Liu
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aslihan Babayigit
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, Limburg, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC vzw. Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, Limburg, 3590, Belgium
| | - Thomas G Allen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Yildiz
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Zheng L, Page G, Li Z. ZnO nanowire embedded TiO 2 film as an electrode for perovskite CsPbI 2Br solar cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19705-19711. [PMID: 35479222 PMCID: PMC9033590 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted to look into the impact of various electron transporting films on the performance of perovskite CsPbI2Br solar cells. The solar cells with ZnO nanowires embedded TiO2 as an electrode outperformed those with pure TiO2 or pure ZnO. The enhanced performance is ascribed to the synergetic effect of both TiO2/ZnO constituent properties. In particular, an appropriate amount of ZnO nanowires embedded in TiO2 films could optimize the properties of the electron transporting layer by improving electron transport, light harvesting, and overall photovoltaic performance, leading to the power conversion efficiency as high as 10.53%. A comparative study was conducted to look into the impact of various electron transporting films on the performance of perovskite CsPbI2Br solar cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Zheng
- Math, Computer Science and Physics Department
- Albany State University
- Albany
- USA
| | - Gabrielle Page
- Math, Computer Science and Physics Department
- Albany State University
- Albany
- USA
| | - Zhongrui Li
- Electron Microbeam Analysis Laboratory
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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15
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Alanazi TI, Game OS, Smith JA, Kilbride RC, Greenland C, Jayaprakash R, Georgiou K, Terrill NJ, Lidzey DG. Potassium iodide reduces the stability of triple-cation perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40341-40350. [PMID: 35520836 PMCID: PMC9057489 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of alkali metal halides to hybrid perovskite materials can significantly impact their crystallisation and hence their performance when used in solar cell devices. Previous work on the use of potassium iodide (KI) in active layers to passivate defects in triple-cation mixed-halide perovskites has been shown to enhance their luminescence efficiency and reduce current-voltage hysteresis. However, the operational stability of KI passivated perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions remains largely unexplored. By investigating perovskite solar cell performance with SnO2 or TiO2 electron transport layers (ETL), we propose that defect passivation using KI is highly sensitive to the composition of the perovskite-ETL interface. We reconfirm findings from previous reports that KI preferentially interacts with bromide ions in mixed-halide perovskites, and - at concentrations >5 mol% in the precursor solution - modifies the primary absorber composition as well as leading to the phase segregation of an undesirable secondary non-perovskite phase (KBr) at high KI concentration. Importantly, by studying both material and device stability under continuous illumination and bias under ambient/high-humidity conditions, we show that this secondary phase becomes a favourable degradation product, and that devices incorporating KI have reduced stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek I Alanazi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Northern Border University Arar 73222 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Onkar S Game
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Joel A Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Rachel C Kilbride
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Claire Greenland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Fermi Ave Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7RH UK
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16
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Bishop J, Smith JA, Lidzey DG. Development of Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48237-48245. [PMID: 32960040 PMCID: PMC7596755 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past six years, researchers have investigated the use of spray coating to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the aim of demonstrating its viability as an industrial manufacturing process. This spotlight on applications outlines the key benefits of this coating technology and summarizes progress made to date, with attention focused on varied efforts to control the crystallization and uniformity of the perovskite layer. The emerging understanding of processes required to create smooth, dense spray-cast perovskite films has recently led to the demonstration of fully spray-cast PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 19.4%.
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