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Tjhe DHL, Ren X, Jacobs IE, D'Avino G, Mustafa TBE, Marsh TG, Zhang L, Fu Y, Mansour AE, Opitz A, Huang Y, Zhu W, Unal AH, Hoek S, Lemaur V, Quarti C, He Q, Lee JK, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Koch N, Grey CP, Beljonne D, Fratini S, Sirringhaus H. Non-equilibrium transport in polymer mixed ionic-electronic conductors at ultrahigh charge densities. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01953-6. [PMID: 39060469 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are mixed ionic-electronic conductors that are emerging candidates for neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics and thermoelectrics. However, fundamental aspects of their many-body correlated electron-ion transport physics remain poorly understood. Here we show that in p-type organic electrochemical transistors it is possible to remove all of the electrons from the valence band and even access deeper bands without degradation. By adding a second, field-effect gate electrode, additional electrons or holes can be injected at set doping states. Under conditions where the counterions are unable to equilibrate in response to field-induced changes in the electronic carrier density, we observe surprising, non-equilibrium transport signatures that provide unique insights into the interaction-driven formation of a frozen, soft Coulomb gap in the density of states. Our work identifies new strategies for substantially enhancing the transport properties of conducting polymers by exploiting non-equilibrium states in the coupled system of electronic charges and counterions.
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Grants
- 101020872 EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council)
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- 101020872 EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))
- ANR-21-CE24-0004-01 Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)
- ANR-21-CE24-0004-01 Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)
- EP/W017091 RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- EP/W017091 RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ian E Jacobs
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France.
| | - Tarig B E Mustafa
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas G Marsh
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lu Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenjin Zhu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sebastiaan Hoek
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Qiao He
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
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Stakem KG, Leslie FJ, Gregory GL. Polymer design for solid-state batteries and wearable electronics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10281-10307. [PMID: 38994435 PMCID: PMC11234879 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state batteries are increasingly centre-stage for delivering more energy-dense, safer batteries to follow current lithium-ion rechargeable technologies. At the same time, wearable electronics powered by flexible batteries have experienced rapid technological growth. This perspective discusses the role that polymer design plays in their use as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) and as binders, coatings and interlayers to address issues in solid-state batteries with inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs). We also consider the value of tunable polymer flexibility, added capacity, skin compatibility and end-of-use degradability of polymeric materials in wearable technologies such as smartwatches and health monitoring devices. While many years have been spent on SPE development for batteries, delivering competitive performances to liquid and ISEs requires a deeper understanding of the fundamentals of ion transport in solid polymers. Advanced polymer design, including controlled (de)polymerisation strategies, precision dynamic chemistry and digital learning tools, might help identify these missing fundamental gaps towards faster, more selective ion transport. Regardless of the intended use as an electrolyte, composite electrode binder or bulk component in flexible electrodes, many parallels can be drawn between the various intrinsic polymer properties. These include mechanical performances, namely elasticity and flexibility; electrochemical stability, particularly against higher-voltage electrode materials; durable adhesive/cohesive properties; ionic and/or electronic conductivity; and ultimately, processability and fabrication into the battery. With this, we assess the latest developments, providing our views on the prospects of polymers in batteries and wearables, the challenges they might address, and emerging polymer chemistries that are still relatively under-utilised in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Stakem
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Freddie J Leslie
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Georgina L Gregory
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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Gudla H, Edström K, Zhang C. Salt Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Ionic Conductive Polymer: A Molecular Dynamics Study. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:300-307. [PMID: 38737121 PMCID: PMC11083113 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Functional polymers can be used as electrolyte and binder materials in solid-state batteries. This often requires performance targets in terms of both the transport and mechanical properties. In this work, a model ionic conductive polymer system, i.e., poly(ethylene oxide)-LiTFSI, was used to study the impact of salt concentrations on mechanical properties, including different types of elastic moduli and the viscoelasticity with both nonequilibrium and equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We found an encouragingly good agreement between experiments and simulations regarding Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and viscosity. In addition, we identified an intermediate salt concentration at which the system shows high ionic conductivity, high Young's modulus, and short elastic restoration time. Therefore, this study laid the groundwork for investigating ionic conductive polymer binders with self-healing functionality from molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Gudla
- Department of ChemistryÅngström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department of ChemistryÅngström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of ChemistryÅngström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 538, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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Su G, Zhang X, Xiao M, Wang S, Huang S, Han D, Meng Y. Polymeric Electrolytes for Solid-state Lithium Ion Batteries: Structure Design, Electrochemical Properties and Cell Performances. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300293. [PMID: 37771268 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electrolytes are key to achieving high energy density, safety, and stability for lithium-ion batteries. In this Review, core indicators of solid polymer electrolytes are discussed in detail including ionic conductivity, interface compatibility, mechanical integrity, and cycling stability. Besides, we also summarize how above properties can be improved by design strategies of functional monomers, groups, and assembly of batteries. Structures and properties of polymers are investigated here to provide a basis for all-solid-state electrolyte design strategies of multi-component polymers. In addition, adjustment strategies of quasi-solid-state polymer electrolytes such as adding functional additives and carrying out structural design are also investigated, aiming at solving problems caused by simply adding liquids or small molecular plasticizer. We hope that fresh and established researchers can achieve a general perspective of solid polymer electrolytes via this Review and spur more extensive interests for exploration of high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
- Research Center of Green Catalysts, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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DARVISHI S, ŞENSES E. Polymer architecture effect on rheology and segmental dynamics in poly (methyl methacrylate)-silica nanocomposite melts. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:749-762. [PMID: 38174057 PMCID: PMC10760588 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Architecturally different polymer chains lead to fundamentally different rheological responses and internal dynamics, which can be utilized to rationalize advanced thermoplastic nanocomposites with tunable mechanical behavior. In this work, three model poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers with linear, bottlebrush, and star architectures with the same total molar mass were investigated in their neat form, and nanocomposites with well-dispersed silica nanoparticles using rheology and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). The master curves of the dynamic moduli obtained by time-temperature superposition (TTS) over the entire range from the Rouse regime to the terminal flow and a sequence of significantly different relaxation modes were observed for the samples with linear and branch chains. While linear chains form an entangled polymer network, the branched bottlebrush, and star chains show a viscoelastic response with no sign of rubbery entanglement plateau and a weak arm relaxation regime between Rouse and terminal flow, akin to other branched polymers. Moreover, branched chains showed a higher fragility index (m = 3.46 for the bottlebrush and 5.36 for the star) compared to linear chains (m = 3.29) due to dynamical heterogeneities induced by arm relaxation. The addition of nanoparticles affects only the terminal relaxation regime, where the whole chain motion is hindered by the attractive nanoparticles. The dynamics of the polymer segment were investigated by performing broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) at a frequency range from 10-2 Hz to 107 Hz. The results revealed more than 10 times slower segmental relaxation for the star homopolymers and a slowdown in the α-relaxation process for all three architectures in their composite form. The dynamical slowdown in the composites is temperature dependent and more pronounced at low temperatures (leading to approximately equal to 80 times slower dynamics for nanocomposite with bottlebrush PMMA at 150 °C) due to prolonged relaxation of the interfacial polymer compared to the matrix chains. The results from this study have practical applications in fields such as gas separation and polymeric electrolyte membranes, where simultaneous improvement of segmental mobility and mechanical moduli is highly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid DARVISHI
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
| | - Erkan ŞENSES
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul,
Turkiye
- Koç University Boron and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center (KUBAM), İstanbul,
Turkiye
- n2STAR-Koç University Nanofabrication and Nanocharacterization Center for Scientific and Technological Advanced Research, İstanbul,
Turkiye
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