1
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Karyappa R, Nagaraju N, Yamagishi K, Koh XQ, Zhu Q, Hashimoto M. 3D printing of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels enabled by aqueous two-phase system. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2701-2717. [PMID: 38506347 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of PVA hydrogels (PVA-Hy) requires a highly basic environment (e.g., an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 14% w/w, 4.2 M), but the rapid crosslinking of PVA due to high pH makes it challenging to perform layer-by-layer three-dimensional (3D) printing of PVA-Hy. This work demonstrated 3D printing of PVA-Hy in moderate alkaline conditions (e.g., NaOH, 1% w/w, 0.3 M) assisted by aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Salting out of PVA to form ATPS allowed temporal shape retention of a 3D-printed PVA structure while it was physically crosslinked in moderate alkaline conditions. Crucially, the layer-to-layer adhesion of PVA was facilitated by delayed crosslinking of PVA that required additional reaction time and overlapping between the layers. To verify this principle, we studied the feasibility of direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing of PVA inks (5-25% w/w, μ = 0.1-20 Pa s, and MW = 22 000 and 74 800) in aqueous embedding media offering three distinct chemical environments: (1) salts for salting out (e.g., Na2SO4), (2) alkali hydroxides for physical crosslinking (e.g., NaOH), and (3) a mixture of salt and alkali hydroxide. Our study suggested the feasibility of 3D-printed PVA-Hy using the mixture of salt and alkali hydroxide, demonstrating a unique concept of embedded 3D printing enabled by ATPS for temporary stabilization of the printed structures to facilitate 3D fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nidhi Nagaraju
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore.
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kento Yamagishi
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Xue Qi Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore.
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
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2
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Zhang C, Hao J, Shi W, Su Y, Mitchell K, Hua W, Jin W, Lee S, Wen L, Jin Y, Zhao D. Sacrificial scaffold-assisted direct ink writing of engineered aortic valve prostheses. Biofabrication 2023; 15:10.1088/1758-5090/aceffb. [PMID: 37579750 PMCID: PMC10566457 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aceffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve disease has become a serious global health problem, which calls for numerous implantable prosthetic valves to fulfill the broader needs of patients. Although current three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting approaches can be used to manufacture customized valve prostheses, they still have some complications, such as limited biocompatibility, constrained structural complexity, and difficulty to make heterogeneous constructs, to name a few. To overcome these challenges, a sacrificial scaffold-assisted direct ink writing approach has been explored and proposed in this work, in which a sacrificial scaffold is printed to temporarily support sinus wall and overhanging leaflets of an aortic valve prosthesis that can be removed easily and mildly without causing any potential damages to the valve prosthesis. The bioinks, composed of alginate, gelatin, and nanoclay, used to print heterogenous valve prostheses have been designed in terms of rheological/mechanical properties and filament formability. The sacrificial ink made from Pluronic F127 has been developed by evaluating rheological behavior and gel temperature. After investigating the effects of operating conditions, complex 3D structures and homogenous/heterogenous aortic valve prostheses have been successfully printed. Lastly, numerical simulation and cycling experiments have been performed to validate the function of the printed valve prostheses as one-way valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Jiangtao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Weijian Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Serena Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Lai Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Danyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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3
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Kim H, Kim J, Ryu KH, Lee J, Kim HJ, Hyun J, Koo J. Embedded Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of UV Curable Resin/Sepiolite Composites with Nano Orientation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23554-23565. [PMID: 37426231 PMCID: PMC10323950 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the various 3D printing methods, direct ink writing (DIW) through extrusion directly affects the microstructure and properties of materials. However, use of nanoparticles at high concentrations is restricted due to difficulties in sufficient dispersion and the deteriorated physical properties of nanocomposites. Thus, although there are many studies on filler alignment with high-viscosity materials with a weight fraction higher than 20 wt %, not much research has been done with low-viscosity nanocomposites with less than 5 phr. Interestingly, the alignment of anisotropic particles improves the physical properties of the nanocomposite at a low concentration of nanoparticles with DIW. The rheological behavior of ink is affected by the alignment of anisotropic sepiolite (SEP) at a low concentration using the embedded 3D printing method, and silicone oil complexed with fumed silica is used as a printing matrix. A significant increase in mechanical properties is expected compared to conventional digital light processing. We clarify the synergistic effect of the SEP alignment in a photocurable nanocomposite material through physical property investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Lab.
of Adhesion & Bio-Composites, Program in Environmental Materials
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Graphy
Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Program
in Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Ryu
- Lab.
of Adhesion & Bio-Composites, Program in Environmental Materials
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Graphy
Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Lab.
of Adhesion & Bio-Composites, Program in Environmental Materials
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Hyun
- Program
in Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaseung Koo
- Department
of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam
National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic
of Korea
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4
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Karyappa R, Goh WH, Hashimoto M. Embedded Core-Shell 3D Printing (eCS3DP) with Low-Viscosity Polysiloxanes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41520-41530. [PMID: 36048005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible core-shell 3D structures are essential for the development of soft sensors and actuators. Despite recent advancements in 3D printing, the fabrication of flexible 3D objects with internal architectures (such as channels and void spaces) remains challenging with liquid precursors due to the difficulty to maintain the printed structures. The difficulty of such fabrication is prominent especially when low-viscosity polysiloxane resins are used. This study presents a unique approach to applying direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing in a three-phase system to overcome this limitation. We performed core-shell 3D printing using a low-viscosity commercial polysiloxane resin (Ecoflex 10) as shell inks combined with a coaxially extruded core liquid (Pluronic F127) in Bingham plastic microparticulate gels (ethanol gel). In the process termed embedded core-shell 3D printing (eCS3DP), we highlighted the dependence of the rheological characteristics of the three fluids on the stability of the printed core-shell filament. With the core liquid with a sufficiently high concentration of Pluronic F127 (30 w/w%; σy = 158.5 Pa), the interfacial instability between the shell liquid and core liquid was suppressed; the removal of the core liquid permitted the fabrication of perfusable channels. We identified the printing conditions to ensure lateral attachments of printed core-shell filaments. Interestingly, judicious selection of the rheological properties and flow rates of three phases allowed the formation of droplets consisting of core liquids distributed along the printed filaments. eCS3DP offers a simple route to fabricate 3D structures of a soft elastomeric matrix with embedded channels and should serve as a useful tool for DIW-based fabrication of flexible wearable devices and soft robotic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
| | - Wei Huang Goh
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Sinagapore
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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5
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Wang Y, Willenbacher N. Phase-Change-Enabled, Rapid, High-Resolution Direct Ink Writing of Soft Silicone. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109240. [PMID: 35174913 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft silicone is an ideal flexible material for application, e.g., in soft robotics, flexible electronics, bionics, or implantable biomedical devices. However, gravity-driven sagging, filament stretching, and deformation can cause inevitable defects during rapid manufacturing, making it hard to obtain complex, high-resolution 3D silicone structures with direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Here, rapid DIW of soft silicone enabled by a phase-change-induced, reversible change of the ink's hierarchical microstructure is presented. During printing, the silicone-based ink, containing silica nanoparticles and wax microparticles, is extruded from a heated nozzle into a cold environment under controlled stress. The wax phase change (solid-liquid-solid) during printing rapidly destroys and rebuilds the particle networks, realizing fast control of the ink flow behavior and printability. This high-operating-temperature DIW method is fast (maximum speed ≈3100 mm min-1 ) and extends the DIW scale range of soft silicone. The extruded filaments have small diameters (50 ± 5 µm), and allow for large spans (≈13-fold filament diameter) and high aspect ratios (≈1), setting a new benchmark in the DIW of soft silicone. Printed silicone structures exhibit excellent performance as flexible sensors, superhydrophobic surfaces, and shape-memory bionic devices, illustrating the potential of the new 3D printing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Norbert Willenbacher
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
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6
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Friedrich LM, Seppala JE. Simulated filament shapes in embedded 3D printing. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8027-8046. [PMID: 34297018 PMCID: PMC9795507 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Embedded 3D printing, wherein fluid inks are extruded into support baths, has enabled the manufacture of complex, custom structures ranging from cell-laden tissue analogues to soft robots. This method encompasses two techniques: embedded ink writing (EIW), where filaments are extruded, and embedded droplet printing (EDP), where droplets are suspended. Materials for embedded 3D printing can be Newtonian, but often both the ink and the support bath are yield stress fluids, following elastic behavior below the yield stress and shear-thinning, viscous behavior above the yield stress. The effect of surface tension on print quality has been debated, as inks have been printed into supports at high and low surface tensions. In order to guide material selection for embedded 3D printing and identify key scaling relationships that influence print quality, this study investigates the role of ink rheology, support rheology, and surface tension on the morphology of single filaments. Numerical simulations in OpenFOAM demonstrate that at low viscosities, surface tension controls the filament morphology. Where capillarity is suppressed, the ratio of the local ink and support viscosities and the shape of the yield surface in the support control the filament shape. Herschel-Bulkley support fluids (yield stress fluids) produce more stable, accurately positioned filaments than Newtonian supports. In the short term, non-zero surface tensions can suppress filament shape defects in EIW and are essential for producing droplets in EDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Friedrich
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Seppala
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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7
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Tavares-Negrete JA, Aceves-Colin AE, Rivera-Flores DC, Díaz-Armas GG, Mertgen AS, Trinidad-Calderón PA, Olmos-Cordero JM, Gómez-López EG, Pérez-Carrillo E, Escobedo-Avellaneda ZJ, Tamayol A, Alvarez MM, Trujillo-de Santiago G. Three-Dimensional Printing Using a Maize Protein: Zein-Based Inks in Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3964-3979. [PMID: 34197076 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing for biomedical applications has expanded exponentially in recent years. However, the current portfolio of 3D printable inks is still limited. For instance, only few protein matrices have been explored as printing/bioprinting materials. Here, we introduce the use of zein, the primary constitutive protein in maize seeds, as a 3D printable material. Zein-based inks were prepared by dissolving commercial zein powder in ethanol with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG400) as a plasticizer. The rheological characteristics of our materials, studied during 21 days of aging/maturation, showed an increase in the apparent viscosity as a function of time in all formulations. The addition of PEG400 decreased the apparent viscosity. Inks with and without PEG400 and at different maturation times were tested for printability in a BioX bioprinter. We optimized the 3D printing parameters for each ink formulation in terms of extrusion pressure and linear printing velocity. Higher fidelity structures were obtained with inks that had maturation times of 10 to 14 days. We present different proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the versatility of the engineered zein inks for diverse biomedical applications. These include printing of complex and/or free-standing 3D structures, tablets for controlled drug release, and scaffolds for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alfonso Tavares-Negrete
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alberto Emanuel Aceves-Colin
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Delia Cristal Rivera-Flores
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Ciencias, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gladys Guadalupe Díaz-Armas
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Anne-Sophie Mertgen
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Plinio Alejandro Trinidad-Calderón
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Miguel Olmos-Cordero
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elda Graciela Gómez-López
- Departamento de Ciencias, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Esther Pérez-Carrillo
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Zamantha Judith Escobedo-Avellaneda
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Departamento de Ingeniería Mecatrónica y Eléctrica, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
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8
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Tamim SI, Bostwick JB. Plateau-Rayleigh instability in a soft viscoelastic material. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4170-4179. [PMID: 33881117 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A soft cylindrical interface endowed with surface tension can be unstable to wavy undulations. This is known as the Plateau-Rayleigh instability (PRI) and for solids the instability is governed by the competition between elasticity and capillarity. A dynamic stability analysis is performed for the cases of a soft (i) cylinder and (ii) cylindrical cavity assuming the material is viscoelastic with power-law rheology. The governing equations are made time-independent through the Laplace transform from which a solution is constructed using displacement potentials. The dispersion relationships are then derived, which depend upon the dimensionless elastocapillary number, solid Deborah number, and compressibility number, and the static stability limit, critical disturbance, and maximum growth rate are computed. This dynamic analysis recovers previous literature results in the appropriate limits. Elasticity stabilizes and compressibility destabilizes the PRI. For an incompressible material, viscoelasticity does not affect stability but does decrease the growth rate and shift the critical wavenumber to lower values. The critical wavenumber shows a more complex dependence upon compressibility for the cylinder but exhibits a predictable trend for the cylindrical cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Tamim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - J B Bostwick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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9
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Shiwarski DJ, Hudson AR, Tashman JW, Feinberg AW. Emergence of FRESH 3D printing as a platform for advanced tissue biofabrication. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:010904. [PMID: 33644626 PMCID: PMC7889293 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, an unresolved challenge is how to build complex 3D scaffolds in order to recreate the structure and function of human tissues and organs. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3D bioprinting, have the potential to build biological material with unprecedented spatial control; however, printing soft biological materials in air often results in poor fidelity. Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) is an embedded printing approach that solves this problem by extruding bioinks within a yield-stress support bath that holds the bioinks in place until cured. In this Perspective, we discuss the challenges of 3D printing soft and liquid-like bioinks and the emergence for FRESH and related embedded printing techniques as a solution. This includes the development of FRESH and embedded 3D printing within the bioprinting field and the rapid growth in adoption, as well as the advantages of FRESH printing for biofabrication and the new research results this has enabled. Specific focus is on the customizability of the FRESH printing technique where the chemical composition of the yield-stress support bath and aqueous phase crosslinker can all be tailored for printing a wide range of bioinks in complex 3D structures. Finally, we look ahead at the future of FRESH printing, discussing both the challenges and the opportunities that we see as the biofabrication field develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Andrew R. Hudson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Joshua W. Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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10
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Tan JJY, Lee CP, Hashimoto M. Preheating of Gelatin Improves its Printability with Transglutaminase in Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing. Int J Bioprint 2020; 6:296. [PMID: 33088999 PMCID: PMC7557522 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin and transglutaminase (TG) ink is increasingly popular in direct ink writing three-dimensional (3D) printing of cellular scaffolds and edible materials. The use of enzymes to crosslink gelatin chains removes the needs for toxic crosslinkers and bypasses undesired side reactions due to the specificity of the enzymes. However, their application in 3D printing remains challenging primarily due to the rapid crosslinking that leads to the short duration of printable time. In this work, we propose the use of gelatin preheated for 7 days to extend the duration of the printing time of the gelatin ink. We first determined the stiffness of freshly prepared gelatin (FG) and preheated gelatin (PG) (5 – 20% w/w) containing 5% w/w TG. We selected gelatin hydrogels made from 7.5% w/w FG and 10% w/w PG that yielded similar stiffness for subsequent studies to determine the duration of the printable time. PG inks exhibited longer time required for gelation and a smaller increase in viscosity with time than FG inks of similar stiffness. Our study suggested the advantage to preheat gelatin to enhance the printability of the ink, which is essential for extrusion-based bioprinting and food printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jia Yao Tan
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.,SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng Pau Lee
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.,SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.,SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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