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Adeli Y, Raman Venkatesan T, Mezzenga R, Nüesch FA, Opris DM. Synthesis of Bottlebrush Polymers with Spontaneous Self-Assembly for Dielectric Generators. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:4999-5010. [PMID: 38752017 PMCID: PMC11091855 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linked bottlebrush polymers received significant attention as dielectrics in transducers due to their unique softness and strain stiffening caused by their structure. Despite some progress, there is still a great challenge in increasing their dielectric permittivity beyond 3.5 and cross-linking them to defect-free ultrathin films efficiently under ambient conditions. Here, we report the synthesis of bottlebrush copolymers based on ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) starting from a 5-norbornene-2-carbonitrile and a norbornene modified with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chain as a macromonomer. The resulting copolymer was subjected to a postpolymerization modification, whereby the double bonds were used both for functionalization with thiopropionitrile and subsequent cross-linking via a thiol-ene reaction. The solutions of both bottlebrush copolymers formed free-standing elastic films by simple casting. DMA and broadband impedance spectroscopy revealed two glass transition temperatures uncommon for a random copolymer. The self-segregation of the nonpolar PDMS chains and the polynorbornane backbone is responsible for this and is supported by the interfacial polarization observed in broadband impedance spectroscopy and the scattering peaks observed in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Additionally, the modified bottlebrush copolymer was cross-linked to an elastomer that exhibits increased dielectric permittivity and good mechanical properties with significant strain stiffening, an attractive property of dielectric elastomer generators. It has a relative permittivity of 5.24, strain at break of 290%, elastic modulus at 10% strain of 380 kPa, a breakdown field of 62 V μm-1, and a small actuation of 5% at high electric fields of 48.5 V μm-1. All of these characteristics are attractive for dielectric elastomer generator applications. The current work is a milestone in designing functional elastomers based on bottlebrush polymers for transducer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeerlan Adeli
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich,
Laboratory of Food and Soft Materials, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank A. Nüesch
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M. Opris
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Khmelnitskaia AG, Kalinina AA, Meshkov IB, Tukhvatshin RS, Cherkaev GV, Ponomarenko SA, Muzafarov AM. Synthesis of Vinyl-Containing Polydimethylsiloxane in An Active Medium. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:257. [PMID: 38257056 PMCID: PMC10819907 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This research deals with the synthesis of copoly(methylvinyl)(dimethyl)siloxanes by the copolycondensation of dimethyldiethoxy- and methylvinyldimethoxysilane in an active medium, followed by thermal condensation in a vacuum. We achieved a range of copolymers exhibiting finely tuned molecular weights spanning between 1500 and 20,000 with regulated functional methylvinylsiloxane units. Analysis of the microstructure showed that the copolymerization predominantly formed products demonstrating a random distribution of units (R~1). However, an increase in the content of vinyl-containing monomers increases the R parameter, indicating an enhanced tendency towards alternating linkages within the copolymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra A. Kalinina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPM RAS), Profsoyuznaya 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.K.); (I.B.M.); (S.A.P.); (A.M.M.)
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Li S, Zhang J, He J, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang Z, Pang H, Chen Y. Functional PDMS Elastomers: Bulk Composites, Surface Engineering, and Precision Fabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304506. [PMID: 37814364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-the simplest and most common silicone compound-exemplifies the central characteristics of its class and has attracted tremendous research attention. The development of PDMS-based materials is a vivid reflection of the modern industry. In recent years, PDMS has stood out as the material of choice for various emerging technologies. The rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies and multifunctional surfaces has enabled a whole new generation of PDMS-based materials and devices, facilitating, and even transforming enormous applications, including flexible electronics, superwetting surfaces, soft actuators, wearable and implantable sensors, biomedicals, and autonomous robotics. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of PDMS-based functional materials, with a focus on the added functionality and their use as programmable materials for smart devices. Recent breakthroughs regarding instant crosslinking and additive manufacturing are featured, and exciting opportunities for future research are highlighted. This review provides a quick entrance to this rapidly evolving field and will help guide the rational design of next-generation soft materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jian He
- Yizhi Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, No. 99 Danba Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Center for Composites, COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
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4
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Ghazaryan G, Khmelnitskaia A, Bezsudnov I, Kalinina A, Agina E, Ponomarenko S. A Concise Guide to Silicone-Based Spring-Roll Actuator Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3908. [PMID: 37835958 PMCID: PMC10574830 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spring-roll actuator is a multilayer configuration of dielectric elastomer actuators that deforms in response to an electric field. To date, all spring-roll actuators are based on acrylate dielectric elastomers (DEs), and a few can reach deformations on a par with strains observed in natural muscles. Sensitivity to temperature and humidity, as well as the slow response times of acrylates, limit the commercialisation of these actuators. In this work, we developed a spring-roll actuator using commercial silicone DEs because they allow for a broader range of processing temperature and rapid response. Electrodes were deposited on a pre-strained DE film, coated with functional organosilicone polymer composite, and rolled around a metal spring. The coating enhanced the interfacial adhesion between DE and compliant electrodes, preserving the integrity and electro-mechanical properties of the fabricated spring-roll actuator. As to performance, the silicone-based spring-roll actuator could bear 200 times its own weight and displace it by 6% at the applied electric field of 90 V/μm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergey Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia; (G.G.); (A.K.); (A.K.); (E.A.)
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5
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Sheima Y, Venkatesan TR, Frauenrath H, Opris DM. Synthesis of polysiloxane elastomers modified with sulfonyl side groups and their electromechanical response. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:7367-7376. [PMID: 37304728 PMCID: PMC10249063 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer transducers are elastic capacitors that respond to mechanical or electrical stress. They can be used in applications such as millimeter-sized soft robots and harvesters of the energy contained in ocean waves. The dielectric component of these capacitors is a thin elastic film, preferably made of a material having a high dielectric permittivity. When properly designed, these materials convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, as well as thermal energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Whether a polymer can be used for one or the other application is determined by its glass transition temperature (Tg), which should be significantly below room temperature for the former and around room temperature for the latter function. Herein, we report a polysiloxane elastomer modified with polar sulfonyl side groups to contribute to this field with a powerful new material. This material has a dielectric permittivity as high as 18.4 at 10 kHz and 20 °C, a relatively low conductivity of 5 × 10-10 S cm-1, and a large actuation strain of 12% at an electric field of 11.4 V μm-1 (0.25 Hz and 400 V). At 0.5 Hz and 400 V, the actuator showed a stable actuation of 9% over 1000 cycles. The material exhibited a Tg of -13.6 °C, which although is well below room temperature affected the material's response in actuators, which shows significant differences in the response at different frequencies and temperatures and in films with different thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Sheima
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
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Adeli Y, Owusu F, Nüesch FA, Opris DM. On-Demand Cross-Linkable Bottlebrush Polymers for Voltage-Driven Artificial Muscles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20410-20420. [PMID: 37042624 PMCID: PMC10141291 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) generate motion resembling natural muscles in reliability, adaptability, elongation, and frequency of operation. They are highly attractive in implantable soft robots or artificial organs. However, many applications of such devices are hindered by the high driving voltage required for operation, which exceeds the safety threshold for the human body. Although the driving voltage can be reduced by decreasing the thickness and the elastic modulus, soft materials are prone to electromechanical instability (EMI), which causes dielectric breakdown. The elastomers made by cross-linking bottlebrush polymers are promising for achieving DEAs that suppress EMI. In previous work, they were chemically cross-linked using an in situ free-radical UV-induced polymerization, which is oxygen-sensitive and does not allow the formation of thin films. Therefore, the respective actuators were operated at voltages above 4000 V. Herein, macromonomers that can be polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization and subsequently cross-linked via a UV-induced thiol-ene click reaction are developed. They allow us to fast cross-link defect-free thin films with a thickness below 100 μm. The dielectric films give up to 12% lateral actuation at 1000 V and survive more than 10,000 cycles at frequencies up to 10 Hz. The easy and efficient preparation approach of the defect-free thin films under air provides easy accessibility to bottlebrush polymeric materials for future research. Additionally, the desired properties, actuation under low voltage, and long lifetime revealed the potential of the developed materials in soft robotic implantable devices. Furthermore, the C-C double bonds in the polymer backbone allow for chemical modification with polar groups and increase the materials' dielectric permittivity to a value of 5.5, which is the highest value of dielectric permittivity for a cross-linked bottlebrush polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeerlan Adeli
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francis Owusu
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank A. Nüesch
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M. Opris
- Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Ueberlandstr. 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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7
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Kang Z, Yu L, Nie Y, Skov AL. Crosslinking Methodology for Imidazole-Grafted Silicone Elastomers Allowing for Dielectric Elastomers Operated at Low Electrical Fields with High Strains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51384-51393. [PMID: 36342693 PMCID: PMC9673063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For improved actuation at low voltages of dielectric elastomers, a high dielectric permittivity has been targeted for several years but most successful methods then either increase the stiffness of the elastomer and/or introduce notable losses of both mechanical and dielectric nature. For polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based elastomers, most high-permittivity moieties inhibit the sensitive platinum catalyst used in the addition curing scheme. In contrast to the classical addition curing pathway to prepare PDMS elastomers, here, an alternative strategy is reported to prepare PDMS elastomers via the crosslinking reaction between multifunctional imidazole-grafted PDMS with difunctional bis(1-ethylene-imidazole-3-ium) bromide ionic liquid (bis-IL). The prepared IL-elastomer entails uniformly dispersed IL and presents stable mechanical and dielectric properties due to the covalent nature of the crosslinking as opposed to previously reported physical mixing in of ILs. The relative permittivity was improved up to 200% by including the bis-IL in the elastomer, and Young's modulus was around 0.04 MPa. As a result of the excellent combination of properties, the dielectric actuator developed exhibits an area strain of 20% at 15 V/μm. The novel strategy to prepare PDMS elastomers provides a new paradigm for achieving high-performance dielectric elastomer actuators by a simple methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Kang
- Danish
Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby2800, Denmark
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase
Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- Danish
Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby2800, Denmark
| | - Yi Nie
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase
Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Danish
Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby2800, Denmark
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8
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Huang X, Guo JY, Yang J, Xia Y, Zhang YF, Fu P, Du FP. High mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of polysiloxane sulfonate via tuning ionization degree with clicking chemical reaction. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Luo Z, Li X, Zhao S, Xu L, Liu L. Structure and Dielectric Properties of TPU Composite Filled with CNTs@PDA Nanofibers and MXene Nanosheets. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112157. [PMID: 35683830 PMCID: PMC9182655 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a kind of dielectric elastomer (DE) which can behave as an actuator, altering thickness strain in response to electrical stimulation. The composites are made up of fillers with a very high dielectric constant that are spread in a polymer matrix. It is very difficult to obtain large deformation at low voltage. In this study, we made two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets with excellent conductivity and one-dimensional (1D) polydopamine (PDA)-modified CNT fiber fillers. After that, TPU dielectric elastomer films made of MXene/CNTs or MXene/CNTs@PDA were prepared. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of TPU dielectric film including MXene/CNTs were much higher than that containing MXene/CNTs@PDA, although Young’s modulus and breakdown strength (Eb) were significantly lower. At the same time, these two types of dielectric films had a significantly higher dielectric constant and dielectric loss than pure TPU dielectric film, and their breakdown strength was significantly lower. The compatibility of CNTs@PDA fibers with the TPU matrix improves after PDA modification, and the dispersion of CNTs@PDA fibers improves, resulting in an increase in Young’s modulus. MXene with a two-dimensional nanosheet structure increases the breakdown strength of the TPU dielectric elastomer under the condition of the addition of a tiny quantity. To summarize, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, Young’s modulus, and dielectric elastomer breakdown strength are mutually restrictive conditions, and the relationship between all parties must be balanced to obtain obvious deformation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.L.); (X.L.); (S.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.L.); (X.L.); (S.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Suhe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.L.); (X.L.); (S.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lianghua Xu
- National Carbon Fiber Engineering Research Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.L.); (X.L.); (S.Z.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (L.L.)
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10
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Darby DR, Cai Z, Mason CR, Pham JT. Modulus and adhesion of Sylgard 184, Solaris, and Ecoflex 00‐30 silicone elastomers with varied mixing ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Darby
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Zhuoyun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Christopher R. Mason
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Jonathan T. Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
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11
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Liu L, Zhang K, Liu J, Zhu L, Xie R, Lv S. Significant improvements in the electromechanical performance of dielectric elastomers by introducing ternary dipolar groups. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Hu P, Albuquerque FB, Madsen J, Skov AL. Highly stretchable silicone elastomer applied in soft actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100732. [PMID: 35083804 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a highly stretchable silicone elastomer is incorporated into dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) in order to decrease operation voltages by applying high prestretches. Results show that the fabricated DEAs (5-mm-diameter circle active region) can be actuated to a lateral strain of 30% at 4.3 kV for a 122 μm-thick prestretched film, and to a lateral strain of 2.5% at only 250 V for a 6.9 μm-thick prestretched film. Due to the significant viscous component of the silicone elastomer, the DEAs respond more slowly (2-14 s to reach 90% of full strain) and show greater strain changes over time compared to conventional silicone-based DEAs. While this inherent viscosity is not universally favorable, it can be advantageous in applications where actuator damping is desirable. The studied DEAs' mean lifetimes under DC actuation range significantly-from 0.9 h to more than 123.0 h-depending mainly on initial electrical fields (17.8-36.3 V/μm). For instance, DEAs with a 150 μm initial thickness and a prestretch ratio of 3 show 1.4-2.6% lateral strains for the mean lifetime (123.0 h) at only 300 V. Given the strains achieved at low voltage, such DEAs show promise for applications that do not require fast response speeds. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Fabio Beco Albuquerque
- Soft Transducers Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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13
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Wang W, Sun S, Hu S, Yang B, He S, Wang R, Zhang L. Unprecedented Strength Polysiloxane-Based Polyurethane for 3D Printing and Shape Memory. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3324-3333. [PMID: 34984903 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polysiloxane-based polyurethane (Si-TPU) has been attracting a great deal of attention because of the dual advantages of polysiloxane and polyurethane. However, the strength of Si-TPU with a traditional structure is low, and improvement is urgently needed for diverse applications. Herein, we design a polysiloxane-based soft segment (SS) with two urethane groups at the end of the polysiloxane chain, and then we prepare a series of Si-TPUs through a designed SS, isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. Such structural design improves the polarity of the SS and endows more regular hydrogen bonds to the polymer molecular chain. As a result, the prepared Si-TPUs exhibit a good microphase separation structure, unprecedentedly high strength, repeatable processing, noncytotoxicity, shape memory properties, and three-dimensional printing capabilities. Moreover, a maximum tensile strength of Si-TPUs can reach 20.3 MPa, exceeding that of other existing Si-based polymer materials. Si-TPUs show great potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials on Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Peng Y, Sun F, Xiao C, Iqbal MI, Sun Z, Guo M, Gao W, Hu X. Hierarchically Structured and Scalable Artificial Muscles for Smart Textiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54386-54395. [PMID: 34747178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based artificial muscles with excellent actuation performance are gaining great attention as soft materials for flexible actuators; however, current advances in fiber-based artificial muscles generally suffer from high cost, harsh stimulation regimes, limiting deformations, chemical toxicity, or complex manufacturing processing, which hinder the widespread application of those artificial muscles in engineering and practical usage. Herein, a facile cross-scale processing strategy is presented to construct commercially available nontoxic viscose fibers into fast responsive and humidity-driven yarn artificial muscles with a recorded torsional stroke of 1752° cm-1 and a maximum rotation speed up to 2100 rpm, which are comparable to certain artificial muscles made from carbon-based composite materials. The underlying mechanism of such outstanding actuation performance that begins to form at a mesoscale is discussed by theoretical modeling and microstructure characterization. The as-prepared yarn artificial muscles are further scaled up to large-sized fabric muscles through topological weaving structures by integrating different textile technologies. These fabric muscles extend the simple motion of yarn muscles into higher-level diverse deformations without any composite system, complex synthetic processing, and component design, which enables the development of new fiber-based artificial muscles for versatile applications, such as smart textiles and intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Laboratory of Soft Fibrous Materials, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiqin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mohammad Irfan Iqbal
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R. 999077, China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong S.A.R. 999077, China
| | - Zhenguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weidong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaorui Hu
- College of Design, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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16
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Chiappara C, Arrabito G, Ferrara V, Scopelliti M, Sancataldo G, Vetri V, Chillura Martino DF, Pignataro B. Improved Photocatalytic Activity of Polysiloxane TiO 2 Composites by Thermally Induced Nanoparticle Bulk Clustering and Dye Adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10354-10365. [PMID: 34461725 PMCID: PMC8413002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fine control of nanoparticle clustering within polymeric matrices can be tuned to enhance the physicochemical properties of the resulting composites, which are governed by the interplay of nanoparticle surface segregation and bulk clustering. To this aim, out-of-equilibrium strategies can be leveraged to program the multiscale organization of such systems. Here, we present experimental results indicating that bulk assembly of highly photoactive clusters of titanium dioxide nanoparticles within an in situ synthesized polysiloxane matrix can be thermally tuned. Remarkably, the controlled nanoparticle clustering results in improved degradation photocatalytic performances of the material under 1 sun toward methylene blue. The resulting coatings, in particular the 35 wt % TiO2-loaded composites, show a photocatalytic degradation of about 80%, which was comparable to the equivalent amount of bare TiO2 and two-fold higher with respect to the corresponding composites not subjected to thermal treatment. These findings highlight the role of thermally induced bulk clustering in enhancing photoactive nanoparticle/polymer composite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Chiappara
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
- National
Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM),
UdR of Palermo, Florence 50121, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- National
Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM),
UdR of Palermo, Florence 50121, Italy
- Department
of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Building 16, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Scopelliti
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Delia Francesca Chillura Martino
- National
Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM),
UdR of Palermo, Florence 50121, Italy
- Department
of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Building 16, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy
- National
Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM),
UdR of Palermo, Florence 50121, Italy
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17
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Soft, tough, and fast polyacrylate dielectric elastomer for non-magnetic motor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4517. [PMID: 34312391 PMCID: PMC8313586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) with large electrically-actuated strain can build light-weight and flexible non-magnetic motors. However, dielectric elastomers commonly used in the field of soft actuation suffer from high stiffness, low strength, and high driving field, severely limiting the DEA’s actuating performance. Here we design a new polyacrylate dielectric elastomer with optimized crosslinking network by rationally employing the difunctional macromolecular crosslinking agent. The proposed elastomer simultaneously possesses desirable modulus (~0.073 MPa), high toughness (elongation ~2400%), low mechanical loss (tan δm = 0.21@1 Hz, 20 °C), and satisfactory dielectric properties (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\varepsilon }_{{{{{{\rm{r}}}}}}}$$\end{document}εr = 5.75, tan δe = 0.0019 @1 kHz), and accordingly, large actuation strain (118% @ 70 MV m−1), high energy density (0.24 MJ m−3 @ 70 MV m−1), and rapid response (bandwidth above 100 Hz). Compared with VHBTM 4910, the non-magnetic motor made of our elastomer presents 15 times higher rotation speed. These findings offer a strategy to fabricate high-performance dielectric elastomers for soft actuators. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) with large electrically actuated strain can be used in non-magnetic motors, but high stiffness, poor strength and slow response currently limit the application of DEAs. Here, the authors optimize the crosslinking network in a polyacrylate elastomer to enable a DEA with high toughness and actuation strain and use the polyacrylate to build a motor which can be driven under low electric field.
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18
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Sheima Y, Yuts Y, Frauenrath H, Opris DM. Polysiloxanes Modified with Different Types and Contents of Polar Groups: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal and Dielectric Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Sheima
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Yuts
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Station 12, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorina M. Opris
- Functional Polymers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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19
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Gao XH, Wang JW, Liu DN, Wang XZ, Wang HQ, Wei L, Ren H. Improving the dielectric properties of acrylic resin elastomer with reduced graphene oxide decorated with polystyrene. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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