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Tang L, Zhang C, Liao C, Liu Y, Cheng Y. In Situ Sintering of CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals under Electron Beam Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3082. [PMID: 38132980 PMCID: PMC10745287 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted widespread attention due to their tremendous electrical and optical properties. Nanoparticles exhibit a strong tendency to aggregate and sinter in a short period of time during processing or use due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, which may lead to significant changes in their required performance. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on the sintering process and mechanism of nanoparticles to maintain their stability. Here, the sintering process of CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals under continuous electron beam irradiation was studied using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the early stages of sintering, CdSe/CdS nanocrystals approached each other at a distance of approximately 1-2 nm. As the exposure time to the electron beam increased, the movement of surface atoms on the nanocrystals led to contact between them. Subsequently, the atoms on the contact surfaces underwent rapid motion, resulting in the rapid formation of the neck between the particles. The neck formation between adjacent particles provides strong evidence of a sintering mechanism dominated by surface atom diffusion rather than Ostwald ripening. Further research in this area could lead to the development of improved methods to prevent sintering and enhance the stability of nanocrystals, ultimately contributing to the advancement of nanomaterial-based devices and materials with long-lasting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Tang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Liao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yonghao Cheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Balitskii O, Mashkov O, Barabash A, Rehm V, Afify HA, Li N, Hammer MS, Brabec CJ, Eigen A, Halik M, Yarema O, Yarema M, Wood V, Stifter D, Heiss W. Ligand Tuning of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193469. [PMID: 36234596 PMCID: PMC9565614 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aliovalent-doped metal oxide nanocrystals exhibiting localized surface plasmons (LSPRs) are applied in systems that require reflection/scattering/absorption in infrared and optical transparency in visible. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is currently leading the field, but indium resources are known to be very restricted. Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) is a cheap candidate to substitute the ITO, but it exhibits less advantageous electronic properties and limited control of the LSPRs. To date, LSPR tuning in ATO NCs has been achieved electrochemically and by aliovalent doping, with a significant decrease in doping efficiency with an increasing doping level. Here, we synthesize plasmonic ATO nanocrystals (NCs) via a solvothermal route and demonstrate ligand exchange to tune the LSPR energies. Attachment of ligands acting as Lewis acids and bases results in LSPR peak shifts with a doping efficiency overcoming those by aliovalent doping. Thus, this strategy is of potential interest for plasmon implementations, which are of potential interest for infrared upconversion, smart glazing, heat absorbers, or thermal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olexiy Balitskii
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Energy Campus Nürnberg, Fürtherstraße 250, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Electronics, Lviv Ivan Franko National University, Dragomanov Str., 50, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Fribourg University, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Mashkov
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Energy Campus Nürnberg, Fürtherstraße 250, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Barabash
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktor Rehm
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Energy Campus Nürnberg, Fürtherstraße 250, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Hany A. Afify
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Energy Campus Nürnberg, Fürtherstraße 250, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Laser Sciences and Interactions, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ning Li
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria S. Hammer
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg, Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigen
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices, Department of Material Science, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olesya Yarema
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Yarema
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Wood
- Institute for Electronics, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Stifter
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Heiss
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Energy Campus Nürnberg, Fürtherstraße 250, 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Institute-Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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He L, Wang C, Chen X, Jiang L, Ji Y, Li H, Liu Y, Wang J. Preparation of Tin-Antimony anode modified with carbon nanotubes for electrochemical treatment of coking wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132362. [PMID: 34592208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve the electrocatalytic activity, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to modify a titanium-supported tin-antimony anode (Ti/SnO2-Sb). Compared to a Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-CNTs anode exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential (1.62 V), smaller crystalline volume (71.23 Å3), larger active surface area (0.371 mC cm-2), lower charge transfer resistance (8.24 Ω), and longer service life (291 h). The CNTs provided the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode with effective electrocatalytic activity, conductivity and stability. To evaluate its performance, the Ti/SnO2-Sb-CNTs anode was utilized for the treatment of coking wastewater. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal yields of the coking wastewater reached 83.05% and 74.56% under the optimal current density of 25 mA m-2, Na2SO4 concentration of 35 mM, and plate spacing of 10 mm. UV254, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectra spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the aromatic and nitrogenous compounds in the coking wastewater were degraded. Furthermore, the electrochemical treatment could effectively reduce the toxicity of the coking wastewater. The energy consumption of the coking wastewater treatment was reduced to 396.56 kWh (kg COD)-1. This study provides a basis engineering application of the electrochemical oxidation of coking wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Chunrong Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Longxin Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Yuxian Ji
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Yingsong Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Jianbing Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Ding 11#, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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Synthesis and characterization of long-term stable aqueous colloidal dispersed Sb-doped SnO2. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cendejas AJ, Sun H, Hayes SE, Kortshagen U, Thimsen E. Predicting plasma conditions necessary for synthesis of γ-Al 2O 3 nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11387-11395. [PMID: 34160531 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02488d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) offers a unique synthesis environment capable of producing nanocrystals of high melting point materials at relatively low gas temperatures. Despite the rapidly growing material library accessible through NTP synthesis, designing processes for new materials is predominantly empirically driven. Here, we report on the synthesis of both amorphous alumina and γ-Al2O3 nanocrystals and present a simple particle heating model that is suitable for predicting the plasma power necessary for crystallization. The heating model only requires the composition, temperature, and pressure of the background gas along with the reactor geometry to calculate the temperature of particles suspended in the plasma as a function of applied power. Complete crystallization of the nanoparticle population was observed when applied power was greater than the threshold where the calculated particle temperature is equal to the crystallization temperature of amorphous alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Cendejas
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - He Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sophia E Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Uwe Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elijah Thimsen
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. and Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
The synthesis of nanomaterials, with characteristic dimensions of 1 to 100 nm, is a key component of nanotechnology. Vapor-phase synthesis of nanomaterials has numerous advantages such as high product purity, high-throughput continuous operation, and scalability that have made it the dominant approach for the commercial synthesis of nanomaterials. At the same time, this class of methods has great potential for expanded use in research and development. Here, we present a broad review of progress in vapor-phase nanomaterial synthesis. We describe physically-based vapor-phase synthesis methods including inert gas condensation, spark discharge generation, and pulsed laser ablation; plasma processing methods including thermal- and non-thermal plasma processing; and chemically-based vapor-phase synthesis methods including chemical vapor condensation, flame-based aerosol synthesis, spray pyrolysis, and laser pyrolysis. In addition, we summarize the nanomaterials produced by each method, along with representative applications, and describe the synthesis of the most important materials produced by each method in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Malekzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. and RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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