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Yan W, Liu A, Luo Y, Chen Z, Wu G, Chen J, Huang Q, Yang Y, Ye M, Guo W. A Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Core-Shell Fiber Sensor for Gesture Recognition and Surface Pressure Distribution Monitoring. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400109. [PMID: 38594026 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a highly-strain flexible fiber sensor with a core-shell structure utilizes a unique swelling diffusion technique to infiltrate carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the surface layer of Ecoflex fibers. Compared with traditional blended Ecoflex/CNTs fibers, this manufacturing process ensures that the sensor maintains the mechanical properties (923% strain) of the Ecoflex fiber while also improving sensitivity (gauge factor is up to 3716). By adjusting the penetration time during fabrication, the sensor can be customized for different uses. As an application demonstration, the fiber sensor is integrated into the glove to develop a wearable gesture language recognition system with high sensitivity and precision. Additionally, the authors successfully monitor the pressure distribution on the curved surface of a soccer ball by winding the fiber sensor along the ball's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Yan
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Andeng Liu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Yingjin Luo
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Zhuomin Chen
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Guoxu Wu
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Huang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
| | - Yun Yang
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Meidan Ye
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wenxi Guo
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Jiujiang, 332000, P. R. China
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Yan B, Zhang F, Wang M, Zhang Y, Fu S. Flexible wearable sensors for crop monitoring: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1406074. [PMID: 38867881 PMCID: PMC11167128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1406074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Crops were the main source of human food, which have met the increasingly diversified demand of consumers. Sensors were used to monitor crop phenotypes and environmental information in real time, which will provide a theoretical reference for optimizing crop growth environment, resisting biotic and abiotic stresses, and improve crop yield. Compared with non-contact monitoring methods such as optical imaging and remote sensing, wearable sensing technology had higher time and spatial resolution. However, the existing crop sensors were mainly rigid mechanical structures, which were easy to cause damage to crop organs, and there were still challenges in terms of accuracy and biosafety. Emerging flexible sensors had attracted wide attention in the field of crop phenotype monitoring due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The article introduced the key technologies involved in the preparation of flexible wearable sensors from the aspects of flexible preparation materials and advanced preparation processes. The monitoring function of flexible sensors in crop growth was highlighted, including the monitoring of crop nutrient, physiological, ecological and growth environment information. The monitoring principle, performance together with pros and cons of each sensor were analyzed. Furthermore, the future opportunities and challenges of flexible wearable devices in crop monitoring were discussed in detail from the aspects of new sensing theory, sensing materials, sensing structures, wireless power supply technology and agricultural sensor network, which will provide reference for smart agricultural management system based on crop flexible sensors, and realize efficient management of agricultural production and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Yan
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fu Zhang
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yakun Zhang
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sanling Fu
- College of Physical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Li X, Liu Y, Ding Y, Zhang M, Lin Z, Hao Y, Li Y, Chang J. Capacitive Pressure Sensor Combining Dual Dielectric Layers with Integrated Composite Electrode for Wearable Healthcare Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12974-12985. [PMID: 38416692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Foot activity can reflect numerous physiological abnormalities in the human body, making gait a valuable metric in health monitoring. Research on flexible sensors for gait monitoring has focused on high sensitivity, wide working range, fast response, and low detection limit, but challenges remain in areas such as elasticity, antibacterial activity, user-friendliness, and long-term stability. In this study, we have developed a novel capacitive pressure sensor that offers an ultralow detection limit of 1 Pa, wide detection ranges from 1 Pa to 2 MPa, a high sensitivity of 0.091 kPa-1, a fast response time of 71 ms, and exceptional stability over 6000 cycles. This sensor not only has the ability of accurately discriminating mechanical stimuli but also meets the requirements of elasticity, antibacterial activity, wearable comfort, and long-term stability for gait monitoring. The fabrication method of a dual dielectric layer and integrated composite electrode is simple, cost-effective, stable, and amenable to mass production. Thereinto, the introduction of a dual dielectric layer, based on an optimized electrospinning network and micropillar array, has significantly improved the sensitivity, detection range, elasticity, and antibacterial performance of the sensor. The integrated flexible electrodes are made by template method using composite materials of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), two-dimensional titanium carbide Ti3C2Tx (MXene), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), offering synergistic advantages in terms of conductivity, stability, sensitivity, and practicality. Additionally, we designed a smart insole that integrates the as-prepared sensors with a miniature instrument as a wearable platform for gait monitoring and disease warning. The developed sensor and wearable platform offer a cutting-edge solution for monitoring human activity and detecting diseases in a noninvasive manner, paving the way for future wearable devices and personalized healthcare technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yarong Ding
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
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Das GS, Tripathi VK, Dwivedi J, Jangir LK, Tripathi KM. Nanocarbon-based sensors for the structural health monitoring of smart biocomposites. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1490-1525. [PMID: 38186362 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety and durability of smart biocomposite materials used as multifunctional materials. Smart biocomposites are composed of renewable or biodegradable materials and have emerged as eco-friendly alternatives of traditional non-biodegradable glass fiber-based composite materials. Although biocomposites exhibit fascinating properties and many desirable traits, real-time and early stage SHM is the most challenging issue to enable their long-term use. Smart biocomposites are integrated with sensors for in situ identification of the progress of damage and composite failure. The sensitivity of such smart biocomposites is a key functionality, which can be tuned by the introduction of an appropriate filler. In particular, nanocarbons hold promising potential to be incorporated in SHM applications of biocomposites. This review focused on the potential applications of nanocarbons in SHM of biocomposites. The aspects related to fabrication techniques and working mechanism of sensors are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, their unique mechanical and electrical properties and sustainable nature ensure seamless integration into biocomposites, allowing for real-time monitoring without compromising the material's properties. These sensors offer multi-parameter sensing capabilities, such as strain, pressure, humidity, temperature, and chemical exposure, allowing a comprehensive assessment of biocomposite health. Additionally, their durability and longevity in harsh conditions, along with wireless connectivity options, provide cost-effective and sustainable SHM solutions. As research in this field advances, ongoing efforts seek to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of these sensors, optimizing their performance for real-world applications. This review highlights the significant advances, ongoing efforts to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity, and performance optimization of nanocarbon-based sensors along with their working mechanism in the field of SHM for smart biocomposites. The key challenges and future research perspectives facing the conversion of nanocarbons to smart biocomposites are also displayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Sankar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India. kumud@
| | - Vijayendra Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, UP, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Jangir
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Kumud Malika Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India. kumud@
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Yu H, Yang H, Liu W, Jin L, Jin B, Wu M. Novel electrochemiluminescence biosensor of fumonisin B 1 detection using MWCNTs-PDMS flexible bipolar electrode. Talanta 2023; 257:124379. [PMID: 36812657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel portable and disposable bipolar electrode (BPE)-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) device was fabricated for fumonisin B1 (FB1) detection. BPE was fabricated by using MWCNTs and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) due to their excellent electrical conductivity and good mechanical stiffness. After the deposition of Au NPs on the cathode of BPE, the ECL signal could be improved 89-fold. Then a specific aptamer-based sensing strategy was constructed by grafting capture DNA on Au surface, followed by hybridizing with aptamer. Meanwhile, an excellent catalyst, Ag NPs was labeled on aptamer to activate oxygen reduction reaction, leading to a 13.8-fold enhancement in ECL signal at the anode of BPE. Under the optimal conditions, the biosensor exhibited a wide linear range of 0.10 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL for FB1 detection. Meanwhile, it demonstrated satisfactory recoveries for real sample detection with good selectivity, making it to be a convenient and sensitive device for mycotoxin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Haijian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Weishuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Longsheng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Bing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Meisheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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7
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Zhou Y, Zhao L, Jia Q, Wang T, Sun P, Liu F, Yan X, Wang C, Sun Y, Lu G. Multifunctional Flexible Ionic Skin with Dual-Modal Output Based on Fibrous Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55109-55118. [PMID: 36448961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable electronic devices with multiple sensing functions that simulate human skin in all aspects have become a popular research topic. However, the current expensive and time-consuming means of integration and the complex decoupling process are hampering the further development of multifunctional sensors. Here, an ultraflexible ionic fiber membrane (IFM) prepared by a simple electrospinning technique is reported, which exhibits pressure and humidity sensing properties. With the help of different electrode structures, the IFM-based multifunctional sensor achieved pressure and humidity detection with different sensing mechanisms. Pressure sensing with high sensitivity (49.7 kPa-1 at 0-30 kPa) and wide detection range (0-220 kPa) was indicated by the capacitive signal. Humidity sensing with high linearity (1.086% per percent relative humidity (RH)) in the range 15%-90% RH was indicated by the resistance signal. In particular, the multimodal output of capacitance/resistance corresponding to pressure/humidity in this study directly addresses the problem of accurately distinguishing the two stimuli. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the impact between pressure and humidity is negligible when measured simultaneously and independently. Because of the excellent pressure/humidity sensing performance, we have fabricated a smart bracelet and mask for pulse, skin moisture, and breathe monitoring, which indicates the promising future of multifunctional flexible sensors based on IFM in the healthcare field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Liupeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Qisong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Tianshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Fangmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Yanfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun130012, China
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Li Y, Liu Y, Peng B, Li X, Fang T, Liu S, Liu J, Li B, Li F. Stretchable, conductive, breathable and moisture-sensitive e-skin based on CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat for wound monitoring. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213172. [PMID: 36343392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep skin wound needs a long wound healing process, in which external force on skin around wound can result in a sharp pain, wound re-damage and interstitial fluid flowing out, increasing the risk of deterioration and even amputation. While the conventional wound dressings cannot provide timely feedback of abnormal wound status and lose best time for wound treatment, real-time monitoring wound status is thus urgently needed for wound management. In this work, a breathable and stretchable electronic skin (i.e., e-skin) named CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat has been developed through electrospinning, ice-templating and in-situ loading method for evaluating wound status. The obtained porosity, swelling ratio and vapor transmission rate of the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat are 55 %, 180 % and 3378.2 h-1 day-1, respectively. And owing to the good porous, nanofibrous architecture and excellent breathability of the mat, L929 cells grow and well spread on the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat. In addition, the gauge factors of the prepared conductive CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat as a strain sensor are 15.4 and 72.9 in the strain ranges of 0-70 % and 70-85 %, respectively, matching the mechanical performance of human skin. The sensitivity coefficient of the mat for moisture sensing is 12.05, indicating its high efficiency for monitoring and warning interstitial fluid outflow from wound. Furthermore, the integration of CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat with a portable device is feasible to monitor strain and moisture on a rat model with abdominal wound. The healing process of the wounds treated with CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat is similar to that of GelMA mat, indicating that the dosage of CNTs and graphene in the CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat has negligible effect on the mat histocompatibility. The CNTs/graphene/GelMA mat demonstrates the application potential in wound management, home medical diagnosis and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, School of Microelectronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, School of Microelectronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Fang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- State key Laboratory for Manufacturing Engineering System, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory for Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
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Otero-González I, Caeiro-Rodríguez M, Rodriguez-D’Jesus A. Methods for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Quantification: A Focus on Hands and Fingers Kinematics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9253. [PMID: 36501954 PMCID: PMC9741269 DOI: 10.3390/s22239253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a complex procedure requiring the mastery of several competencies and skills. This procedure is in increasing demand, but there exist important management and ethical issues regarding the training of new endoscopists. Nowadays, this requires the direct involvement of real patients and a high chance of the endoscopists themselves suffering from musculoskeletal conditions. Colonoscopy quantification can be useful for improving these two issues. This paper reviews the literature regarding efforts to quantify gastrointestinal procedures and focuses on the capture of hand and finger kinematics. Current technologies to support the capture of data from hand and finger movements are analyzed and tested, considering smart gloves and vision-based solutions. Manus VR Prime II and Stretch Sense MoCap reveal the main problems with smart gloves related to the adaptation of the gloves to different hand sizes and comfortability. Regarding vision-based solutions, Vero Vicon cameras show the main problem in gastrointestinal procedure scenarios: occlusion. In both cases, calibration and data interoperability are also key issues that limit possible applications. In conclusion, new advances are needed to quantify hand and finger kinematics in an appropriate way to support further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Otero-González
- atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, Campus-Universitario S/N, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Caeiro-Rodríguez
- atlanTTic Research Center for Telecommunication Technologies, Universidade de Vigo, Campus-Universitario S/N, 36312 Vigo, Spain
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A new 3D, microfluidic-oriented, multi-functional, and highly stretchable soft wearable sensor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20486. [PMID: 36443353 PMCID: PMC9705553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for wearable devices has resulted in the development of soft sensors; however, an excellent soft sensor for measuring stretch, twist, and pressure simultaneously has not been proposed yet. This paper presents a novel, fully 3D, microfluidic-oriented, gel-based, and highly stretchable resistive soft sensor. The proposed sensor is multi-functional and could be used to measure stretch, twist, and pressure, which is the potential of using a fully 3D structure in the sensor. Unlike previous methods, in which almost all of them used EGaIn as the conductive material, in this case, we used a low-cost, safe (biocompatible), and ubiquitous conductive gel instead. To show the functionality of the proposed sensor, FEM simulations and a set of designed experiments were done, which show linear (99%), accurate (> 94.9%), and durable (tested for a whole of four hours) response of the proposed sensor. Then, the sensor was put through its paces on a female test subject's knee, elbow, and wrist to show the potential application of the sensor as a body motion sensor. Also, a fully 3D active foot insole was developed, fabricated, and evaluated to evaluate the pressure functionality of the sensor. The result shows good discrimination and pressure measurement for different foot sole areas. The proposed sensor has the potential to be used in real-world applications like rehabilitation, wearable devices, soft robotics, smart clothing, gait analysis, AR/VR, etc.
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Yuan Y, Liu B, Li H, Li M, Song Y, Wang R, Wang T, Zhang H. Flexible Wearable Sensors in Medical Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121069. [PMID: 36551036 PMCID: PMC9775172 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of health concepts and the wave of digitalization have driven the innovation of sensors in the medical field. Such continual development has made sensors progress in the direction of safety, flexibility, and intelligence for continuous monitoring of vital signs, which holds considerable promise for changing the way humans live and even treat diseases. To this end, flexible wearable devices with high performance, such as high sensitivity, high stability, and excellent biodegradability, have attracted strong interest from scientists. Herein, a review of flexible wearable sensors for temperature, heart rate, human motion, respiratory rate, glucose, and pH is highlighted. In addition, engineering issues are also presented, focusing on material selection, sensor fabrication, and power supply. Finally, potential challenges facing current technology and future directions of wearable sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yuan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Nursing, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Runze Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute), Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Li Q, Liu Y, Chen D, Miao J, Zhang C, Cui D. High-Sensitive Wearable Strain Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotubes@Porous Soft Silicone Elastomer with Excellent Stretchability, Durability, and Biocompatibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51373-51383. [PMID: 36326601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors can transfer human physical motions into digital features and connect the real world to the virtual world. However, there is still a huge challenge to prepare breathable strain sensors with good sensitivity, stretchability, softness, durability, and biocompatibility, simultaneously. Herein, we employ the soft silicone elastomer as a highly stretchable substrate and propose a new strain sensor based on the carbon nanotubes@porous soft silicone elastomer (CNTs@PSSE) by salt-template-assisted and dip-coating methods. The CNTs (conductive fillers) are firmly embedded in the PSSE. The obtained sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity up to 2845.1 and a large sensing strain range of 186%. Notably, the CNTs@PSSE sensors also possess strong robustness, which can resist ultrasonic deterioration and carry out more than 10,000 high-frequency stretch-relax cycles in the presence of an obvious notch caused by the scissor. Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility indicates that the sensors can be safely attached to human skin for precisely detecting full-range human motions and being configured on smart wireless gloves for synchronous control of the bionic hand robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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13
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Lei M, Feng K, Ding S, Wang M, Dai Z, Liu R, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Xu Q, Zhou B. Breathable and Waterproof Electronic Skin with Three-Dimensional Architecture for Pressure and Strain Sensing in Nonoverlapping Mode. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12620-12634. [PMID: 35856940 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have recently attracted extensive interest not only in the field of healthcare monitoring but also for convenient and intelligent human-machine interactions. However, challenges such as wearable comfort, multiple applicable conditions, and differentiation of mechanical stimuli are yet to be fully addressed. Herein, we developed a breathable and waterproof electronic skin (E-skin) that can perceive pressure/strain with nonoverlapping signals. The synergistic effect from magnetic attraction and nanoscaled aggregation renders the E-skin with microscaled pores for breathability and three-dimensional microcilia for superhydrophobicity. Upon applied pressure, the bending of conductive microcilia enables sufficient contacts for resistance decrease, while the stretching causes increased resistance due to the separation of conductive materials. The optimized E-skin exhibits a high gauge factor of 7.747 for small strain (0-80%) and a detection limit down to 0.04%. The three-dimensional microcilia also exhibit a sensitivity of -0.0198 kPa-1 (0-3 kPa) and a broad detection range up to 200 kPa with robustness. The E-skin can reliably and precisely distinguish kinds of the human joint motions, covering a broad spectrum including bending, stretching, and pressure. With the nonoverlapping readouts, ternary inputs "1", "0", and "-1" could be produced with different stimuli, which expands the command capacity for logic outputs such as effective Morse code and intuitive robotic control. Owing to the rapid response, long-term stability (10 000 cycles), breathability, and superhydrophobicity, we believe that the E-skin can be widely applied as wearable devices from body motion monitoring to human-machine interactions toward a more convenient and intelligent future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Mingrui Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ziyi Dai
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ruolin Liu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Shenzhen Shineway Technology Corporation, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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Bao W, Li X, Chen F, Qiao X. Bragg grating in a flexible and stretchable coreless polymer optical fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3191-3194. [PMID: 35776582 DOI: 10.1364/ol.461212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fabrication in a flexible and stretchable coreless polymer optical fiber. The flexible polymer optical fiber is prepared with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Femtosecond laser direct writing and slit beam shaping are used to form periodic grating structures in the fiber. The fabricated FBG exhibits a large strain measurement range and a blueshift response to temperature. Moreover, it offers low humidity sensitivity due to its low permeability toward water vapor. Taking advantage of the unique sensing performances of the PDMS fiber, the proposed FBG has considerable advantages over the traditional silica FBG devices for strain and temperature sensing.
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Qin M, Yuan W, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Xu M, Wei Y, Chen W, Huang D. Preparation of PAA/PAM/MXene/TA hydrogel with antioxidant, healable ability as strain sensor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112482. [PMID: 35366577 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels based on MXene have gained more attention due to the excellent conductive property and biocompatibility. At present, they have great potential in electronic skins, personally healthcare monitoring and human motion sensing. However, MXene are prone to be oxidized due to the abundant hydroxyls, which results in the unstable conductive property of hydrogel. To improve the shortcoming, conductive PAA/PAM/MXene/TA hydrogel was prepared, in which the introduction of TA can prevent MXene from oxidation owing to the great deal of pyrogallol groups. Mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength, toughness and elongation at break of PAA/PAM/MXene/TA hydrogel are 0.251 ± 0.05 MPa, 0.895 ± 0.16 MJ/m3 and 560.82 ± 19.56%, respectively, indicating the hydrogel possess good stretchability. In addition, the MXene and TA were introduced into hydrogel through hydrogen bonds, which endow the hydrogel with good restorability and self-healing property. Resistance variation-strain curves demonstrated that the introduction of MXene endue the hydrogel with appreciable sensing performances. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity assay indicated that the hydrogel has good biocompatibility. In conclusion, PAA/PAM/MXene/TA hydrogel has great potential in flexible wearable sensor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Yuan
- College of Materials and Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, PR China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yizhu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Mengjie Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Materials Strength & Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China.
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16
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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Mechanical sensors based on two-dimensional materials: Sensing mechanisms, structural designs and wearable applications. iScience 2022; 25:103728. [PMID: 35072014 PMCID: PMC8762477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with bulk materials, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals possess a range of unique mechanical properties, including relatively high in-plane stiffness and large bending flexibility. The atomic 2D building blocks can be reassembled into precisely designed heterogeneous composite structures of various geometries with customized mechanical sensing behaviors. Due to their small specific density, high flexibility, and environmental adaptability, mechanical sensors based on 2D materials can conform to soft and curved surfaces, thus providing suitable solutions for functional applications in future wearable devices. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in mechanical sensors based on 2D materials from the perspective of function-oriented applications. First, typical mechanical sensing mechanisms are introduced. Second, we attempt to establish a correspondence between typical structure designs and the performance/multi-functions of the devices. Afterward, several particularly promising areas for potential applications are discussed, following which we present perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities
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Cao Y, Pan S, Yan M, Sun C, Huang J, Zhong C, Wang L, Yi L. Flexible and stretchable polymer optical fibers for chronic brain and vagus nerve optogenetic stimulations in free-behaving animals. BMC Biol 2021; 19:252. [PMID: 34819062 PMCID: PMC8611887 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although electrical stimulation of the peripheral and central nervous systems has attracted much attention owing to its potential therapeutic effects on neuropsychiatric diseases, its non-cell-type-specific activation characteristics may hinder its wide clinical application. Unlike electrical methodologies, optogenetics has more recently been applied as a cell-specific approach for precise modulation of neural functions in vivo, for instance on the vagus nerve. The commonly used implantable optical waveguides are silica optical fibers, which for brain optogenetic stimulation (BOS) are usually fixed on the skull bone. However, due to the huge mismatch of mechanical properties between the stiff optical implants and deformable vagal tissues, vagus nerve optogenetic stimulation (VNOS) in free-behaving animals continues to be a great challenge. Results To resolve this issue, we developed a simplified method for the fabrication of flexible and stretchable polymer optical fibers (POFs), which show significantly improved characteristics for in vivo optogenetic applications, specifically a low Young’s modulus, high stretchability, improved biocompatibility, and long-term stability. We implanted the POFs into the primary motor cortex of C57 mice after the expression of CaMKIIα-ChR2-mCherry detected frequency-dependent neuronal activity and the behavioral changes during light delivery. The viability of POFs as implantable waveguides for VNOS was verified by the increased firing rate of the fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons recorded in the left vagus nerve of VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, VNOS was carried out in free-moving rodents via chronically implanted POFs, and an inhibitory influence on the cardiac system and an anxiolytic effect on behaviors was shown. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of the use of POFs in chronic optogenetic modulations in both of the central and peripheral nervous systems, providing new information for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Suwan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mengying Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chongyang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Lu Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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19
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Zhou Z, Chen N, Zhong H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yin X, He B. Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6073. [PMID: 34683661 PMCID: PMC8538676 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Zhou
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Nuo Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Hongchuan Zhong
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wanli Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bingwei He
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (Z.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Joint Intelligent Medical Engineering, Fuzhou 350108, China
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20
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Demolder C, Molina A, Hammond FL, Yeo WH. Recent advances in wearable biosensing gloves and sensory feedback biosystems for enhancing rehabilitation, prostheses, healthcare, and virtual reality. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113443. [PMID: 34171820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensing gloves and sensory feedback devices that record and enhance the sensations of the hand are used in healthcare, prosthetics, robotics, and virtual reality. Recent technological advancements in soft actuators, flexible bioelectronics, and wireless data acquisition systems have enabled the development of ergonomic, lightweight, and low-cost wearable devices. This review article includes the most up-to-date materials, sensors, actuators, and system-packaging technologies to develop wearable sensing gloves and sensory feedback devices. Furthermore, this review contemplates the use of wearable sensing gloves and sensory feedback devices together to advance their capabilities as assistive devices for people with prostheses and sensory impaired limbs. This review is divided into two sections: one detailing the technologies used to develop strain, pressure, and temperature sensors integrated with a multifunctional wearable sensing glove, and the other reviewing the devices and methods used for wearable sensory displays. We discuss the limitations of the current methods and technologies along with the future direction of the field. Overall, this paper presents an all-inclusive review of the technologies used to develop wearable sensing gloves and sensory feedback devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Demolder
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Alicia Molina
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Frank L Hammond
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Center for Human-Centric Interfaces and Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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21
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Li Z, Qi X, Xu L, Lu H, Wang W, Jin X, Md ZI, Zhu Y, Fu Y, Ni Q, Dong Y. Self-Repairing, Large Linear Working Range Shape Memory Carbon Nanotubes/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Fiber Strain Sensor for Human Movement Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42179-42192. [PMID: 32822534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have shown great application value in wearable devices. In the past decades, researchers have spent numerous efforts on developing high-stretchability, excellent dynamic durability, and large linear working range flexible strain sensors and shaped a series of important research results. However, the viscoelasticity of the elastic polymer is always a big challenge to develop a flexible sensor. Here, to overcome this challenge, we developed a novel self-repairing carbon nanotubes/ethylene vinyl acetate (CNTs/EVA) fiber strain sensor prepared by embedding the CNTs on the surface of the swollen shape memory EVA fiber via the ultrasonic method. The CNTs/EVA fiber strain sensors responded with significant results, with high stretchability (190% strain), large linear working range (up to 88% strain), excellent dynamic durability (5000 cycles), and fast response speed (312 ms). In addition, the permanently damaged conductive network of the strain sensors, caused by the viscoelasticity of elastic polymer, can restore above the transforming temperature of the shape memory CNTs/EVA fiber. Moreover, the performance of the restored strain sensors was almost as same as that of the original strain sensors. Furthermore, human health monitoring tests show that the CNTs/EVA fiber has a broad application prospect for human health monitoring in wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiaoming Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Haohao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Zahidul Islam Md
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yaqin Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qingqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yubing Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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