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Xia C, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Tan J. Broadband High Optical Transparent Intelligent Metasurface for Adaptive Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0334. [PMID: 38476476 PMCID: PMC10927547 DOI: 10.34133/research.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have garnered widespread attention owing to their properties of sensing electromagnetic (EM) environments and multifunctional adaptive EM wave manipulation. However, intelligent metasurfaces with broadband high optical transparency have not been studied to date, and most of the previous intelligent metasurfaces lack an integrated design for their actuators and sensors, resulting in lower integration levels. This study proposes a novel intelligent metasurface with adaptive EM wave manipulation ability and high optical transparency from visible to infrared bands. This metasurface consists of a transparent and current-controlled reconfigurable metasurface as an actuator by integrating patterned vanadium dioxide (VO2) into metal-meshed resonant units, transparent broadband microstrip antenna as a sensor, recognition-and-feedback module, and actuator- and sensor-integrated design on the same substrate. The EM-regulating capability of the designed transparent intelligent metasurface is theoretically analyzed using the coupled mode theory, and a prototype metasurface device is fabricated for experimental verification. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the metasurface exhibits over 80% normalized transmittance from 380 to 5,000 nm and adaptive EM wave manipulation (reflective strong shielding function with a shielding efficiency of over 24 dB, high transmittance function with a transmission loss of 1.24 dB, and strong absorption function with an absorption of 97%) according to the EM wave power parameters without manual intervention. This study provides an avenue for transparent intelligent metasurfaces with extensive application prospects in areas such as intelligent optical windows, radar enclosures, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhengang Lu
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Ultra-Precision Optical & Electronic Instrument Engineering Center,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Bao Y, Ren X, Liao S, Xue Q. Controlling Radiation Beams by High-Efficiency Metasurfaces with Enhanced Refractive Index Elements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40022-40031. [PMID: 37556852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficient manipulation of the electromagnetic wavefront using metasurfaces (MSs) has attracted a continuous amount of attention in recent years. MSs with arbitrarily controllable amplitude and phase are highly desirable in many emerging fields. However, in previous research, the resonance effect has mainly been used to accomplish the task. This article presents a nonresonant metamaterial element with stronger capacitive coupling. The broadband sandwich-structured meta-atom achieves an enhanced refractive index ranging from 2.44 to 8.90. By using the enhanced refractive index elements, the proposed transmissive MS has an ultrathin thickness (0.23 free-space wavelength). It consists of a specially designed gradient index MS placed on top of the transmitting antenna. The MS is designed to convert the spherical surface wave into a plane wave with high efficiency. One core layer (CL) gradient index MS and two impedance matching layers (IMLs) have been designed to transform the magnitude and phase of the radiation beam from the transmitting antenna. An efficient transmissive MS has been designed and experimentally evaluated with a maximum measured efficiency of over 85%. The proposed control strategy increases the design flexibility of the MS and shows great potential for broadband applications in the realization of efficient functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Bao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shaowei Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Quan Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li W, Ma Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang J, Gao S, Qiu T, Liu T, Xiao Q, Wei J, Gu TT, Zhou Z, Li F, Cheng Q, Li L, Tang W, Cui TJ. Intelligent metasurface system for automatic tracking of moving targets and wireless communications based on computer vision. Nat Commun 2023; 14:989. [PMID: 36813789 PMCID: PMC9947232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication has an urgent need for target tracking. Digital programmable metasurface (DPM) may offer an intelligent and efficient solution owing to its powerful and flexible controls of electromagnetic waves and advantages of lower cost, less complexity and smaller size than the traditional antenna array. Here, we report an intelligent metasurface system to perform target tracking and wireless communications, in which computer vision integrated with a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to automatically detect the locations of moving targets, and the dual-polarized DPM integrated with a pre-trained artificial neural network (ANN) serves to realize the smart beam tracking and wireless communications. Three groups of experiments are conducted for demonstrating the intelligent system: detection and identification of moving targets, detection of radio-frequency signals, and real-time wireless communications. The proposed method sets the stage for an integrated implementation of target identification, radio environment tracking, and wireless communications. This strategy opens up an avenue for intelligent wireless networks and self-adaptive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Ma
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Che Liu
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Xianning Wu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhao Gao
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshuo Qiu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Tonghao Liu
- grid.440645.70000 0004 1800 072XShaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devices, Air Force Engineering University, 710051 Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wei
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Ting Gu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhize Zhou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Fashuai Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XState Key Laboratory of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Lianlin Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves and Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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Li Q, Le Duigou A, Guo J, Thakur VK, Rossiter J, Liu L, Leng J, Scarpa F. Biobased and Programmable Electroadhesive Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47198-47208. [PMID: 36201852 PMCID: PMC9585522 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electroadhesion has shown the potential to deliver versatile handling devices because of its simplicity of actuation and rapid response. Current electroadhesion systems have, however, significant difficulties in adapting to external objects with complex shapes. Here, a novel concept of metasurface is proposed by combining the use of natural fibers (flax) and shape memory epoxy polymers in a hygromorphic and thermally actuated composite (HyTemC). The biobased material composite can be used to manipulate adhesive surfaces with high precision and controlled environmental actuation. The HyTemC concept is preprogrammed to store controllable moisture and autonomous desorption when exposed to the operational environment, and can reach predesigned bending curvatures up to 31.9 m-1 for concave and 29.6 m-1 for convex shapes. The actuated adhesive surface shapes are generated via the architected metasurface structure, incorporating an electroadhesive component integrated with the programmable biobased materials. This biobased metasurface stimulated by the external environment provides a large taxonomy of shapes─from flat, circular, single/double concave, and wavy, to piecewise, polynomial, trigonometric, and airfoil configurations. The objects handled by the biobased metasurface can be fragile because of the high conformal matching between contacting surfaces and the absence of compressive adhesion. These natural fiber-based and environmentally friendly electroadhesive metasurfaces can significantly improve the design of programmable object handling technologies, and also provide a sustainable route to lower the carbon and emission footprint of smart structures and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Li
- Bristol
Composites Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 1TRBristol, U.K.
| | - Antoine Le Duigou
- Polymer
and Composites, Université Bretagne
Sud, IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, F-56100Lorient, France
| | - Jianglong Guo
- School
of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology
(Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, P. R. China
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining
and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JGEdinburgh, U.K.
- School
of Engineering, University of Petroleum
and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jonathan Rossiter
- SoftLab,
Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University
of Bristol, Ada Lovelace
Building, University Walk, BS8 1TWBristol, U.K.
| | - Liwu Liu
- Department
of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin150001, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- National
Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in
Special Environments, Harbin Institute of
Technology (HIT), No.
2 Yikuang Street, P.O. Box 3011, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Fabrizio Scarpa
- Bristol
Composites Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 1TRBristol, U.K.
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Zhu J, Yang Y, Hu N, Liao S, Nulman J. Additively Manufactured Multi-Material Ultrathin Metasurfaces for Broadband Circular Polarization Decoupled Beams and Orbital Angular Momentum Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59460-59470. [PMID: 34856100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the wavefront and manipulating the polarization of the electromagnetic wave using an ultrathin flat device are highly desirable in many emerging fields. To shape the wavefront between two decoupled orthogonal circular polarization states, that is, the right-hand circular polarization (RCP) and the left-hand circular polarization (LCP), most state-of-the-art metasurfaces (MSs) combine the propagation phase and Pancharatnam-Berry phase into meta-atoms. This article proposes a different strategy to fully decouple the LCP and RCP and control their wavefronts independently. By taking advantage of the conductive and dielectric multi-material-integrated additive manufacturing technique, the proposed transmissive MS has an ultrathin thickness (0.11 free-space wavelength) and controls the LCP and RCP wavefronts independently under linearly polarized incidence illumination. The proposed meta-atom consists of a receiving antenna on the top, a transmitting antenna at the bottom with a strip-line connecting them. The strip-line introduces the same phase shifts for both RCP and LCP waves, while the transmitting antenna with in-plane rotation leads to the opposite phase shifts for RCP and LCP waves. Therefore, the phase delays from the strip-line and the angular rotation of the transmitting antenna provide two degrees of freedom, enabling independent beam shaping of LCP and RCP waves. Two MSs with different functionalities are printed for proof-of-concept, and the performances are experimentally verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhu
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nathan Hu
- Rosenberger Technologies Australia, 5/13 Boundary Rd, Northmead, NSW 2152, Australia
| | - Shaowei Liao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Jeong H, Park E, Lim S. Four-Dimensional Printed Shape Memory Metasurface to Memorize Absorption and Reflection Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59487-59496. [PMID: 34855355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional metasurfaces help wireless communication to reach beyond current electromagnetic control device limitations. However, current reconfigurable functional metasurfaces require separate systems for function control. In particular, it is difficult to realize millimeter-wavelength regimes due to the increasing number of active elements with the reduction in unit cell size. This paper proposes a four-dimensional printed memory metasurface to memorize absorption and reflection function in millimeter-wavelength regimes. Thus, metasurfaces with electromagnetic absorption and reflection functions can be realized through mechanical shape memory by memorizing electromagnetic properties using four-dimensional printed structures. The desired electromagnetic performance was experimentally demonstrated and deformation time to memorize the initial structure was measured. The results confirmed that the proposed four-dimensional printed metasurface has potential for considerable contribution to multifunctional wireless devices such as smart electromagnetic wave control systems in reconfigurable intelligent surface, stealth, and wireless sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heijun Jeong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eiyong Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Lim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tian X, Xu J, Xu K, Qian Y, Ma X, Yang P, Duan X, Ding P, Li ZY. Phase-change reconfigurable metasurface for broadband, wide-angle, continuously tunable and switchable cloaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:5959-5971. [PMID: 33726127 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Being invisible at will has fascinated humanity for centuries and it has become more tangible with the development of metasurfaces, which have demonstrated the extraordinary ability of wavefront manipulation. However, state-of-the-art invisibility cloaks typically work in a deterministic system with a limited bandwidth and small incident angle ranges. Here, by integrating the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 and the wavefront tailoring functionality of a reflective metasurface, we have achieved a unique carpet cloak that is endowed with broadband invisibility from 6920 to 8220 nm, fully concealing objects over a wide angular span of ±25° and a prominent radar cross-section reduction. Furthermore, the central cloaking wavelength can be continuously tuned with Ge2Sb2Te5 film under different intermediate phases by precisely controlling external stimuli, which will provide a flexible and encouraging way to achieve active features once fabricated. Simulation results also show that the cloaking bandwidth can be significantly extended by triggering Ge2Sb2Te5 from the amorphous to crystalline states. Importantly, the hybrid metasurface can realize switching of "ON" and "OFF" states in terms of cloaking features by converting Ge2Sb2Te5 from the amorphous to the crystalline state. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first metasurface carpet cloak that utilizes the phase-change material of Ge2Sb2Te5 to achieve ultra-broadband, wide-angle, continuously tunable and switchable cloaking with low profiles, light weights, and easy access. This design of a reconfigurable cloak is expected to find potential applications in various areas such as vehicle cloaking, illusions and so on.
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