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He L, Liu X, Han C, Wang D, Wang Q, Deng X, Zhang C. 3D Printing Architecting β-PVDF Reservoirs for Preferential ZnO Epitaxial Growth Toward Advanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301707. [PMID: 38343185 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
For polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based piezoelectric composites, epitaxial growth of ZnO nanorods (ZnO-nr) piezoceramic layer on PVDF is an effective way to improve their piezoelectric performance. However, the crystal nucleus of ZnO featuring polar surfaces that cannot be directly attached to hydrophobic PVDF with low surface energy. Herein, direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing is employed for the first time to create β-PVDF reservoirs with significantly enhanced surface energy, facilitating the attachment and epitaxial growth of ZnO-nr. The printed β-PVDF reservoirs designed with programmed macro-pores and abundant inner micropores, enable a higher loading of ZnO-nr by more than one magnitude, thereby boosting the electro-mechanical response. The resulting PVDF/ZnO core-shell piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) delivers an output voltage of 33.2 V, as well as an unprecedentedly high relative output voltage of 2.76 V/wt.%, which is 2.63 times that of the state-of-the-art 3D-printed PVDF/piezoceramics PEHs. Furthermore, it can differentiate subtle human motions whereas hybrid PEHs cannot distinct. This work demonstrates that the DIW 3D printing approach offers a simple and convenient design idea for creating high performance PEHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Cheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Cui J, Du L, Meng Z, Gao J, Tan A, Jin X, Zhu X. Ingenious Structure Engineering to Enhance Piezoelectricity in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:5541-5591. [PMID: 39129463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The future development of wearable/implantable sensing and medical devices relies on substrates with excellent flexibility, stability, biocompatibility, and self-powered capabilities. Enhancing the energy efficiency and convenience is crucial, and converting external mechanical energy into electrical energy is a promising strategy for long-term advancement. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), known for its piezoelectricity, is an outstanding representative of an electroactive polymer. Ingeniously designed PVDF-based polymers have been fabricated as piezoelectric devices for various applications. Notably, the piezoelectric performance of PVDF-based platforms is determined by their structural characteristics at different scales. This Review highlights how researchers can strategically engineer structures on microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales. We discuss advanced research on PVDF-based piezoelectric platforms with diverse structural designs in biomedical sensing, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Ultimately, we try to give perspectives for future development trends of PVDF-based piezoelectric platforms in biomedicine, providing valuable insights for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Joint Research and Development Center of Fluorine Materials of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Huayi 3F, 1391 Humin Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Du
- Shanghai Huayi 3F New Materials Co., Ltd., No. 560 Xujiahui Road, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
- Joint Research and Development Center of Fluorine Materials of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Huayi 3F, 1391 Humin Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Anning Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Joint Research and Development Center of Fluorine Materials of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Huayi 3F, 1391 Humin Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Joint Research and Development Center of Fluorine Materials of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Huayi 3F, 1391 Humin Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Zhou R, Yang H, Zhao L, Wang C, Peng C, Wang R, Zhang D, Wang X. Effects of Ionic Liquid Content on the Electrical Properties of PVDF Films by Fused Deposition Modeling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:9. [PMID: 38203863 PMCID: PMC10779889 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite films were prepared by fused deposition modeling, and the effects of ionic liquid (IL) content on the printability, crystallization behavior, and electrical properties of melted PVDF were systematically investigated. The results show that the addition of IL increased the temperature sensitivity of melted PVDF and decreased its viscosity, while IL acted as a plasticizer to lower the melting point of PVDF and improve its FDM printability. The imidazole cations in IL had electrostatic interactions with the -CF2- groups in PVDF, which promoted the transformation of the nonpolar phase to the polar phase in PVDF; thus, the addition of IL was beneficial to the increase in the polar β phase. The PVDF with 20 wt.% IL contained the highest proportion of β phase content (32.59%). Moreover, the increase in polar β-phase content also increased the polarization strength of PVDF and improved its ferroelectric properties. PVDF with 10 wt.% IL had the highest residual polarization strength (16.87 μC/m2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.Z.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.Z.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (L.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (L.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Chaoqun Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.Z.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Richu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.Z.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (R.W.)
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (L.Z.); (C.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.Z.); (H.Y.); (C.P.); (R.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (L.Z.); (C.W.)
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Tu R, Sodano HA. Highly Stretchable Printed Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Sensors through the Formation of a Continuous Elastomer Phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22320-22331. [PMID: 37119527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable piezoelectric stress/strain sensing materials have attracted substantial research interest in the fields of wearable health monitoring, motion capturing, and soft robotics. These sensors require operation under dynamic loading conditions with high strain range, changing strain/loading rates, and varying pre-stretch states, which are challenging conditions for existing sensors to produce reliable measurements. To overcome these challenges, an intrinsically stretchable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) sensor is developed through the polymer blending of PVDF and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Through precipitation printing and vulcanization, the resulting PVDF/NBR blends exhibit strong β phase PVDF and a blend morphology with submicron-level phase separation, but also strains up to 544%. Both the blend morphology and the mechanical properties indicate that this PVDF/NBR blend can be considered as a continuous elastomer phase above micron scale. After electric poling and adding electrodes, the PVDF/NBR blends have excellent piezoelectric properties to be used as both stretching mode strain sensors and compression mode stress/force sensors. The stretching mode sensors can measure strain up to 70% without strain rate and pre-stretch dependence, while the compression mode sensors have a loading-rate-independent linear voltage-stress relationship up to 4.8 MPa stress and a negligible pre-stretch dependence. Therefore, the PVDF/NBR sensors can provide accurate and reliable stress/strain measurements when attached to soft structures, which paves the way for sensing and calibration of soft robots under dynamic loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Tu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry A Sodano
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Karyappa R, Liu H, Zhu Q, Hashimoto M. Printability of Poly(lactic acid) Ink by Embedded 3D Printing via Immersion Precipitation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21575-21584. [PMID: 37078653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immersion precipitation three-dimensional printing (ip3DP) and freeform polymer precipitation (FPP) are unique and versatile methods of 3D printing to fabricate 3D structures based on nonsolvent-induced phase separation via direct ink writing (DIW). Immersion precipitation involves complex dynamics among solvents, nonsolvents, and dissolved polymers, and the printability of 3D models in these methods requires further understanding. To this end, we characterized these two methods of 3D printing using polylactide (PLA) dissolved in dichloromethane (7.5-30% w/w) as model inks. We analyzed the rheological properties of the solutions and the effect of printing parameters on solvent-nonsolvent diffusion to achieve printability. The PLA inks exhibited shear-thinning properties, and their viscosities varied over three orders of magnitude (10-1∼102 Pa·s). A processing map was presented to understand the ideal ranges of the concentration of PLA in inks and the nozzle diameter to ensure printability, and the fabrication of complex 3D structures was fabricated with adequate applied pressure and nozzle speed. The processing map also highlighted the advantages of embedded 3D printing over solvent-cast 3D printing based on solvent evaporation. Lastly, we demonstrated that the porosity of the interface and inner structure of the printed objects was readily tailored by the concentration of the PLA and the porogen added to the ink. The methods presented here offer new perspectives to fabricate micro-to-centimeter objects of thermoplastics with nanometer-scale inner pores and provide guidelines for successful embedded 3D printing based on immersion precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Republic of Singapore
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Sumathirathne L, Hasselbrink CL, Hayes D, Euler WB. Catalytic Thermal Decomposition of NO 2 by Iron(III) Nitrate Nonahydrate-Doped Poly(Vinylidene Difluoride). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43839-43846. [PMID: 36506204 PMCID: PMC9730309 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The products of thermal decomposition of iron nitrate nonahydrate doped into poly(vinylidene difluoride) are examined using Mössbauer spectroscopy. Very little of the expected nitrogen dioxide product is observed, which is attributed to Fe3+ catalysis of the decomposition of NO2. The active site of the catalysis is shown to be Fe(OH)3 in the polymer matrix, which is, unexpectedly, reduced to Fe(OH)2. Thermodynamic calculations show that the reduction of Fe3+ is exergonic at sufficiently high temperatures. A reaction sequence, including a catalytic cycle for decomposition of NO2, is proposed that accounts for the observed reaction products. The role of the polymer matrix is proposed to inhibit transport of gas-phase products, which allows them to interact with Fe(OH)3 doped in the polymer.
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Song T, Wang Y, Li H, Wang H, Sun X, Yan S. Influence of Aliphatic Polyesters on the γ Phase Crystallization of Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an710021, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Rd., Qingdao266042, China
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Gravure Printing for PVDF Thin-Film Pyroelectric Device Manufacture. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyroelectric energy harvesting is one of the more recent and promising solid-state approaches for directly converting time-dependent temperature fluctuations into electric energy. Conventional printing technologies can offer many advantages for the production of pyroelectric thin-film-based devices, such as low cost, low temperature, the use of flexible substrates and shaping at the same time as deposition. Nevertheless, some issues related to low printed thickness and film-forming microstructure control need to be addressed. In this exploratory study, the possibility of exploiting the highly attractive gravure printing process for the potential industrial manufacture of flexible polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin-film pyroelectric devices was investigated. By the use of corona pre-treatment of the printing substrate and low-temperature polar solvent evaporation, multilayer gravure-printed PVDF pyroelectric devices were successfully manufactured for the first time, achieving a maximum generated current of 0.1 nA at 2.5 K/s from a device with an active area of 1 cm2. Considering the very low thermal inertia and performance scaling by the area expected for pyroelectric thin-film-based devices, combined with the upscaling potential of roll-to-roll gravure printing, our results provide new opportunities for on-demand, low-cost pyroelectric device manufacture and their integration in hybrid harvesters.
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A Bibliometric Analysis of Low-Cost Piezoelectric Micro-Energy Harvesting Systems from Ambient Energy Sources: Current Trends, Issues and Suggestions. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060975. [PMID: 35744589 PMCID: PMC9227358 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The scientific interest in piezoelectric micro-energy harvesting (PMEH) has been fast-growing, demonstrating that the field has made a major improvement in the long-term evolution of alternative energy sources. Although various research works have been performed and published over the years, only a few attempts have been made to examine the research's influence in this field. Therefore, this paper presents a bibliometric study into low-cost PMEH from ambient energy sources within the years 2010-2021, outlining current research trends, analytical assessment, novel insights, impacts, challenges and recommendations. The major goal of this paper is to provide a bibliometric evaluation that is based on the top-cited 100 articles employing the Scopus databases, information and refined keyword searches. This study analyses various key aspects, including PMEH emerging applications, authors' contributions, collaboration, research classification, keywords analysis, country's networks and state-of-the-art research areas. Moreover, several issues and concerns regarding PMEH are identified to determine the existing constraints and research gaps, such as technical, modeling, economics, power quality and environment. The paper also provides guidelines and suggestions for the development and enhancement of future PMEH towards improving energy efficiency, topologies, design, operational performance and capabilities. The in-depth information, critical discussion and analysis of this bibliometric study are expected to contribute to the advancement of the sustainable pathway for PMEH research.
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Park J, Lim YW, Cho SY, Byun M, Park KI, Lee HE, Bu SD, Lee KT, Wang Q, Jeong CK. Ferroelectric Polymer Nanofibers Reminiscent of Morphotropic Phase Boundary Behavior for Improved Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104472. [PMID: 35187776 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric and piezoelectric polymers have attracted great attention from many research and engineering fields due to its mechanical robustness and flexibility as well as cost-effectiveness and easy processibility. Nevertheless, the electrical performance of piezoelectric polymers is very hard to reach that of piezoelectric ceramics basically and physically, even in the case of the representative ferroelectric polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)). Very recently, the concept for the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), which has been exclusive in the field of high-performance piezoelectric ceramics, has been surprisingly confirmed in P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric copolymers by the groups. This study demonstrates the exceptional behaviors reminiscent of MPB and relaxor ferroelectrics in the feature of widely utilized electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers. Consequently, an energy harvesting device that exceeds the performance limitation of the existing P(VDF-TrFE) materials is developed. Even the unpoled MPB-based P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers show higher output than the electrically poled normal P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers. This study is the first step toward the manufacture of a new generation of piezoelectric polymers with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseul Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Won Lim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering of Graduate School, and Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Yeon Cho
- Department of Physics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Byun
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwi-Il Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Eol Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Don Bu
- Department of Physics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering of Graduate School, and Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chang Kyu Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering of Graduate School, and Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
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Tselikos G, Rasul S, Groen P, Li C, Khaliq J. In Situ Printing and Functionalization of Hybrid Polymer-Ceramic Composites Using a Commercial 3D Printer and Dielectrophoresis-A Novel Conceptual Design. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3979. [PMID: 34833278 PMCID: PMC8622328 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing-based additive manufacturing has emerged as a new frontier in materials science, with applications in the production of functionalized polymeric-based hybrid composites for various applications. In this work, a novel conceptual design was conceived in which an AC electric field was integrated into a commercial 3D printer (-based fused filament fabrication (FFF) working principle) to in situ manufacture hybrid composites having aligned ceramic filler particles. For this work, the thermoplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) was used as a polymer matrix while 10 vol% KNLN (K0.485Na0.485Li0.03NbO3) ceramic particles were chosen as a filler material. The degree of alignment of the ceramic powders depended upon print speed, printing temperature and distance between electrodes. At 210 °C and a 1 kV/mm applied electric field, printed samples showed nearly complete alignment of ceramic particles in the PLA matrix. This research shows that incorporating electric field sources into 3D printing processes would result in in situ ceramic particle alignment while preserving the other benefits of 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tselikos
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Shahid Rasul
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Pim Groen
- Novel Aerospace Materials Group, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Chunchun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Jibran Khaliq
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
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Mullaveettil FN, Dauksevicius R, Wakjira Y. Strength and elastic properties of 3D printed PVDF-based parts for lightweight biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104603. [PMID: 34051693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research results on 3D printed fluoropolymers are scarce since the filaments were introduced commercially only in the last several years to enable fused filament fabrication (FFF) of structural components for more demanding service conditions, where chemical, UV or fire resistance, high purity, sterilizability or biocompatibility are critical such as in biomedical industry. This experimental study reports on additive manufacturing and quasi-static mechanical testing of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and in-vitro cytocompatible polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) specimens that were 3D printed with different infill patterns at 75% density (linear, cubic, cross, concentric, octet, zigzag, triangular). Recommendations are provided for addressing issues related to weak adhesion and obtrusive warping, which occur in open-chamber FFF printer due to semi-crystalline and hydrophobic nature of PVDF-based thermoplastics. The measured tensile and flexural stress-strain curves are analyzed to determine the influence of strut-based infills on the strength and elastic performance by including comparisons in ratios between strength, modulus of elasticity and weight of the specimens. The concentric pattern demonstrates the highest tensile strength, while the cross and triangular lattices - the lowest one. In three-point bending, the linear pattern delivers the lowest strength, while the rest exhibit comparable mechanical properties. The results are conducive to the design of 3D printable PVDF homopolymer and copolymer load-bearing structures serving as lightweight high-performance components in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolanas Dauksevicius
- Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Mechatronics, Studentu str. 56, Kaunas 51424, Lithuania.
| | - Yosef Wakjira
- Mettu University, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O. Box 318, Metu, Ethiopia
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